Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is an example of a neural change in vision? A) presbyopia B) glaucoma C) loss of rods and cones in the retina D) development of opaque areas in the vitreous

Q: Yellowing of the lens and increasing density of the vitreous causes __________ and __________. A) reduced sensitivity to bright lights; heightens color discrimination B) difficulty adjusting to different distances; heightens color discrimination C) increased sensitivity to lights; limits color discrimination D) serious eye disorders; blindness

Q: John has an eye condition. Its name literally means "old eyes." John has A) glaucoma. B) presbycusis. C) macular degeneration. D) presbyopia.

Q: During midlife, most adults begin to A) emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines. B) feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood. C) focus more on child rearing than on career development. D) experience life-threatening health episodesif not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

Q: Middle adulthood is A) marked by feelings of chaos and crisis. B) a contemporary phenomenon, basically nonexistent before the twentieth century. C) hard to define because few variations in attitudes and behaviors exist from early adulthood. D) more about aging mentally than physically.

Q: Which of the following statements about parenting young children is true? A) Most parents advocate strict discipline for misbehavior. B) Rearing young children is a powerful source of adult development. C) Parents often disagree about appropriate discipline for preschool-age children. D) Mothers use more consistent discipline with preschoolers than fathers.

Q: Parents who __________ are more likely to gain in marital interaction, feel competent as parents, use effective child-rearing practices, and have children who are developing well. A) attend couples' therapy B) engage in effective coparenting C) have traditional gender roles around the home D) delay childbirth until their thirties

Q: Men and women today are __________ than in previous generations. A) more certain about how to rear children B) less likely to place a high priority on parenting C) less certain about how to rear children D) more likely to place a high priority on parenting

Q: Stephanie is a new mother. While she is entitled to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from work, she returns to her job after only four weeks. What is the most likely reason for Stephanie's decision? A) Financial pressures do not allow her to take more time off without pay. B) Her husband is more likely to have paid paternity leave. C) She wants a break from the new caregiving responsibilities. D) She is unaware of her maternity leave rights.

Q: A second birth typically requires that fathers A) revert to a more traditional gender role around the home. B) spend more time outside the home as a wage earner. C) take an even more active role in parenting. D) tend to the older child less often.

Q: Postponing childbearing until the late twenties or thirties A) causes greater marital strain. B) eases the transition to parenthood. C) causes gender roles to become more androgynous. D) decreases the likelihood of the father's involvement in child care.

Q: Ellen and Jane recently had a new baby. If they are like most new parents, the arrival of the baby will A) not cause significant marital strain. B) lead to high rates of anxiety and depression in both Ellen and Jane. C) lead to an increase in the quality of their communication. D) lead to a sharp increase in marital satisfaction.

Q: After the birth of a child, gender roles of husband and wife A) usually become more traditional. B) usually become more egalitarian. C) are similar as before the child was born. D) are reversed for the first 6 months.

Q: The most common disadvantage of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is A) a decline in marital satisfaction. B) not enough time for both family and work. C) not enough money for leisure pursuits. D) loss of freedom.

Q: Stimulation and fun, as well as growth and learning experiences, are some of the most important reasons that many adults cite for choosing to A) remain childless. B) get married. C) have children. D) remain single.

Q: Which of the following women is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether? A) Molly, who has a traditional gender-role orientation B) Rene, who has a high-status, demanding job C) Ann, who works at a low-level, undemanding job D) Amanda, who is unemployed

Q: Today, ____ percent of American married couples bear children. A) 50 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80

Q: Many perpetrators treated for partner abuse A) repeat their violent behavior with the same or a new partner. B) take responsibility for their actions. C) attribute greater blame to themselves than to their partners. D) are women who exhibit violent behavior towards male victims.

Q: Which of the following statements about violence in families is true? A) Most perpetrators eventually take responsible for their actions. B) When researchers ask American couples about fights that led to acts of hostility, men and women report similar rates of assault. C) Partner abuse occurs far less often in homosexual relationships than in heterosexual relationships. D) American men are twice as likely as American women to "strike first" in a fight, while women are more likely to resort to assault in self-defense.

Q: Quality of the marital relationship A) has a greater impact on women's psychological well-being. B) has a greater impact on men's psychological well-being. C) predicts mental health similarly for both men and women. D) has no influence on the mental health of men and women.

