Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following statements regarding handedness is true? A) For the majority of individuals, handedness is inherited from the mother's side of the family. B) Ordinary siblings are more likely than identical or fraternal twins to differ in handedness. C) Left-handedness occurs more frequently among people with mental retardation and mental illness than in the general population. D) Right-handed children are more likely than their left-handed agemates to develop outstanding verbal and mathematical talents.

Q: __________ may profoundly affect handedness. A) Having a left-handed parent B) Prenatal events C) Typical right-facing fetal orientation D) Myelination in the hippocampus

Q: In Western nations, _____ percent of the population is right-handed. A) 60 B) 70 C) 80 D) 90

Q: Spatial skills A) increase at an astonishing pace in early childhood. B) support children's improved executive function. C) develop gradually over childhood and adolescence. D) are typically housed in the left hemisphere.

Q: In contrast to activity in the left hemisphere, activity in the right hemisphere A) is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off. B) increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood. C) peaks between 1 and 3 years and then dramatically falls off. D) peaks during adolescence.

Q: For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere A) is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off. B) shows slow activity throughout early and middle childhood. C) shows a slight growth spurt between ages 8 and 10. D) peaks between 1 and 3 years and decreases slowly throughout middle childhood and adolescence.

Q: EEG, NIRS, and fMRI measures of neural activity in various cortical regions reveal A) that the left hemisphere is relatively inactive in early childhood. B) especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in areas of the prefrontal lobe. C) a burst in activity in the right hemisphere in early childhood. D) a rapid change in density in the parietal lobe in middle childhood.

Q: By age 4, A) the brain increases from 40 percent of its adult weight to 60 percent. B) many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses. C) energy consumption of most cortical regions diminishes to adult levels. D) synaptic pruning slows or ends.

Q: An estimated 28 percent of U.S. preschoolers have __________, a figure that rises to 60 percent by age 18. A) brittle bones B) tooth decay C) epiphyses D) suppressed immune systems

Q: Which of the following children is the most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first? A) Brooke, an obese girl B) Malik, an undernourished boy C) Jack, a well-nourished boy of average weight D) Sasha, an undernourished girl

Q: X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's A) adult weight. B) loss of baby teeth. C) brain development. D) skeletal age.

Q: The years from 2 to 6 are often called "the __________ years." A) play B) growth C) difficult D) thinking

Q: Generally, fathers __________ than mothers do. A) interact and play differently with babies B) more often provide toys and talk to infants C) more often play conventional games like peekaboo D) devote more time to physical care

Q: Baby Nathan is most likely to develop attachments to A) his mother only. B) a variety of familiar people. C) his father, but only when his mother is unavailable. D) any female caregivers who feed him.

Q: Parents who discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance, regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative, tend to have __________ infants. A) avoidant B) insecurely attached C) disorganized/disoriented D) securely attached

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on child care in infancy? A) The rate of insecurity is equal among infants who do and those who do not attend child care. B) U.S. child care is nationally regulated. C) Mother"child interaction is more favorable when children spend fewer hours in child care. D) Child care alone contributes to attachment insecurity.

Q: Research on child care in infancy has found that A) the majority of babies in child care display a resistant attachment to their mothers. B) the relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences. C) the rate of insecurity among infants who attend child care is significantly higher than among infants who do not attend child care. D) regardless of quality, child care predicts long-term adjustment problems.

Q: The best current evidencefrom the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Careconfirms that A) exposure to child care exerts a more powerful impact on children's adjustment than parenting quality. B) full-time, but not part-time, work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security. C) nonparental care by itself does not affect attachment quality. D) having more than one child-care arrangement decreases the likelihood of attachment insecurity.

Q: About __________ of siblings establish similar attachment patterns with their parent. A) one-quarter B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds

Q: Heritability of attachment is A) virtually nil. B) low to moderate. C) moderate to high. D) very high.

Q: Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive __________ care. A) disorganized/disoriented B) understimulating, inconsistent C) overstimulating, intrusive D) unresponsive

Q: __________ is best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance." A) Social referencing B) Interactional synchrony C) Child-directed speech D) Goodness of fit

Q: Interactional synchrony is A) a method of evaluating attachment security in toddlers. B) moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures. C) a special form of communication that separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies. D) related to temperamental characteristics but not to attachment security.

Q: __________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups. A) Goodness of fit B) Social referencing C) Interactional synchrony D) Sensitive caregiving

Q: In adopted children with longer institutional stays, A) the volume of the amygdala is atypically large. B) rates of attachment security are atypically high. C) the weight of the amygdala is atypically small. D) the likelihood of attachment difficulties is slight.

Q: Carmen adopted her son just after his second birthday. What can you tell Carmen about the opportunity for attachment? A) It is imperative that the first attachment bond develop within the first year of life. B) Her son will definitely display attachment difficulties because he is a "late adoptee." C) The first attachment bond can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age. D) Her son will likely shy away from adult attention throughout childhood.

