Q&A Hero

Q: __________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet. A) Sex hormones B) Over-the-counter medications C) Free radicals D) Low body weight

Q: When an adult suffers from atherosclerosis, it typically develops A) during middle or late adulthood. B) more rapidly in women than men. C) very rapidly after age 35, leading to sudden heart failure. D) early in life and progresses during middle adulthood.

Q: Darlene has heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collected on the walls of her main arteries. Darlene has A) hypertension. B) osteoporosis. C) arrhythmia. D) atherosclerosis.

Q: Which of the following individuals has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease? A) Chandra, a Caucasian-American female B) Vivica, an African-American female C) Joh, an Asian-American male D) Hunter, a Caucasian-American male

Q: Which of the following individuals will probably have the most rapid changes in hearing as a result of aging? A) Erica, a Caucasian-American female B) Ayanna, an African-American female C) Kim, an Asian-American female D) Randolph, a Caucasian-American male

Q: During the twenties and thirties, changes in physical appearance and declines in body functioning are A) more noticeable in men than in women. B) more noticeable in women than in men. C) rapid and obvious. D) so gradual that most are hardly noticeable.

Q: Scientists have found that __________ best explains the complexities of biological aging. A) the "genetic programming" theory B) a combination of theories C) the "random events" theory D) the "wear-and-tear" theory

Q: Decreased vigor of the immune response seems to be A) caused by random or spontaneous events. B) caused by a breakdown of connective tissues. C) genetically programmed, but intensified by other aging processes. D) caused by telomere lengthening, but also affected by random events.

Q: Jay wants to protect the health of his endocrine system. The safest approach for Jay is A) a healthy diet and physical activity. B) hormone therapy. C) genetic reconstruction. D) cellular therapy.

Q: Cross-linking can be reduced by A) regular exercise and a healthy diet. B) decreasing the heart rate. C) increasing body fat. D) hormone therapy.

Q: According to the cross-linkage theory of aging, bonds between protein fibers in connective tissue can lead to A) tightening of the skin and strengthening of the bones. B) loss of flexibility in the skin and clogging of arteries. C) increased flexibility and athletic stamina. D) reduced production of many hormones, especially estrogen.

Q: Animal species with __________life expectancies tend to display __________ free-radical damage to DNA. A) longer; slower rates of B) shorter; slower rates of C) longer; faster rates of D) shorter; little to no

Q: Free radicals are thought to be involved in A) sickle-cell disease. B) birth defects. C) Down syndrome. D) more than 60 disorders of aging.

Q: In the chemistry of aging, a free radical is a A) naturally occurring, highly reactive chemical that forms in the presence of oxygen. B) type of protein fiber that makes up the body's connective tissue. C) type of mutation that leads to genetic defects in offspring. D) form of DNA that is found at the ends of chromosomes, serving as a protective cap.

Q: One hypothesized cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the A) lengthening of telomeres. B) production of androgens. C) release of free radicals. D) increase of synaptic connections.

Q: Which of the following statements about the "random events" theory of biological aging is true? A) Genetic engineering that manipulates telomere activity has extended the lifespan of human cells. B) Animal studies confirm an increase in DNA breaks and deletions and damage to other cellular material with age. C) Because longevity tends to be a family trait, environmental factors have minimal impact on the aging process. D) Humans who maintain higher levels of physical activity over several decades reduce their maximum lifespan.

Q: According to the "random events" theory of biological aging, A) DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations. B) the human body wears out from use over time. C) the existence of aging genes controls most biological changes. D) environmental factors have little impact on human longevity.

Q: When adults make positive lifestyle changes, A) telomeres decrease in number. B) telomeres shorten. C) telomeres multiply in number. D) telomerase activity increases.

Q: Telomere shortening predicts A) earlier death. B) slower disease progression. C) persistent psychological stress. D) longevity.

Q: __________ can cause telomeres to lengthen. A) Cigarette smoking B) Telomerase C) Physical inactivity D) Obesity

Q: Dr. Rodin is conducting a study on environmental factors that contribute to telomere length. Dr. Rodin can expect to find that telomere shortening A) predicts longevity. B) is related to slowed disease progression. C) is accelerated by certain health behaviors and psychological states. D) occurs earlier in women than men.

