Q&A Hero

Q: Joan, who does not like being scared, decides not to see a horror film with her friends. Joan is using A) emotional contagion. B) self-conscious emotions. C) basic emotions. D) emotional self-regulation.

Q: Lauren is beginning to use strategies to adjust her emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so she can accomplish her goals. Lauren is using A) emotional contagion. B) social referencing. C) emotional self-regulation. D) emotional dynamics.

Q: Sayuri, who lives in a collectivist culture, wins a game. Her parents will probably encourage Sayuri to feel A) pride in her personal achievement. B) embarrassed by the individual attention. C) envious of the children who lost. D) intense shame for violating a cultural standard.

Q: Mark, who lives in an individualistic culture, gets an "A" on his test. His parents will probably encourage Mark to feel A) pride in his personal achievement. B) embarrassed by the individual attention. C) anxious that he might not be able to earn "A"s in the future. D) guilty for doing better than other children in the class.

Q: Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require A) adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty. B) use of emotional self-regulatory strategies. C) adult instruction in when to feel happy, angry, or sad. D) use of social comparisons.

Q: After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing A) envy. B) shame. C) pride. D) empathy.

Q: Self-conscious emotions appear in the __________ of the __________ year. A) middle; first B) end; first C) middle; second D) middle; third

Q: Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? A) guilt, shame, and pride B) shame, doubt, and surprise C) embarrassment, pride, and interest D) envy, happiness, and disgust

Q: Eighteen-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother in a social referencing experiment. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mother if she A) makes a face when he offers the vegetable to her. B) uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach. C) uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the graham crackers. D) expresses no preference for either food.

Q: Beckham's parents want to encourage him to eat fruit. Which of the following is the most effective approach to accomplish this task using social referencing? A) They should slowly nod when Beckham eats fruit. B) They should smile and say, "Yummy!" when Beckham eats fruit. C) They should frown when Beckham does not eat fruit. D) They should smile and look surprised when Beckham eats fruit.

Q: Which of the following statements about social referencing is true? A) Mothers are more effective sources of emotional information than fathers. B) A human face is more effective than a vocal expression in guiding a baby's behavior. C) An adult's voice is more effective than a facial expression in guiding a baby's behavior. D) A caregiver's emotional expression has no influence on stranger anxiety.

Q: Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation. A) self-control B) give-and-take C) emotional self-regulation D) social referencing

Q: Around 3 to 4 months of age, A) when infants gaze, smile, or vocalize, they expect their social partner to respond in kind. B) babies perceive facial expressions as organized patterns. C) babies use social referencing to actively seek emotional information from a trusted person. D) stranger anxiety peaks, and then gradually declines over the first year of life.

Q: Infants' emotional expressions are A) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others. B) easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable. C) hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic. D) consistent across cultures and emerge in stage-like sequences.

Q: Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months, A) babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore. B) other typical fears decline. C) the stranger's style of interaction does little to comfort babies. D) infants resist exploring new environments.

Q: The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it A) keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check. B) enables the infant to overcome obstacles. C) prevents the child from displaying stranger anxiety. D) gives the infant a sense of shame and doubt.

Q: Stranger anxiety is A) uncommon in well-adjusted toddlers. B) less likely if the unfamiliar adult picks up the wary infant. C) less common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another. D) more common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another.

Q: Like anger, expressions of fear A) are less intense than expressions of sadness. B) decrease in intensity and frequency with age. C) occur less frequently in the second half of the first year. D) rise from the second half of the first year into the second year.

Q: Which of the following statements about paternal depression is true? A) Paternal depression is linked to frequent father"child conflict as children grow older. B) It rarely has a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year. C) Most fathers with depression require long-term treatment for a full recovery. D) Early treatment is quite effective for maternal, but not paternal, depression.

Q: Research on maternal depression shows that A) infants of depressed mothers have low levels of the stress hormone cortisol. B) it rarely has a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year. C) most mothers with depression require long-term treatment for a full recovery. D) depressed mothers view their infants more negatively than independent observers do.

Q: Monica experienced depression that emerged after she gave birth to her son, but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood. As a result, Monica's son probably A) sleeps longer than most infants. B) sleeps poorly. C) tries to comfort his mother when she is sad. D) produces low levels of the hormone cortisol.

Q: Postpartum depression A) affects fewer than one percent of new mothers. B) subsides as the new mother gains confidence in caring for her baby. C) emerges or strengthens after childbirth, but fails to quickly subside. D) in a parent has little or no impact on a child's development.

