Q&A Hero

Q: Bulimia is usually treated by A) therapy that focuses on making new friends. B) in-patient hospitalization. C) training in changing eating habits. D) hypnotherapy.

Q: Which of the following statements about individuals with bulimia nervosa is true? A) They usually lose between 25 and 50 percent of their body weight. B) They typically deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder. C) They usually feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits and desperately want help. D) They are usually excellent students who are responsible and well-behaved.

Q: Carlie engages in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives. Carlie suffers from A) bulimia nervosa. B) food insecurity. C) marasmus. D) anorexia nervosa.

Q: The most successful treatment for anorexia usually involves A) a combination of individual and group therapy. B) family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances. C) short-term individual therapy and nutritional counseling. D) hypnosis and insertion of a feeding tube.

Q: Which of the following statements about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true? A) They usually lose between 5 and 25 percent of their body weight. B) They typically deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder. C) In school, they tend to be irresponsible, poorly behaved, or low-achieving. D) Later-maturing girls are at greatest risk for the disorder.

Q: Which of the following parent"child relationships is the most common among anorexic teenagers? A) overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers B) permissive mothers and highly competitive fathers C) permissive mothers and uninvolved fathers D) divorced parents where the mother is overwhelmed and the father is largely absent

Q: Boys account for about __________ percent of cases of anorexia. A) 3 to 5 B) 6 to 9 C) 10 to 15 D) 20 to 25

Q: About _____ percent of North American and Western European teenage girls are affected by anorexia nervosa. A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7

Q: Anorexia nervosa is A) more common among African-American girls than among Hispanic girls. B) a tragic eating disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat. C) more common than bulimia nervosa, affecting about 2 to 4 percent of teenage girls. D) more common in high-SES groups than in low- and middle-SES groups.

Q: Frequency of __________ is strongly associated with healthy eating in adolescents. A) exercise B) sleep C) dieting D) family meals

Q: The most common nutritional problem of adolescence is __________ deficiency. A) calcium B) protein C) iron D) zinc

Q: Follow-ups reveal that __________-maturing __________, especially, are prone to lasting difficulties. A) early; boys B) late; girls C) late; boys D) early; girls

Q: Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who A) are older. B) are slightly younger. C) match their own level of biological maturity. D) mature later than they do.

Q: Which of the following statements about the role of physical attractiveness and the timing of puberty in Western society is true? A) The ideal female image is a girlish shape that favors the early developer. B) The ideal male image is a muscular shape that favors the late developer. C) The ideal male image is a muscular shape that favors the early developer. D) Both the ideal male and female image favor early-maturing teens.

Q: Randy is viewed by both adults and peers as relaxed, independent, and self-confident. Maria is viewed by both groups as physically attractive, lively, and sociable. Which of the following is likely to be true? A) Randy and Maria are both early-maturing teens. B) Randy and Maria are both late-maturing teens. C) Randy is an early-maturing boy, and Maria is a late-maturing girl. D) Randy is a late-maturing boy, and Maria is an early-maturing girl.

Q: Jason, a late-maturing boy, is A) likely to be viewed by both peers and adults as self-confident. B) likely to report more psychological stress than early-maturing boys. C) likely to be viewed by both peers and adults as anxious. D) more likely to be involved in deviant behavior than early-maturing boys.

Q: Ann is having more frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. If they argue over typical parent"adolescent issues, these disagreements are most likely A) over important family values, such as honesty or integrity. B) caused by the storm and stress of puberty. C) over school issues, such as the importance of education. D) about everyday matters, such as driving, dating partners, and curfew.

Q: __________ is a modern substitute for the actual physical departure of young people from the family group that takes place in industrialized nations. A) The transition to adulthood B) Emotional upheaval C) Psychological distancing D) Adolescent moodiness

Q: Which of the following teens is likely to have the most stable moods? A) 13-year-old Tya B) 14-year-old Grace C) 16-year-old Tyler D) 19-year-old Jesse

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescent moodiness is true? A) Adolescents rate their moods more positively in adult-structured settings. B) Younger adolescents' mood swings are strongly related to situational changes. C) Teenagers' emotional highs coincide with weekend evenings spent at home. D) Teenagers' emotional lows coincide with self-chosen leisure activities.

