Q&A Hero

Q: Around age _____, children first become certain that a video image of themselves replayed a few minutes after it was filmed is still "me." A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Q: __________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values. A) Concrete rewards B) Formal lessons C) Self-evaluative narratives D) Tall tales

Q: Research on cultural variations in personal storytelling reveals that A) Chinese parents tend to cultivate children's individuality through storytelling. B) Irish-American parents often tell stories that emphasize children's transgressions. C) Chinese parents use storytelling to guide children toward socially responsible behavior. D) Irish-American parents tell stories that affirm the importance of not disgracing the family.

Q: Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling shows that A) there are striking cultural differences in parents' selection and interpretation of events told in narratives B) parents in all cultures studied stress the impact of misbehavior on others. C) all parents tend to downplay their children's transgressions in stories. D) children tend to tune out lengthy stories told by their parents.

Q: __________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept. A) Permissive parenting B) A warm, sensitive parent"child relationship C) Authoritarian parenting D) Strong identification with the other-sex parent

Q: Preschoolers' self-concepts A) are typically abstract. B) focus mainly on typical emotions and attitudes. C) focus mainly on personality traits. D) consist largely of observable characteristics.

Q: When asked "Tell me about yourself," which of the following is 3-year-old Riley the most likely to say? A) "I have new, blue shoes." B) "I am cheerful." C) "I am shy." D) "I am friendly."

Q: As self-awareness strengthens, preschoolers begin to develop a A) self-concept. B) restrained superego. C) subjective id. D) moral self.

Q: Although Freud's ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives. A) the superego B) mistrust C) initiative D) psychosexual stages

Q: According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they A) are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults. B) identify too strongly with the same-sex parent. C) identify too strongly with the other-sex parent. D) have an overly lenient superego.

Q: According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to A) escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world. B) try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure. C) show their caregivers the things that are important to them. D) represent their unconscious wishes and desires symbolically.

Q: According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is A) trust versus mistrust. B) autonomy versus shame and doubt. C) industry versus inferiority. D) initiative versus guilt.

Q: Erikson described early childhood as A) a period of "vigorous unfolding." B) a time of ego growth. C) the most stable time for personality development. D) a "steady stream" of growth.

Q: Describe the various forms of child maltreatment. Indicate who typically commits abusive incidents and who is at risk for abuse.

Q: Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing styles.

Q: How do parents influence gender typing in early childhood?

Q: Describe some of the undesirable side-effects of repeated, harsh punishment.

Q: Describe the developmental sequence of the cognitive play categories. Give examples of each.

Q: Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood. How can adults promote high self-esteem?

Q: In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact. A) access to quality health care B) a cognitive component C) clean and noncrowded living conditions D) low-cost, high-quality child care

Q: Because child maltreatment is embedded in families, communities, and society as a whole, A) efforts to prevent it must be directed at each of these levels. B) it is almost impossible to prevent. C) prevention efforts are not cost-effective. D) victims are often removed from their homes and communities.

Q: At school, maltreated children A) are compliant and quiet. B) present serious discipline problems. C) have some discipline problems, but few learning difficulties. D) are overly sympathetic to peers.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on child maltreatment? A) Every industrialized country except the United States and France prohibits corporal punishment in school. B) The United States has banned the use of corporal punishment in public schools. C) Because the United States does not view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems, physical abuse is rare. D) In the United States, there is little support for the use of physical punishment with children under the age of 5.

Q: Research on child maltreatment shows that A) strangers commit more than 60 percent of abusive incidents. B) abuse depends more strongly on child factors than on parents' characteristics. C) maltreating parents often lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times. D) contrary to popular belief, low income, low education, and marital conflict do not increase the chances of abuse.

Q: Once abuse begins, A) the harshness tends to decrease. B) it quickly becomes part of a self-sustaining relationship. C) maltreating parents hyperfocus on their children. D) communication is as often as positive as it is negative.

Q: Which of the following children is the most likely to become a target of child abuse? A) Jonathan, a small boy B) Sabrina, an androgynous girl C) Marcus, a shy preschooler D) Cole, a premature baby

Q: __________ and __________ are at the greatest risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. A) Infants; preschoolers B) Adolescents; infants C) Preschool; school-age children D) School-age children; infants

Q: Mothers engage in __________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers. A) neglect; sexual abuse B) physical abuse; emotional abuse C) sexual abuse; neglect D) emotional abuse; physical abuse

Q: Research on cultural variations in child rearing styles shows that A) compared with Western parents, Chinese parents describe their parenting as more permissive. B) compared with Chinese parents, Western parents more often shame a misbehaving child. C) Chinese parents report expressing affection and using induction and other reasoning-oriented discipline as much as American parents do. D) physical punishment is associated with a reduction in antisocial behavior among Caucasian-Americans.