Q: Nora's grandfather lived to be 87, and her father is still alive at the age of 98. Nora concludes that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life. Nora should know that A) there is no reliable data on the heritability of longevity, and random factors probably contributed to the long lives of her relatives. B) the current generation is experiencing a shorter lifespan than the previous generation due to environmental toxins and limited physical activity. C) rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later. D) the heritability of longevity is approximately 0.95, indicating that longevity is directly related to genetic factors.

Q: The __________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that longevity is a family trait. A) genetically programmed B) "wear-and-tear" C) random events D) cross-linkage

Q: Which of the following statements about the "wear-and-tear" theory of aging is true? A) Evidence suggests a moderate relationship between physical activity and early death. B) Cross-cultural research supports the idea that the body eventually wears out from use. C) Despite its benefits, exercise in adulthood is linked to frequent injuries, such as bone breaks and muscle tears. D) Regular, moderate-to-vigorous exercise predicts a longer life, which is contrary to the theory.

Q: Biological aging A) is underway in adolescence. B) begins in middle adulthood. C) is similar across various parts of the body. D) can be modified substantially through interventions.

Q: Senescence A) begins at the moment of conception. B) occurs across parts of the body at the same time and speed. C) begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency. D) occurs because the physical body wears out from use.

Q: __________ is the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends. A) Texting B) Skyping C) Social networking D) Instant messaging

Q: When focusing on deeper thoughts and feelings, adolescent friends Glenda and Anne repeatedly mull over problems and negative emotions, which sometimes triggers anxiety and depression. Glenda and Anne are demonstrating A) peer victimization. B) clique membership. C) corumination. D) an identity crisis.

Q: Teenage boys who are __________ are just as likely as girls to form intimate same-sex ties. A) strongly masculine B) androgynous C) identity-foreclosed D) highly athletic

Q: Travis and Chase, both age 13, are best friends. Their discussions probably focus on A) educational aspirations. B) achievements in school. C) social status. D) communal concerns.

Q: __________ rises over the adolescent years. A) Self-disclosure between friends B) Number of best friends C) Possessiveness between friends D) Time spent with siblings

Q: Matthew, age 14, is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is A) shared interests and activities. B) integrity. C) psychological closeness. D) shared attitudes and values.

Q: Teenagers in the United States spend more time together outside the classroom than teenagers in Europe and Asia because A) European and Asian parents put strict limits on their children's free time. B) U.S. teenagers experience a shorter school year and less demanding academic standards. C) the United States has fewer public gathering places for teens. D) there is greater flexibility in school hours in Europe and Asia.

Q: Which of the following statements about sibling relationships in adolescence is true? A) Attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people. B) Siblings who established a positive bond in early childhood tend to display less affection and caring. C) Mild sibling differences in perceived parental affection tend to trigger jealousy. D) Culture has little influence on the quality of sibling relationships.

Q: During adolescence, sibling A) relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings. B) relationships often become more intense, in both positive and negative feelings. C) rivalry peaks, often causing significant family conflict. D) relationships are more intense in negative feelings and less intense in positive feelings.

Q: Teenagers who develop well despite family stress tend to have a(n) A) foreclosed identity. B) firm parent who believes in strict discipline. C) intense, driven disposition. D) bond with a prosocial adult outside the family who cares deeply about the adolescent's well-being.

Q: Parents who __________ usually find it easier to grant teenagers appropriate autonomy and experience less conflict with them. A) have time-consuming, stressful jobs B) have a permissive parenting style C) are content with their marriages D) have an authoritarian parenting style

Q: The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their parents results from A) a sharp increase in parent"child conflict. B) the lack of unstructured time available to teenagers. C) adolescents' view that parents are not "cool." D) the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers.

Q: Mild family conflict A) is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents. B) often escalates into intense parent"child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry. C) informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling a need for adjustments in the parent"child relationship. D) interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

Q: Throughout adolescence, __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health. A) the quality of the parent"child relationship B) academic achievement C) clique membership D) moral development

Q: Which of the following is linked to a variety of positive outcomes, such as prevention of delinquency, reduction in sexual activity, improved school performance, and positive psychological well-being? A) permissive parenting, noninterference with daily activities, and allowing the adolescent to withhold information from parents B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information C) parental insistence on family closeness and obedience to authority, while insisting that the adolescent disclose all information D) acculturative stress, in which immigrant parents from cultures that highly value family closeness react strongly to adolescent disagreement

Q: An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to A) rely more on parental support. B) deidealize their parents. C) solve problems less efficiently. D) gender intensification.