Q: Western adolescents are granted partial adult status upon the happening of many different events, including A) voting. B) entering high school. C) beginning to date. D) menarche or spermarche.

Q: Initiation ceremonies in industrialized nations, such as the Jewish bar or bat mitzvah and the quinceaera in Hispanic communities, have less effect on the timing of puberty than initiation ceremonies in tribal and village societies because they A) usually do not mark a significant change in social status in larger society. B) mark an important change in privilege and responsibility. C) usually mark a significant change in social status in larger society. D) formally mark the movement from childhood to adulthood.

Q: Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescents' reactions to pubertal changes is true? A) While most boys get some information from their mothers, almost all girls get their information from reading material or websites. B) Overall, boys get much less social support than girls for the physical changes of puberty. C) A few girls tell a friend that they are menstruating, but more boys tell a friend about spermarche. D) Girls, but not boys, are likely to benefit from opportunities to ask questions and discuss feelings with a sympathetic parent or health professional.

Q: Some evidence suggests that __________-American families may better prepare girls for menarche, treat it as an important milestone, and express less conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity. A) Caucasian B) Japanese C) African D) Chinese

Q: Sleep-deprived adolecents A) perform better on cognitive tasks in the morning hours. B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. C) are less likely to engage in high-risk behaviors. D) display increases in executive function.

Q: Adolescents need about _____ hours of sleep each night. A) 5 B) 7 C) 9 D) 11

Q: During puberty, neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters. As a result, adolescents A) handle stressful events better than most adults. B) experience pleasurable stimuli less intensely, causing them to seek outside stimulation, such as illicit drugs. C) react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely. D) require less nightly sleep than school-age children and adults.

Q: In the United States and a few European countries, __________ are responsible for a modest, continuing trend toward earlier menarche. A) increased rates of infectious disease B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity C) eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, D) lack of standardized health care and high poverty rates

Q: Threats to __________ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to __________ health delay it. A) emotional; physical B) physical; social C) social; emotional D) physical; emotional

Q: Girls with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________. A) relatively late; early B) on target; late C) around the same age as their mothers; earlier than their mothers D) early; relatively late

Q: Mary and Ashley are identical twins. Abbie and Chandra are fraternal twins. Which of the following is likely to be true about the timing of puberty? A) Mary and Ashley will reach menarche about 12 months apart. B) Abbie and Chandra will reach menarche within a month or two of each other. C) Mary and Ashley will reach menarche within a month or two of each other. D) Abbie and Chandra will reach menarche before Mary and Ashley.

Q: For boys, voice change usually takes place A) after adult stature is reached. B) before spermarche. C) at the peak of the growth spurt. D) before any other signs of puberty.

Q: Male puberty usually begins with A) extreme and unpredictable moodiness. B) the enlargement of the testes. C) the appearance of pubic hair. D) spermarche.

Q: Female puberty usually begins with A) the budding of the breasts and the growth spurt. B) menarche. C) the completion of pubic hair growth. D) extreme and unpredictable moodiness.

Q: Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic? A) ovaries B) pubic hair C) scrotum D) testes

Q: According to a recent survey of all 50 U.S. state high school athletic associations, ______ percent of sports participants are boys. A) 49 B) 59 C) 69 D) 79

Q: In 1972, the U.S. federal government required schools receiving public funds to provide A) gender-segregated physical education classes. B) high school physical education classes. C) co-ed athletic teams. D) equal opportunities for males and females in all educational programs.

Q: Brian is a star high school athlete, who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness. An initial health screening also indicates that Brian has acne, excess body hair, and high blood pressure. Brian's symptoms are consistent with A) delayed puberty. B) sexual maturation. C) anabolic steroid use. D) excessive stimulant use.

Q: Which of the following statements about physical skill in midadolescence is true? A) Boys and girls are evenly matched in athletics. B) Few girls perform as well as the average boy. C) Low-performing girls actually have skills equal to high-performing boys. D) Girls perform better in athletics until about age 15, when boys surpass them.