Q: In all societies studied, the most common attachment pattern is the __________ pattern. A) avoidant B) resistant C) disorganized/disoriented D) secure

Q: Cross-cultural evidence indicates that A) attachment patterns may have to be interpreted differently in certain cultures. B) babies in Mali show more avoidant attachment than American babies do. C) Japanese infants rarely show resistant attachment. D) there are no significant cultural variations in attachment patterns.

Q: In low-SES families, attachment generally A) moves from insecurity to security. B) remains stable. C) changes from one insecure pattern to another. D) becomes more stable over time.

Q: Which of the following statements about the Attachment Q-Sort is true? A) It is not suitable for preschoolers, as it requires self-report. B) It is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation. C) It does not differentiate between types of insecurity. D) Parents' Q-Sorts correspond well with babies' secure-base behavior in the Strange Situation.

Q: The __________ taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation. A) secure base B) Attachment Q-Sort C) internal working model D) goodness-of-fit model

Q: In the Strange Situation, Sara approaches her parent during reunion with flat, depressed emotion. Sara looks away while her parent is holding her and displays a dazed facial expression. Sara is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment. A) secure B) avoidant C) resistant D) disorganized/disoriented

Q: In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. A) secure B) avoidant C) resistant D) disorganized/disoriented

Q: In the Strange Situation, Olivia seems unresponsive to her mother when she is present. When her mother leaves, Olivia is not distressed. She reacts to the stranger in much the same way. Olivia is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment. A) secure B) avoidant C) resistant D) disorganized/disoriented

Q: In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment. A) secure B) slow-to-warm-up C) easy D) resistant

Q: Professor Novak is interested in assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. Which of the following laboratory procedures should Professor Novak use? A) secure base B) Attachment Q-Sort C) the Strange Situation D) an internal working model

Q: According to Bowlby, the __________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships. A) Strange Situation B) internal working model C) "clear-cut" attachment phase D) preattachment phase

Q: Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool after snack and seeks her comfort whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed A) an internal working model. B) effortful control. C) resistant attachment. D) a categorical self.

Q: Two-year-old Katelyn asks her father to read her a story before leaving her with a babysitter. Katelyn is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase. A) "clear-cut" attachment B) formation of a reciprocal relationship C) preattachment D) "attachment-in-the-making"

Q: Erika becomes upset when her mother leaves. When her mother is present, Erika follows and climbs on her in preference to others. Erika is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase. A) preattachment B) formation of reciprocal relationship C) "clear-cut" attachment D) "attachment-in-the-making"

Q: In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display A) stranger anxiety. B) separation anxiety. C) social referencing. D) goodness of fit.

Q: According to Bowlby, during the attachment-in-the-making phase, babies A) respond in the same way to all gentle, caring adults. B) become upset when the familiar caregiver leaves. C) begin to develop a sense of trust with their caregiver. D) prefer female caregivers to male caregivers.

Q: In Bowlby's theory, babies in the preattachment phase A) are wary of strangers. B) display separation anxiety when the familiar caregiver leaves. C) do not recognize their own mother's smell or voice. D) do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult.

Q: John Bowlby retained the psychoanalytic idea that A) feeding is the primary context in which caregivers and babies build the attachment bond. B) fathers tend to lack the skills necessary for establishing a secure attachment to their infants. C) children rarely construct enduring affectionate ties to their parents until well into middle childhood. D) quality of attachment to the caregiver has profound implications for the child's capacity to form trusting relationships.

Q: Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view? A) ethological B) psychoanalytic C) sociocultural D) "clear-cut"

Q: The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival. A) psychoanalytic B) "clear-cut" C) operant D) ethological

Q: Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents A) usually develop an insecure attachment to their parents. B) sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects, such as blankets and stuffed animals. C) are at-risk for disorganized/disoriented attachment. D) may develop a secure attachment to their child-care provider but have trouble bonding with their parents.

Q: Attachment depends on A) genetic ties. B) feeding rituals. C) hunger satisfaction. D) emotional ties.

Q: Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies A) attachment. B) goodness of fit. C) temperament. D) sociocultural theory.

Q: Research on temperament shows that A) parents of difficult children often undermine the development of effortful control by ignoring maladaptive behavior. B) cultural context makes little difference in whether shy children adjust well or poorly. C) cultural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament. D) Russian infants are less emotionally negative and fearful than U.S. infants.

Q: __________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning. A) Goodness of fit B) Ethological theory of attachment C) Emotional self-regulation D) Effortful control

Q: Which of the following statements about the influence of the environment on temperament is true? A) The environment has a greater impact on temperament than genetic factors. B) Genetic factors have a greater impact on temperament than the environment. C) Parents tend to view siblings as more similar in temperament and personality than other observers do. D) Temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors.