Q: Longitudinal research indicates that authoritative child rearing A) promotes maturity and adjustment in children of diverse temperaments. B) does not work with temperamentally fearless or impulsive children. C) fosters favorable self-esteem, but impedes cognitive and social maturity. D) promotes impulsive, disobedient, and rebellious behavior in children of diverse temperaments.

Q: Uninvolved parenting A) involves psychological control. B) is warm and accepting but inattentive. C) is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect. D) promotes maturity and adjustment in children of diverse temperaments.

Q: Which of the following statements about the permissive child-rearing style is true? A) Permissive parents are emotionally detached and depressed, with little time and energy for children. B) Permissive parents exercise firm, reasonable control over their children. C) Permissive parents insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations. D) Many permissive parents lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior.

Q: Bobby is anxious, unhappy, and has low self-esteem. When frustrated, Bobby tends to react with hostility. His parents are most likely to fit which of the following child-rearing styles? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

Q: Which of the following statements about the authoritative child-rearing style is true? A) Authoritative parents exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children. B) Many authoritative parents simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior. C) Authoritative parents combine low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy. D) Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation.

Q: Tanner's parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanner's parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

Q: Sophia's parents are warm but overindulgent and inattentive. They make few demands for maturity. They permit Sophia to make many decisions before she is ready. Sophia's parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

Q: Authoritarian parents A) make few or no demands. B) permit children to make age-appropriate decisions. C) rarely listen to the child's point of view. D) are emotionally detached and withdrawn.

Q: The __________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

Q: By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do A) are more likely to have an androgynous gender identity. B) are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination. C) get more encouragement from teachers to participate in gender-typed activities. D) show more in-group favoritism than children who hold rigid beliefs.

Q: Three-year-old Nathan is a gender-schematic child. Because Nathan does not like raisins, he is likely to conclude that A) nobody likes raisins. B) only girls like raisins. C) only boys like raisins. D) everybody else likes raisins.

Q: Nathan is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Nathan remembers him as a doctor. Nathan A) does not yet have a well-developed gender schema. B) is not using his gender-salience filter. C) is a gender-aschematic child. D) is a gender-schematic child.

Q: How can adults foster preschoolers' language development?

Q: Describe both child-centered preschool or kindergarten programs and academic programs. Which type of programming does the research favor for early childhood?

Q: Discuss episodic memory, including memory for familiar events and memory for one-time events.

Q: Discuss three educational principles derived from Piaget's theory that continue to have a major impact on both teacher training and classroom practices, especially during early childhood.

Q: Describe three important changes in make-believe play that reflect a preschool child's growing symbolic mastery.

Q: Dominic is left-handed. He would like to know if his infant son is likely to be left-handed or right-handed. What can you tell him about the roles of nature and nurture in handedness?

Q: Expansions A) are used in all cultures. B) elaborate on children's speech, increasing its complexity. C) foster vocabulary development and pragmatic skills. D) restructure inaccurate speech into correct form.

Q: Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using __________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form. A) fast-mapping B) an expansion C) overregularization D) a recast

Q: During a conversation, 4-year-old Maleeka will A) adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener. B) dominate the discussion, not allowing the other person to speak. C) give more specific directions in person than over the phone. D) avoid using gestures and objects to help sustain the discussion.

Q: The ability to engage in effective and appropriate communication is called A) linguistics. B) pragmatics. C) language arts. D) conservation.

Q: Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating A) overextension. B) underextension. C) overregularization. D) underregularization.

Q: Which of the following statements about strategies for early word learning is true? A) Mutual exclusivity explains how preschoolers reconcile multiple names for the same object. B) Children's first several hundred nouns mostly refer to objects organized by color or shape. C) Preschoolers figure out many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences. D) Preschoolers assume that all words refer to entirely separate categories.

Q: Research shows that children can connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter, a process called A) emergent literacy. B) fast-mapping. C) mutual exclusivity. D) metacognition.

Q: Between ages 2 and 6, most children acquire about _____ new words each __________. A) 2; day B) 5; day C) 5; week D) 10; week

Q: Dan and Steven are considering getting their 4-year-old son a computer. Which of the following statements can you share with them to best help them understand the value of computers in early childhood? A) Computers have no educational benefits until children are old enough to read fluently. B) The use of word-processing programs in early childhood inhibits writing skills because the programs revise errors. C) Young children who use computers to draw or write produce much less elaborate pictures and text. D) Combining everyday and computer experiences with math manipulatives is especially effective in promoting math concepts and skills.