Q: During puberty, A) the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses. B) the torso accelerates first, followed by the hands, legs, and feet. C) the average child gains 20 to 35 pounds. D) girls' shoulders broaden relative to the hips.

Q: The first outward sign of puberty is A) steady improvement in gross-motor performance. B) the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt. C) changes in physical features related to sexual functioning. D) extreme moodiness, particularly toward adults.

Q: Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle growth and notices the growth of body and facial hair. Which of the following hormones is responsible for this change? A) estrogen B) testosterone C) adrenal androgens D) thyroxine

Q: On average, girls reach puberty __________ boys. A) at approximately the same time as B) two months earlier than C) two years earlier than D) two years later than

Q: In most tribal and village societies, A) adolescence is extended into three phases: early, middle, and late adolescence. B) young people face postponement of sexual gratification while they prepare for a productive work life. C) adolescence is only a brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles. D) adolescence is extended because young people face prolonged dependence on parents.

Q: Most researchers today believe that adolescent development is A) biologically determined. B) socially determined. C) influenced by biological, psychological, and social forces. D) abrupt and stagelike.

Q: According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, __________ is/are entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences. A) biology B) the social environment C) the storm-and-stress of adolescence D) psychological forces

Q: Contemporary research suggests that the storm-and-stress notion of adolescence is A) much worse for boys than for girls. B) understated. C) much worse for girls than for boys. D) exaggerated.

Q: G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a A) period so turbulent that it resembles the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings. B) time in which teenagers grasp scientific and mathematical principles and grapple with social and political issues. C) generally pleasant time of life in which the social environment is responsible for the range of teenage experiences. D) brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles and responsibilities.

Q: Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce statistics? A) Russia now has the highest divorce rate in the world. B) Children of divorce spend an average of three years in a single-parent home. C) At any given time, one-third of U.S. children live in single-parent households. D) About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again.

Q: Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings. A) exhibit higher rates of antisocial behavior B) have lower self-esteem C) display poorer social skills D) are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation

Q: Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry? A) Destructive sibling conflict in middle childhood is associated with negative outcomes, including later substance use and delinquency. B) Sibling rivalry is greater between brothers and sisters than among same-sex siblings. C) During the middle childhood years, sibling rivalry tends to decrease. D) Sibling rivalry often increases when siblings intentionally strive to be different from one another.

Q: A study conducted showed that fifth and sixth graders describe __________ as the most influential people in their lives. A) peers B) best friends C) parents D) siblings

Q: During middle childhood, A) fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers. B) fathers spend more time than mothers with school-age children. C) fathers are more knowledgeable than mothers about children's everyday activities. D) each parent tends to devote more time to children of their own sex.

Q: Coregulation is a(n) A) form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making. B) permissive child-rearing style where the child takes responsibility for making rules. C) agreement between parents and other caregivers to be consistent with rules and discipline. D) authoritarian child-rearing style where the parent exercises firm control.

Q: Effective parents gradually shift control from adult to child. They do not let go entirely but, rather, engage in A) coregulation. B) transitive inference. C) distributive justice. D) permissive parenting.

Q: Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) __________ style in the early years. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) permissive D) uninvolved

Q: Which of the following statements about gender identity and behavior in middle childhood is true? A) How children feel about themselves in relation to their gender group is less important in middle childhood than it was during the preschool years. B) Children who experience rejection because of gender-atypical personality traits suffer profoundly. C) Researchers agree that the only way to help children who feel gender-atypical is to make them more gender-typical. D) Gender-typical and gender-discontented children show gains in self-worth between third and seventh grade.

Q: Dwayne feels that his parents and peers disapprove of his knitting hobby. His parents have tried to encourage him to consider other hobbies, such as woodworking or coin collecting. Dwayne is distressed and stops knitting. Which of the following accurately describes Dwayne's gender identity self-evaluation? A) gender contentedness B) gender typicality C) feels pressure to conform to gender roles D) gender-disconnectedness

Q: Octavio feels comfortable being a boy, which consequently makes him happy. Which of the following self-evaluations reflects Octavio's gender identity? A) gender contentedness B) gender typicality C) feels pressure to conform to gender roles D) gender-disconnectedness

Q: Research shows that school-age children A) rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations. B) rate "feminine" occupations as having higher status than "masculine" occupations. C) often feel gender-atypical but are afraid to talk about it. D) will usually reject and ridicule a tomboyish girl.