Q: Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true? A) Women tend to report feeling slightly happier with their marriages than men do. B) Couples in traditional marriages report greater marital satisfaction than couples in egalitarian marriages. C) Equal power in the relationship usually enhances women's satisfaction, but not men's satisfaction. D) The sharing of family responsibilities usually enhances both men's and women's marital satisfaction.

Q: Barney and Cynthia met in college and married after they both graduated. They both work full-time. Which of the following is most likely true? A) Barney and Cynthia share housework equally. B) Barney participates in child care about 50 percent as often as Cynthia does. C) Cynthia spends nearly twice as much time as Barney on housework. D) Barney spends nearly twice as much time as Cynthia on child care.

Q: Most well-educated, career-oriented women expect a(n) __________ marriage. A) matriarchal B) traditional C) patriarchal D) egalitarian

Q: Cliff and Claire are married and have four children. Cliff works as a doctor, and Claire works as a lawyer. They both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children, and their relationship. They have a(n) __________ marriage. A) traditional B) patriarchal C) matriarchal D) egalitarian

Q: Mike and Carol are married. Mike is the head of the household. He works outside the home as an architect. Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home. They have a(n) __________ marriage. A) egalitarian B) arranged C) matriarchal D) traditional

Q: __________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability. A) Religious similarity B) Age of marriage C) Acceptance of in-laws D) Educational level

Q: Which of the following couples will face extra challenges in achieving a successful transition to married life? A) Ken, an African-American Baptist, and Eileen, an Asian-American Mormon, who married at age 21 B) Rolf and Louisa, both German Protestants, who married at age 25 C) Hector and Irma, both Mexican-American Catholics, who married at age 30 D) Jeff and Val, both college graduates, who married at age 28

Q: Among new marriages in the United States, _____ percent are between partners of a different race or ethnicity. A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25

Q: Which of the following statements about attitudes regarding marriage in the United States today is true? A) A majority of American adults agree that marriage is becoming obsolete. B) More than half of high-SES emerging adults say they never want to get married. C) Irrespective of SES and ethnicity, most U.S. 18- to 23-year-olds say they want to marry and have children. D) Marriage is not a central life goal for more than two-thirds of low-SES emerging adults.

Q: What percent of Americans have been married at least once? A) 60 B) 70 C) 80 D) 90

Q: Leaving home very early is associated with A) a high level of education. B) a successful married life. C) a high level of social support. D) job seeking rather than education.

Q: Which of the following young adults is more likely to live on her own? A) Mae Ling, a first-generation Asian American B) Rikki, an African-American college student C) Julia, an economically well-off Caucasian American D) Marisa, an unmarried Latina

Q: By the early thirties, _____ percent of U.S. young adults live on their own. A) 60 B) 70 C) 80 D) 90

Q: __________ of U.S. 18- to 25-year-olds return to their parents' home for brief periods after first leaving. A) Just over one-quarter B) Slightly over one-half C) Slightly under three-quarters D) Nearly all

Q: Which of the following individuals is the most likely to establish early residential independence? A) Mark, who is attending a local community college B) Mindy, who works part-time and is engaged C) Gretchen, whose parents are divorced and combative D) Garland, whose parents have been married for 25 years

Q: The average age of leaving home A) is higher today than it was at the beginning of the twentieth century. B) is lower in the United States than it is in the Scandinavian countries. C) has risen since the 1960s. D) is higher in the United States than it is in Mediterranean countries.

Q: Which of the following statements about the family life cycle is true? A) The family life cycle represents a fixed progression of stages. B) The family life cycle is only applicable to families in industrialized nations. C) Few variations exist in the sequence and timing of its phases. D) Some people do not experience all family life-cycle phases.

Q: Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married. As her own children grew up and left home, her parenting responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband died. This series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the A) family life cycle. B) dual-loss model. C) social clock. D) cultural structure.

Q: As long as loneliness is not overwhelming, it A) promotes defensive responses that lead to further isolation. B) is associated with self-promoting attitudes and behaviors. C) can motivate young people to take on more adultlike responsibilities. D) can encourage young people to reach out to others.

Q: Sarah is socially anxious and has an avoidant attachment history. Which of the following statements is probably true? A) She is sometimes lonely, but the feeling is not intense. B) She has periods of intense loneliness. C) She is rarely lonely. D) She develops intimacy quickly.