Q: Preschool viewing of educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with A) short-term benefits, such as getting higher grades in elementary school, but these effects tend to "wash out" by middle childhood. B) getting higher grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school. C) above average IQ scores, advanced moral understanding, and resistance to peer pressure in adolescence. D) overweight and obesity, particularly for children who spend more than an hour a day watching educational television.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on child care? A) The effects of substandard child care typically "wash out" once the child starts elementary school. B) Most child care in North America is high quality. C) Regardless of quality, child care leads to insecure attachment and poor school readiness. D) Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development.

Q: One reason that gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start quickly dissolve is that many of the children A) enter low-quality public schools. B) have to repeat grades in elementary school. C) drop out of school before graduating. D) are unable to keep up with the homework demands in grade school.

Q: A central component of Montessori education is A) formal training in reading and writing. B) repetition and drill. C) child-chosen activities. D) teacher-planned science lessons.

Q: Pramada attends a child-care program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to __________ than peers who attend a child-centered program. A) show significant gains in IQ throughout her school years B) display a decrease in motivation and emotional well-being C) have better study habits D) prefer more challenging tasks

Q: Dr. Wizda is assessing the home life of a preschool child using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). She observes the parent converse with the child four times during the visit. On which subscale should Dr. Wizda record this observation? A) stimulation of academic behavior B) parent modeling and encouragement of social maturity C) cognitive stimulation D) language stimulation

Q: Mastery of __________ increases the efficiency of children's counting. A) ordinality B) cardinality C) computation D) false belief

Q: Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. has a grasp of A) ordinality. B) cardinality. C) chronological order. D) one-to-one correspondence.

Q: __________ is the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language. A) Phonological awareness B) Private speech C) Ordinality D) Cardinality

Q: Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called A) emergent literacy. B) phonological speech. C) private speech. D) interactive literacy.

Q: Zachary, age 3, has autism. Zachary probably __________ often __________ than typically developing agemates. A) more; engages in social referencing B) less; establishes joint attention C) more; imitates an adult's novel behaviors D) less; uses words to echo what others say

Q: Mounting evidence reveals that children with autism have A) at least one "mindblind" parent. B) a deficient theory of mind. C) goal-oriented thinking. D) an advanced theory of mind.

Q: Children with autism A) have narrow and overly intense interests. B) tend to be mathematically skilled. C) engage in more make-believe play than typically developing children. D) are advanced in false-belief understanding.

Q: Children who spontaneously use, or who are trained to use, mental-state words in conversation are especially likely to pass __________ tasks. A) hierarchical classification B) false-belief C) class inclusion D) conservation

Q: Eighteen-month-old Gabriella witnesses her mother finding a Duplo block in its labeled canister. When her mother isn"t looking, Gabriella watches as her father moves the block to an unmarked canister. When her mother again searches for the block in the original canister, Gabriella helps her locate the block in the unmarked canister. This indicates that Gabriella may have an implicit grasp of A) false beliefs. B) conservation. C) irreversibility. D) class inclusion.

Q: Metacognition involves A) thinking about thought. B) a repetitive communication style. C) using deliberate mental activities that improve recall. D) using scripts to tell stories.

Q: With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the __________ style recall __________ information about past events. A) repetitive; more B) elaborative; less C) metacognitive; less D) elaborative; more

Q: Over spring vacation, Gerald goes to Disney World with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about the trip. Gerald's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as A) a script. B) metacognition. C) an autobiographical memory. D) a false belief.

Q: Three-year-old Maya is asked to describe what happens at preschool. This task requires Maya to use A) scripts. B) recognition memory. C) autobiographical memories. D) digit span tasks.

Q: Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because A) they prefer to rehearse or repeat items over and over. B) it requires the ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same as one they have seen before. C) they are not yet capable of metacognition. D) they are not skilled at using memory strategies.

Q: Dr. Frolicker shows a group of 4-year-olds a set of 10 items on a tray. She then mixes them up with some unfamiliar items, and asks the children to point to the ones in the original set. Dr. Frolicker is testing A) recognition memory. B) recall memory. C) sustained attention. D) episodic memory.

Q: Which of the following statements about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan is true? A) Preschoolers' difficulty with appearance versus reality contributes to their poor planning skills. B) Preschoolers cannot systematically search for a lost object even if possible locations are few. C) When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively. D) Preschoolers are not yet capable of planning, even if the tasks are familiar and not too complex.

Q: A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is A) a steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal. B) that adults use scaffolding to help children focus on one task at a time. C) that children become increasingly bored by novelty. D) that children become better at distinguishing appearance from reality.

Q: Compared with school-age children, preschoolers A) spend more time involved in tasks. B) are more focused on tasks. C) spend shorter times involved in tasks, but are less distractible. D) spend shorter times involved in tasks and are easily distracted.