Q: School-age children are likely to view which of the following activities as nearly as bad as a moral transgression? A) 5-year-old Kimberly wearing a boy's shirt and her father's shoes B) 5-year-old Jenny playing with trucks C) 5-year-old Frank watching My Little Pony with his baby sister D) 5-year-old Mark wearing his mother's nail polish

Q: From third to sixth grade, boys tend to __________ their identification with "masculine" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "feminine" personality traits __________. A) strengthen; declines B) weaken; strengthens C) steadily maintain; accelerates over time D) weaken; remains steady

Q: Recent research on gender-stereotyped beliefs about achievement found that a majority of elementary and secondary students agreed with the idea that __________ is a "__________" subject. A) music; masculine B) language arts; masculine C) math; feminine D) science; feminine

Q: Research has shown that parents promote gender stereotypes by A) more often attributing girls' failures to insufficient effort and boys' failures to ability. B) harshly punishing children for gender-atypical behavior. C) praising girls for knowledge and boys for obedience. D) behaving in a more mastery-oriented fashion with sons than with daughters.

Q: __________ improves both school achievement and social acceptance of rejected children. A) Intensive academic tutoring B) Cooperative play C) Training in perspective taking D) Training in personal defense

Q: Which of the following statements about controversial and neglected children is true? A) Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors. B) Neglected children report feeling lonely and unhappy. C) Controversial children have few friends and are unhappy with their peer relationships. D) Neglected children are as socially maladjusted as rejected children.

Q: Research on peer victimization shows that A) in middle childhood, girls bully peers nearly as often as boys. B) school codes against bullying are rarely effective at reducing peer victimization. C) aggression and victimization are not polar opposites. D) chronic victims tend to be active when passive behavior is expected.

Q: About _____ percent of children are bullies, while _____ percent are repeatedly victimized. A) 5; 10 B) 10; 15 C) 15; 20 D) 20; 25

Q: Skye, a rejected-withdrawn child, is most likely A) extremely antagonistic. B) a bully toward younger children. C) worried about being scorned and attacked. D) uninterested in peer interaction.

Q: Rejected-aggressive children are A) deficient in perspective taking. B) passive and socially awkward. C) bullied more often than rejected-withdrawn children. D) more often accepted by boys than by girls.

Q: Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which of the following characteristics is he likely to display? A) He performs well in school and communicates with peers in a friendly way. B) He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority. C) He displays a wide range of negative social behaviors and is overwhelmed by social anxiety. D) He engages in low rates of interaction but does not report feeling lonely or unhappy.

Q: Michaela performs well in school and communicates with her peers in sensitive, friendly, and cooperative ways. She is a __________ child. A) popular-antisocial B) controversial C) rejected-aggressive D) popular-prosocial

Q: __________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and delinquency with criminality in early adulthood. A) Neglected B) Controversial C) Rejected D) Popular

Q: On a measure of peer acceptance, Dustin was seldom mentioned either positively or negatively. Dustin would be considered a __________ child. A) neglected B) rejected C) withdrawn D) popular-antisocial child

Q: On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a __________ child. A) neglected B) rejected C) popular D) controversial

Q: When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned. A) popular; neglected B) neglected; rejected C) popular; rejected D) controversial; neglected

Q: School-age friends A) disagree with each other less than nonfriends. B) are usually opposite from each other in personality. C) behave more prosocially with each other. D) seldom remain friends for longer than a few months.

Q: Studies of friendship during middle childhood show that A) by age 8 or 9, most children name only a handful of good friends. B) friendships are highly unstable over the elementary and middle school years. C) school-age children's friendships are less selective than those of preschoolers. D) friendships are largely based on engaging in similar activities.

Q: During the school years, friendship becomes A) less complex. B) more psychologically based. C) more proximity based. D) less trust based.

Q: In middle childhood, __________ contributes to the development of trust and sensitivity. A) friendship B) informal peer group membership C) peer conformity D) formal group membership