Q: Immigrants from collectivist cultures report A) higher levels of loneliness than people born in the United States and Canada. B) similar levels of loneliness to native-born Westerners. C) lower levels of loneliness than native-born Americans. D) low levels of intimacy in most romantic relationships.

Q: If they are all statistically average, which of the following individuals is the most likely to be lonely? A) Donna, who is 25 years old and has recently divorced B) Steven, who is 35 years old and has been married for 10 years C) Janine, who is 40 years old and has never married D) Miguel, who is 50 years old and has recently married

Q: Loneliness rises during early adulthood because A) young adults are not exposed to as many new people as they were in adolescence. B) young adults expect more from their intimate ties. . C) young people's friendships are not as gratifying as those in later life. D) it is the period of life in which people are the most socially unresponsive and insensitive.

Q: Lisa, age 27, is unhappy because she lacks the gratifying friendships she once had during college and she does not have an intimate partner. Lisa is experiencing A) loneliness. B) a glass ceiling. C) an identity crisis. D) a split dream.

Q: In families with 5 to 10 siblings, A) intimacy is more important than commitment. B) sibling bonds are usually weaker in adulthood. C) loneliness is common even among the married siblings. D) close sibling bonds may replace friendships.

Q: Which of the following statements about other-sex friendships is true? A) Women are more likely than men to feel sexually attracted to an other-sex friend. B) After marriage, other-sex friendships increase for men but decline for women. C) When a solid other-sex friendship evolves into a romance, it may be more stable and enduring than a romantic relationship formed without a foundation in friendship. D) Men are more likely to confide in same-sex than in other-sex friends.

Q: Which of the following individuals will probably have the highest number of other-sex friends? A) Mary, a single mother and high school dropout B) Kari, an employed female chemist C) Gary, a married man in middle adulthood D) Barry, a married father of four

Q: After marriage, other-sex friendships A) increase for both sexes. B) increase for men. C) increase for women. D) are rare for both sexes.

Q: Fernando recently got married. What will probably happen to his same-sex friendships? A) Those friendships will become more intimate. B) He will cut ties with many of his current friends. C) He will depend on them more as confidants and less as pals. D) He will share less personal information with his friends.

Q: Compared to shorter-term friendships, A) male friends become more competitive in long-lasting friendships. B) long-lasting friendships generally occur among unmarried men. C) long-lasting male friends disclose more personal information to one another. D) long-lasting male friends engage in joint activities, but limit personal disclosure.

Q: Which of the following statements about gender differences in same-sex adult friendships is true? A) Men have more intimate same-sex friendships than women. B) Female friends often say they prefer to "just talk" when they get together. C) Women prefer to "do something" when they get together with same-sex friends. D) Women are more reluctant than men to divulge information about themselves.

Q: Friendship continuity is greater for __________, in part because they __________. A) women; see one another more often B) women; have friendlier dispositions C) men; see one another more often D) men; have a greater competitive nature

Q: Adult friends are usually A) different from each other in most ways. B) similar in social class but different in age or sex. C) romantically involved with one another. D) similar to each other in age, sex, and SES.

Q: College students of Asian heritage are more likely than those of American or European descent to endorse a view of love strongly based on A) companionship. B) physical attraction. C) passion. D) deep emotion.

Q: Which of the following statements about perceptions of intimate relationships in Eastern cultures is true? A) Trying to satisfy dependency needs through an intimate bond is regarded as immature. B) Mature intimate relationships are based on autonomy and intense emotion. C) Young people today do not consider love to be a prerequisite for marriage. D) In choosing a mate, young people are expected to consider obligations to others.

Q: Deficits in __________ foreshadow poor conflict-resolution skills and eventual weakening of the marital tie. A) passion B) intimacy C) commitment D) attachment

Q: An important feature of good communication in a romantic relationship is A) passionate love. B) constructive criticism. C) constructive conflict resolution. D) quiet reflection.

Q: In the transformation of romantic involvements from passionate to companionate, __________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives. A) passion B) commitment C) monogamy D) intimacy

Q: Sal and Sadie have been married for 40 years. When asked to compare their current relationship to when they were newlyweds, they are most likely to say that A) their marriage has more passionate love now than earlier. B) they love each other more now than they did earlier. C) their marriage has more conflict now than it did earlier. D) they have become more like intimate friends than romantic partners.