Q: Compared with girls, boys are A) less daring. B) more irritable when frustrated. C) slightly less impulsive. D) better at effortful control.

Q: Compared with American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be A) more fearful. B) more active. C) less inhibited. D) less easily soothed when upset.

Q: On average, __________ of individual differences in temperament and personality have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup. A) one-quarter B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds

Q: Research on temperament indicates that A) the ease with which children manage their reactivity in early childhood depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion involved. B) only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament are due to heredity. C) preschoolers who were highly fearful as toddlers score slightly lower than their agemates in effortful control. D) boys and girls tend to be equally active and daring throughout childhood.

Q: Observation of which of the following children is the most likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament? A) Quinn, a newborn B) Ava, age 12 months C) Samantha, age 18 months D) Tyson, age 3

Q: Overall stability of temperament is A) very low. B) only low to moderate. C) generally moderate to high. D) very high.

Q: To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need A) medication to increase left frontal brain wave activity. B) to be exposed to increasingly stressful social situations. C) permissive child-rearing. D) parenting tailored to their temperaments.

Q: __________ affect(s) the chances that an emotionally reactive baby will become a fearful child. A) Heredity B) Birth order C) Child-rearing practices D) Concentration of the stress hormone cortisol

Q: Four-month-old Max is easily upset by new sights and sounds. According to Kagan's research, Max probably has __________ and __________ than a social baby when faced with novelty. A) a higher heart rate; a lower cortisol level B) a lower heart rate; a higher cortisol level C) a higher heart rate; a higher cortisol level D) lower blood pressure; greater pupil dilation

Q: Which of the following statements about Jerome Kagan's research on the development of shyness and sociability is true? A) The majority of babies in the study were overwhelmed by novelty. B) About 50 to 70 percent of the groups retained their temperamental styles as they grew older. C) Most children's dispositions became more extreme over time. D) Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.

Q: Which of the following statements about observations conducted in the home or laboratory is true? A) In homes, observers find it easier to capture rare but important events. B) Researchers can better control children's experiences in a laboratory. C) Fearful children tend to respond better in a laboratory setting than in their own homes. D) Observations by researchers in the home or laboratory are usually more subjective than parental reports.

Q: Temperament is assessed through A) self-reports and questionnaires. B) parental reports, observations, and physiological measures. C) delay-of-gratification tasks. D) Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation.

Q: __________ is the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response. A) Fearful distress B) Effortful control C) Goodness of fit D) Self-awareness

Q: Which dimension of temperament was identified by Mary Rothbart? A) rhythmicity B) intensity of reaction C) irritable distress D) threshold of responsiveness

Q: Compared with __________ children, __________ children present fewer problems in the early years. A) easy; slow-to-warm-up B) slow-to-warm-up; difficult C) easy; difficult D) difficult; slow-to-warm-up

Q: According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood. A) inhibited B) easy C) slow-to-warm-up D) difficult

Q: In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, _____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics. A) 15 B) 20 C) 35 D) 50

Q: Josh is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as a(n) __________ child. A) slow-to-warm-up B) uninhibited C) difficult D) easy

Q: Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child. A) easy B) slow-to-warm-up C) difficult D) uninhibited

Q: Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study demonstrated that A) temperament is unrelated to psychological well-being. B) the stability of temperament across childhood is high. C) temperament is genetically determined. D) temperament can protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.

Q: __________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. A) Temperament B) Reactivity C) Effortful control D) Self-regulation

Q: Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Hank is active and energetic. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to A) temperament. B) effortful control. C) reactivity. D) self-regulation.

Q: Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away. How can Thomas's father help him to regulate his emotion? A) Encourage Thomas to stick up for himself and take the truck back. B) Label Thomas's feelings, encourage him to describe his internal state, and offer a comforting hug. C) Ignore Thomas's display of negative emotion. D) Tell Thomas that he needs to learn how to share his toys.

Q: Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation is true? A) Collectivist cultures place less emphasis on socially appropriate emotional behavior than individualistic cultures. B) Girls get more training than boys in suppressing negative emotions. C) By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry less than American infants. D) By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry more than American infants.

Q: __________ have a harder time regulating __________ emotion. A) Girls; negative B) Boys; positive C) Girls; positive D) Boys; negative

Q: By __________, infants are able to regulate emotion more effectively by approaching or retreating from various situations. A) birth B) 2 to 4 months C) 4 to 6 months D) the end of the first year

Q: Effortful control is A) considered a major dimension of temperament. B) present at birth. C) unrelated to self-regulation. D) an involuntary emotional reaction.

Q: Emotional self-regulation requires A) automatic processing of information. B) voluntary, effortful management of emotions. C) emotional contagion. D) adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.