Q: Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________. A) sadness; anger B) fear; sadness C) happiness; sadness D) happiness; anger

Q: Angry reactions __________ with age. A) decrease in both frequency and intensity B) increase in intensity, but decrease in frequency C) increase in both frequency and intensity D) increase in frequency, but decrease in intensity

Q: Newborn babies respond with generalized distress A) when they are put down for a nap. B) when their parents leave the room. C) to changes in body temperature. D) when approached by a stranger.

Q: When 10-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a __________ smile. A) brief, fleeting B) broad, "cheek-raised" C) "mouth-open" D) reserved, muted

Q: As infants understand more about their world, they laugh A) at events with subtler elements of surprise. B) only in response to very active stimuli. C) at dynamic, eye-catching sights. D) less often.

Q: The first laughs occur in response to A) nonsense words. B) very active stimuli. C) a game of peekaboo. D) animals or toys.

Q: Laughter reflects A) increased sensitivity to object permanence. B) sensitivity to the human face. C) an infant's capacity to respond to passive stimuli. D) faster processing of information than smiling.

Q: Laughter first appears around A) 3 to 4 weeks. B) 6 to 8 weeks. C) 3 to 4 months. D) 6 to 8 months.

Q: Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent's communication with the infant evokes A) the social smile. B) laughter. C) social referencing. D) secure attachment.

Q: During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile A) in response to bright objects. B) when they are full. C) in response to seeing a human face. D) when they achieve new skills.

Q: Which of the following statements about basic emotions is true? A) Infants come into the world with the ability to clearly express basic emotions. B) Newborns' emotional expressions closely resemble those of adults. C) Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation. D) Babies are born with well-organized and specific emotional expressions for happiness and fear.

Q: Which of the following are all basic emotions? A) guilt, sadness, and fear B) happiness, anger, and disgust C) envy, guilt, and interest D) pride, surprise, and happiness

Q: Basic emotions are A) difficult to identify in the first few months of life. B) universal in humans. C) found only among humans. D) reflexive.

Q: To infer babies' emotions as accurately as possible, researchers A) are best off attending to multiple interacting behavioral cues and seeing how they vary across situations believed to elicit different emotions. B) can exclusively rely on analyzing infants' facial patterns to determine the range of emotions they display at different ages. C) are best off asking parents to describe their infants' feelings because infants cannot describe their own feelings. D) must remember that people around the world do not associate photographs of different facial expressions with emotions in the same way.

Q: Emotions A) become less complex with age. B) are clear and well-organized from birth. C) energize development. D) first emerge around 2 months of age.

Q: Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend, Missy. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challenges. Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and __________during infancy and childhood. A) mistrust; shame B) trust; doubt C) trust; autonomy D) autonomy; mistrust

Q: According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood. A) gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before leaving the park B) makes her son put away his toys immediately when asked C) picks up her son's toys, puts away his books, and makes his bed on a daily basis D) criticizes her son whenever he incorrectly uses his fork or spoon

Q: In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, __________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices. A) basic trust versus mistrust B) industry versus inferiority C) initiative versus guilt D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Q: According to Erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby A) protects herself by exploring the world. B) will reject her mother and look to other adults for comfort. C) protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her. D) will develop a disorganized/disoriented attachment.

Q: According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the A) amount of food offered. B) amount of oral stimulation offered. C) channeling of biological drives. D) quality of caregiving.

Q: Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern human development research is true? A) Psychosexual theory, which emphasizes how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years, is a mainstream of current research. B) One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development. C) Psychoanalytic theorists' emphasis on the importance of experiences beyond infancy and early childhood is still largely accepted. D) Psychoanalytic theory has cross-cultural implications because researchers have studied individuals from all over the world.

Q: Describe the development of self-control, emphasizing the concepts of compliance and delay of gratification.

Q: When Regan was 10 months old, her parents divorced and her father moved to a distant city. Regan's mother, Kelly, placed Regan in a family child-care home and began working 45 to 55 hours per week. Kelly recently noticed that Regan ignores her when she picks her up from child care. What can you tell Kelly about Regan's behavior?

Q: Describe separation anxiety. When does it occur?

Q: What is the goodness-of-fit model? Explain the relationship between temperament and child rearing.

Q: Define temperament. Describe the difficult child, according to Thomas and Chess. Why has the difficult pattern sparked the most research interest?

Q: Describe the basic emotion of anger, how it develops, and why angry reactions increase with age.

Q: Between 12 and 18 months, toddlers first become capable of A) intermodal perception. B) an internal working model. C) compliance. D) goodness of fit.

Q: Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom, "I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop A) a categorical self. B) empathy. C) self-conscious emotions. D) scale errors.

Q: Veronica has the ability to understand her friends' emotional state and respond emotionally in a similar way. Veronica is displaying A) an internal working model. B) a self-conscious emotion. C) a categorical self. D) empathy.