Q: Autonomy is made up of a(n) __________ component and a(n) __________ component. A) behavioral; cognitive B) cognitive; emotional C) emotional; behavioral D) behavioral; ethical

Q: Seventeen-year-old Saffron strives to rely on herself and not her parents for decision making. Saffron is developing A) moral self-relevance. B) identity foreclosure. C) autonomy. D) identity diffusion.

Q: Which of the following children is likely to be psychologically healthier? A) Maria, a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity B) Luis, a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity C) Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity D) Gordon, a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

Q: Which of the following is the most likely to contribute to gender intensification in adolescence? A) the magnification of sex differences in appearance caused by puberty B) decreased concern for what others think C) a combination of family and peer pressure D) media depictions of sexuality

Q: Which of the following individuals will likely show stronger gender intensification? A) Evan, a 7-year-old boy B) Eve, a 9-year-old girl C) Reece, a 12-year-old boy D) Tamar, a 14-year-old girl

Q: As Lucinda enters adolescence, she begins to worry about walking, talking, eating, dressing, and laughing in ways consistent with a feminine gender role. Lucinda is experiencing A) gender intensification. B) identity diffusion. C) gender-role confusion. D) identity moratorium.

Q: According to the pragmatic approach to morality, A) everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals. B) everyday moral judgments are efforts to arrive at just solutions. C) Gilligan provides a more accurate account of moral reasoning than Kohlberg's theory. D) Kohlberg's stage sequence adequately accounts for morality in everyday life.

Q: Religious involvement A) tends to interfere with advanced moral development. B) does not seem to prevent early sexual activity and teen pregnancy. C) promotes responsible academic and social behavior. D) increases as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity.

Q: In recent national polls, nearly __________ of Americans reported actively practicing religion. A) one-quarter B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds

Q: Teachers who promote discussion of controversial issues, while insisting that students listen to and respect one another, A) tend to have students who fail to understand the overlap between moral imperatives and social conventions. B) foster knowledge and critical analysis of political issues and commitment to social causes. C) often have students who reason at Kohlberg's Stage 5 or 6. D) emphasize an ethic of care over matters of justice.

Q: Harry holds socially responsible values. Which of the following statements is he most likely to make? A) "My parents never discuss religion, politics, or controversial issues." B) "I think most unemployed people are less intelligent than those who are economically independent." C) "If someone is homeless, it's probably because he drinks or takes drugs." D) "I think the unemployment rate is caused by a combination of government policies and the state of the economy."

Q: Civic engagement involves A) moral development at Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher and regular religious involvement. B) knowledge of political issues, commitment to making a difference in the community, and skills for achieving civic goals. C) a desire to make changes in the community and a belief that individual factors cause community problems. D) political ambition, a secure identity, and a high level of empathy toward others' distress.

Q: Schools can foster students' opportunities to experience and explore moral emotions, thoughts, and actions through A) social experiments. B) civic engagement. C) religious education. D) reward and punishment programs.

Q: Mrs. Shigoka wants to strengthen her high school students' moral identity. What type of classroom should she create? A) teacher-directed, in which Mrs. Shigoka lectures about various social issues and students take notes B) a just educational environment, in which Mrs. Shigoka guides the students in democratic decision making and rule setting C) student-directed, in which Mrs. Shigoka allows her students to work individually on their own selected pursuits D) a moral"religious educational environment, in which Mrs. Shigoka instructs the students in both religious principles and secular education

Q: Frank and Derol are both college students. Derol is functioning at a higher moral reasoning level than Frank. Which of the following statements is the most likely to be true? A) Derol is just as likely as Frank to cheat on tests. B) Frank is more likely than Derol to act prosocially. C) Frank is more likely than Derol to display behavior that is in line with his beliefs. D) Derol is more likely than Frank to defend victims of injustice.