Q: Adam and Drake have a warm and trusting relationship. They share attitudes and values. They exchange trusting affection and caregiving. According to Sternberg, Adam and Drake display __________ love. A) passionate B) committed C) intimate D) companionate

Q: Gayle has had a few dates with Joine. Early __________ love is a strong predictor of whether they will keep dating. A) committed B) intimate C) passionate D) companionate

Q: According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, A) intimacy involves a desire for sexual activity and romance. B) intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop. C) initial intimacy declines in favor of passion and commitment. D) passion develops after commitment is established.

Q: Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. She was also quick to express fear and anger. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) __________ attachment history. A) secure B) avoidant C) resistant D) trusting

Q: Adrian developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child. Adrian probably characterizes his most important adult love relationship in terms of A) shared interests, emotional distance, and status. B) dependency, insecurity, and sacrifice. C) desperation, anxiety, and fear. D) trust, happiness, and friendship.

Q: Compared with men in China and Japan, American men place __________ emphasis on their mate's __________. A) more; domestic skills B) less; intelligence C) more; financial prospects D) less; ambition

Q: Which of the following statements about mate selection is true? A) Romantic love is rarely an important factor in mate selection. B) Little support exists for the idea that "opposites attract." C) People rarely select partners that resemble themselves. D) Partners who are similar in personality tend to be less satisfied with their relationship.

Q: Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster A) feelings of distress. B) occupational flexibility. C) confidence and social stability. D) generativity.

Q: Christine, a college graduate, held a variety of part-time jobs in her early twenties. She had neither married nor begun a career by age 30. According to Neugarten, Christine is likely to A) adopt a split dream. B) feel inadequately grounded. C) adopt a "feminine" social clock. D) show gains in self-understanding.

Q: When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. According to research by Bernice Neugarten, Yolanda has a well-defined A) split dream. B) social clock. C) "feminine" dream. D) life structure.

Q: According to Vaillant, men become "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture, in their A) twenties. B) thirties and forties. C) fifties and sixties. D) seventies.

Q: Which of the following statements about Levinson's findings is true? A) Many men remained unsettled in their thirties, often because they added an occupational or relationship commitment. B) Not until middle age did many women reach career maturity and take on more authority in the community. C) To create an early adulthood culminating life structure, women usually "settled down" by focusing on certain relationships and aspirations. D) For both men and women, a second transition occurred around age 25.

Q: Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience a psychological crisis during the age-30 transition? A) Eddie, who has no romantic relationships and a dissatisfying job B) Roberta, a successful office manager with a good marriage C) Carlos, a divorced man who runs an expanding chain of stores D) Grace, a happily married stay-at-home mom with three children

Q: When Paul started his job, he developed a close relationship with Richard, a senior colleague. Richard helped Paul succeed in his job, and with his help, Paul was quickly promoted. According to Levinson, Richard A) was acting out Paul's dream. B) was probably going through the age-30 transition. C) acted as a mentor to Paul. D) probably jeopardized his own dream.

Q: According to Levinson, which of the following statements about gender differences in dreams is true? A) Men's dreams tend to define the self in terms of relationships. B) Most career-oriented women have "split dreams" involving both marriage and career. C) Women's dreams are usually more individualistic than men's dreams. D) Most career-oriented men have "split dreams" involving both marriage and career.

Q: Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people A) settled down by focusing on certain relationships and aspirations. B) constructed an image of themselves in the adult world that guided their decision making. C) reached career maturity and took on more authority in the community. D) became "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture.

Q: According to Levinson, wide individual differences exist in the weights of central and peripheral components of a person's A) ego. B) internal working model. C) romantic attachments. D) life structure.

Q: Some aspects of __________, such as childbearing and child rearing, are under way in the twenties and thirties. A) generativity B) ego integrity C) initiative D) identity diffusion

Q: Compared to men, the coordination of identity and intimacy __________ for women. A) is easier B) is more complex C) occurs earlier D) occurs later

Q: According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is A) initiative versus guilt. B) industry versus inferiority. C) identity versus role confusion. D) intimacy versus isolation.

Q: Which of the following is an accurate statement about risk and resilience in emerging adulthood? A) Emerging adults are susceptible to many risks due to their poor decision making and uncertainty about the future. B) Feelings of loneliness are higher during the emerging adulthood years than at any other time in life. C) College students who feel securely attached to their parents tend to have difficulty adjusting to living on campus. D) Emerging adults with information-gathering cognitive styles tend to be the least resilient.