Q: Two-year-old Vanessa attempts to put her doll's jacket on herself. She then attempts to sit in her doll's highchair. Vanessa is displaying A) scale errors. B) continuity of control. C) self-recognition. D) a categorical self.

Q: A researcher places a red dot on 2-year-old Raven's nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror. This behavior indicates that she has developed A) effortful control. B) a categorical self. C) continuity of control. D) self-recognition.

Q: Four-month-old Stewart is shown a video image of himself and a video image of another baby. He will probably A) look longer at the video of himself. B) look equally long at both images. C) look longer at the video of the other baby. D) almost entirely ignore both video images.

Q: Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness. A) intermodal perception B) attachment C) auditory learning D) self-recognition

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on self-awareness? A) Newborns smile more at their own mirror image than at an image of another baby. B) Newborns display a stronger rooting reflex in response to external stimulation than to self-stimulation. C) Newborns look longer at their own visual image than images of others. D) Newborns are consciously aware of the self's physical features.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on attachment and later development? A) Infants who display disorganized/disoriented attachment usually develop more favorably than resistant infants. B) The effects of early attachment security are conditional. C) Insecure infants rarely become secure, regardless of child rearing. D) Nearly all securely attached babies develop favorably, regardless of later child-rearing experiences.

Q: __________ increases the chance of sibling conflict. A) Low emotional reactivity B) Maternal warmth towards both children C) Low activity level D) Lack of parental involvement

Q: In Western cultures __________ spend more time with and interact more effectively with infants. A) single fathers who live with their child's mother B) happily married fathers whose partners cooperate with them in parenting C) divorced fathers who see their children every other weekend D) happily married fathers who hold traditional gender-role beliefs

Q: Research in diverse cultures demonstrates that fathers' A) warmth contributes little to children's long-term favorable development. B) sustained affectionate involvement protects children against a wide range of childhood emotional and behavioral problems. C) play sensitivity predicts a resistant father"child attachment in adolescence. D) warmth promotes short-term, but not long-term, favorable development.

Q: Paternal availability to children is fairly similar across SES and ethnic groups, with one exception: __________ fathers spend __________ time engaged. A) Hispanic; more B) high-SES; less C) low-SES; more D) African-American; more

Q: A recent survey indicates that U.S. fathers under age 29 devote about _____ percent as much time as mothers do to children. A) 35 B) 50 C) 70 D) 85

Q: What are the two distinct styles of early language learning? What accounts for a toddler's language style?

Q: Describe Noam Chomsky's theory of language development.

Q: Describe characteristics of developmentally appropriate infant and toddler child care.

Q: Describe the components of the mental system, including the sensory register, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory.

Q: According to the core knowledge perspective, babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Discuss research findings on numerical knowledge.

Q: Define the concepts of adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation. Explain how the balance between assimilation and accommodation varies over time with regard to cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

Q: Infant-directed speech and parent"child conversation A) create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands. B) contribute to a decline in infantile amnesia. C) have little impact on language development because language emerges spontaneously. D) foster referential communication skills.

Q: Which of the following parent"child activities strongly predicts academic success during the school years? A) joint attention B) social games such as pat-a-cake C) make-believe play D) reading and talking about picture books

Q: __________ is a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts. A) Infant-directed speech B) Telegraphic speech C) Referential communication D) Expressive communication

Q: Two-year-old Grace believes that words are for talking about people's feelings and needs. Her vocabulary consists of many social formulas and pronouns. Grace uses A) a referential style. B) an expressive style. C) telegraphic speech. D) infant-directed speech.

Q: Which of the following toddlers is the most likely to have the largest vocabulary? A) Henry from Germany B) Torsten from Sweden C) Fei Yen from China D) Marilyn from the U.S.

Q: Many studies show that __________ are ahead of __________ in early vocabulary growth. A) boys; girls B) shy toddlers; outgoing toddlers C) girls; boys D) low-SES children; high-SES children

Q: Which of the following statements about telegraphic speech is true? A) It usually copies adult word pairings. B) It usually focuses on smaller, low-content words. C) It often violates grammatical rules. D) It emerges once the child has learned a dozen or so words.

Q: Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of A) an underextension. B) babbling. C) telegraphic speech. D) a referential style.

Q: Recent evidence suggests that A) most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years. B) toddlers undergo an initial spurt in vocabulary around 18 months. C) toddlers transition from a faster to a slower language learning pace around 18 months. D) most toddlers experience a decline in their ability to categorize experiences by the middle of the second year.

Q: Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of A) four to five words a day. B) one to three words per week. C) four to five words per week. D) one to three words per month.

Q: At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________. A) overextension; underextension B) production; comprehension C) comprehension; production D) telegraphic speech; babbling