Q: According to Kohlberg, mature moral thinkers A) view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action. B) realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world. C) do not believe in a common justice morality and, thus, act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents. D) tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

Q: Responses to moral dilemmas in collectivist cultures A) place greater weight on individual rights than in North America. B) are often less other-directed than in Western cultures. C) are often more other-directed than in Western cultures. D) place greater weight on justice-based reasoning than on caring.

Q: Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning. A) report fewer close friendships B) more often participate in conversations with their friends C) have more like-minded friends D) have fewer cross-race and cross-gender friendships

Q: Which of the following statements about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true? A) College students are no more advanced in moral reasoning than young people who enter the workforce immediately after high school. B) Most colleges and universities require professors to engage students in discussions involving moral reasoning. C) College students report fewer perspective-taking opportunities because they are isolated in a homogeneous environment. D) College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.

Q: __________ is a powerful predictor of movement to Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher. A) Age B) Years of schooling C) Religious affiliation D) Ethnic identity

Q: Parents can foster adolescents' moral understanding by A) placing limits on their free time. B) allowing them to make adult decisions without interference. C) asserting their own personal opinions frequently. D) asking clarifying questions.

Q: A researcher asks Timmy, a fourth grader, and Thom, a tenth grader, whether it is OK to exclude a child from a peer group on the basis of gender. Which of the following responses is the researcher most likely to hear? A) Thom will say that the exclusion is always unfair. B) Timmy will say that the exclusion is always OK. C) Thom will say that the exclusion is OK under certain circumstances. D) Timmy will say that the exclusion is OK under certain circumstances.

Q: Kremlin, age 15, firmly asserts he has control over his clothing and hairstyle choices. Which of the following will Kremlin also argue is not subject to control by authority figures? A) friendships B) curfew C) cultural values D) attending school

Q: Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females taps both care and justice A) females tend to emphasize justice. B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care. C) females more than males tend to focus equally on justice and care. D) males tend to emphasize care.

Q: On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females A) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates and often at a higher stage. B) are more likely than males to focus on themes of justice. C) display reasoning at a lower stage than their male agemates. D) focus on themes of both justice and caring, while males focus only on themes of justice.

Q: Carol Gilligan believes that feminine morality A) is adequately represented in Kohlberg's theory. B) tends to be less mature than male morality. C) emphasizes an "ethic of care" that Kohlberg's system devalues. D) is overemphasized in research on moral development.

Q: The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are A) highly organized and sequential. B) loosely organized and overlapping. C) only applicable to boys and men. D) predictable and universal.

Q: Postconventional morality is A) typically reached around age 18. B) based on social conformity. C) exceedingly rare. D) common among college-educated young adults.

Q: Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, A) current research suggests there are at least eight stages. B) his research was able to verify only the first three stages. C) few people move beyond Stage 4. D) there is no evidence that individuals move through the first four stages in the predicted order.

Q: Among college-educated young adults, Kohlberg's Stage _____ reasoning is the typical response. A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6

Q: In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Ruby explains, "It doesn"t make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 3: The "good-boy"good-girl" orientation B) Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation C) Stage 5: The social contract orientation D) Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation

Q: At Kohlberg's Stage 5 of moral development, individuals A) become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma. B) believe that laws should not be disobeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order. C) regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes. D) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.

Q: Individuals at Kohlberg's __________ level move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws. A) preconventional B) conventional C) postconventional D) social-order-maintaining

Q: In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Dolph states, "Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there"d be no civilization, just crime and violence." Dolph is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 3: The "good-boy"good-girl" orientation B) Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation C) Stage 5: The social contract orientation D) Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation

Q: In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Marlee says, "No one will think you"re bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you"re an inhuman husband if you don"t. If you let your wife die, you"ll never be able to look anyone in the face again." Marlee is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation B) Stage 3: The "good-boy"good-girl" orientation C) Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation D) Stage 5: The social contract orientation

Q: At Kohlberg's conventional level, A) behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, while those that lead to rewards are good. B) individuals move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws. C) individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. D) individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

Q: At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, children A) want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person." B) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person. C) take societal laws into account when making moral choices. D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors.

Q: Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the "Heinz dilemma." He tends to overlook people's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation B) Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation C) Stage 3: The "good-boy"good-girl" orientation D) Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation