Q&A Hero

Q: In a national survey of more than 15,000 sixth- through tenth-grade students, nearly _____ students reported experiencing bullying as either a victim or a perpetrator. A. one of every two B. two of every three C. one of every three D.

Q: Which of the following is the MOST frequent type of bullying among girls? A. Subject of sexual comments or gestures B. Hit, slapped, or pushed C. Belittled about religion or race D.

Q: Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls? A. Subject of sexual comments or gestures B. Subject of rumors C. Belittled about religion or race D.

Q: According to a recent study, which of the following is NOT true regarding observations on bullying? A. Overweight and obese children are often bullied. B. Girls and younger high school students were most likely to be affected by bullying. C. Those who did the bullying were more likely to have low grades. D.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE of bullying? A. Having supportive friends was linked to a lower level of bullying and victimization. B. Frequent bullying was linked to low social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group. C. Recent meta-analysis indicated that positive parenting behavior was related to a greater likelihood of becoming a victim of bullying at school. D.

Q: How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers? A. They should be kept isolated from their peers to prevent aggressive outbursts. B. They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative. C. They should be taught to stay away from their peers in order to prevent confrontations. D.

Q: An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile, and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of _____ in behavior development. A. stereotyping B. cognitive dissonance C. cultural bias D.

Q: According to Kenneth Dodge, aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when: A. their self-esteem is challenged. B. the child's intention is ambiguous. C. their aggressive responses can be exercised discreetly. D.

Q: Which of the following is the BEST predictor of whether rejected children would engage in delinquent behavior, or drop out of school later during adolescence? A. Introversion and antisocial behaviors B. Aggression toward peers in elementary school C. Low self-efficacy and lack of self-esteem D.

Q: According to John Coie, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships? A. Rejected children are more focused on maintaining positive relationships with peers. B. Rejected, aggressive boys are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention. C. Rejected, aggressive boys are more emotionally reactive. D.

Q: Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully", and many say that they "don't like her at all". Very few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status? A. Popular B. Neglected C. Rejected D.

Q: _____ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. A. Rejected B. Controversial C. Average D.

Q: Anthony is rarely nominated as someone's best friend. He is actively disliked by many children in his class. He would be classified as a _____ child. A. controversial B. rejected C. neglected D.

Q: Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. He would be classified as a _____ child. A. controversial B. rejected C. neglected D.

Q: _____ children are frequently nominated both as someones best friend and as being disliked. A. Controversial B. Average C. Neglected D.

Q: Erica, who has two children, marries Waynewho has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a _____ stepfamily. A. complex B. segregated C. simple D.

Q: Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to: A. better satisfaction in marriage in early adulthood. B. less depression in middle adulthood. C. better job performance in middle adulthood. D.

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood? A. Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers. B. The size of the peer group decreases with the age of the child. C. Children under 12 years of age prefer mixed-sex peer groups to same-sex peer groups. D.

Q: The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is termed as their: A. psychometric status. B. socioeconomic status. C. popularity status. D.

Q: All of the following are peer statuses, EXCEPT _____. A. rejected B. neglected C. controversial D.

Q: Benjamin sits in the back of the room, and very few of the children in class even know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status? A. Popular B. Neglected C. Rejected D.

Q: Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried. A. one-fourth B. one-third C. one-half D.

Q: Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is NOT true? A. The largest number of stepfamilies is preceded by death of a spouse. B. In stepmother families, the father usually has custody of his children. C. In stepfather families, the mother usually has custody of her children. D.

Q: An analysis of stepfamilies found that _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems. A. 50 B. 40 C. 25 D.

Q: Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on her school progress frequently, and also talks to her about her problems and her social life. This approach is called: A. boundary ambiguity. B. latchkey control. C. unilateral control. D.

Q: The major shift to autonomy does not occur until about age _____ or later. A. 9 B. 16 C. 12 D.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE of differences in the helping behavior of males and females? A. Females are helpful irrespective of the situation. B. Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature. C. Males are more likely to engage in caregiving behavior. D.

Q: Which of the following techniques will parents NOT tend to use to discipline elementary school children? A. Coercive holding B. Deprivation of privileges C. Appeals to the child's self-esteem D.

Q: Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces _____. A. deregulation B. socioregulation C. coregulation D.

Q: Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy? A. Regulating to have complete control over their own lives. B. Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis. C. Learning to live with deprivation of privileges. D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true about developmental changes in parent-child relationships? A. Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers. B. During middle and late childhood, parental control changes to coregulation with the child. C. Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in a managerial role in parenting. D.

Q: Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that: A. females engage in more prosocial behavior. B. males engage in more prosocial behavior. C. girls are likely to be more aggressive than boys. D.

Q: According to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, which of the following can be described as a feminine item? A. Dominant B. Aggressive C. Forceful D.

Q: Cassandra is assertive and nurturant. She could be described as _____. A. feminine B. masculine C. aggressive D.

Q: According to Sandra Bem, which of the following is correct? A. Androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts. B. Gender-role classification is context-neutral. C. In close relationships, androgynous orientations are not desirable. D.

Q: According to Pollack, what is the result of the traditional ways of raising boys? A. A "chauvinistic determinism" B. A "gender-disparate society" C. A "national crisis of boyhood" D.

Q: Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true? A. Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes. B. Until about 7 to 8 years of age, gender stereotyping is extensive. C. Gender stereotypes still exist for both children and adults. D.

Q: One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is: A. advanced calculus. B. numeracy skills. C. visuospatial skills. D.

Q: According to research, girls exhibit better skills than boys in which of the following areas? A. Visuospatial skills B. Verbal skills C. Physical skills D.

Q: Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females. A. joy B. fear C. anger D.

Q: Individuals who _____, have the moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment. A. have a moral character B. have a moral identity C. are characterized as moral exemplars D.

Q: Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls", are known as gender: A. identities. B. constancies. C. stereotypes. D.

Q: Which of the following would NOT be considered an arbitrary rule? A. Eating soup with a spoon B. Raising your hand in class to ask a question C. Shutting off your cell phone ringer while in church D.

Q: Moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and: A. arbitrary. B. obligatory. C. only applicable to certain individuals. D.

Q: Four-year-old Maria is sharing one of her favorite toys with her younger brother. According to the developmental progression described by William Damon, Maria's sharing is most likely motivated by a sense of: A. equality. B. obligation. C. moral duty. D.

Q: Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during: A. middle and late infancy. B. late infancy. C. middle and late childhood. D.

Q: At what age do children begin to express objective ideas about fairness? A. At around 4 years B. At around 6 years C. At around 8 years D.

Q: Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because: A. it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships. B. it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups. C. Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development. D.

Q: According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory puts _____ at the heart of morality. A. egocentrism B. care C. benevolence D.

Q: In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) _____ perspective that is moral and views people in terms of their connectedness with others; and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. A. justice B. care C. nonegocentric D.

Q: With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principals rather than relationships and others. Therefore, she has a(n) _____ orientation. A. prosocial B. care C. justice D.

Q: Fernando doesn't cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following BEST describes Fernando's reasoning? A. Prosocial reasoning B. Social order reasoning C. Social consensus reasoning D.

Q: Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning. A. sibling interaction B. peer interaction C. parental influence D.

Q: Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A. Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others. B. Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory. C. There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior. D.

Q: More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong. Yet, 50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. Which of the following statements would serve as a criticism for Kohlbergs theory? A. As people age, their moral reasoning is increasingly based on the application of standards set by others. B. Social prohibitions are more potent than moral ones. C. Purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention. D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A. Most people in Western cultures achieve the highest stages of moral development by adulthood. B. In some cultures, high levels of moral reasoning derive from different values than those that form the basis of Lawrence Kohlberg's claims. C. Kohlberg's theory does not stress the importance of justice, but instead focuses more on the prevention of suffering of others. D.

Q: When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, a person who is at the _____ stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development will follow conscience, even though the decision might involve personal risk. A. universal ethical principles B. social systems morality C. individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange D.

Q: At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments? A. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange B. Punishment and obedience orientation C. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity D.

Q: Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty? A. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange B. Social systems morality C. Universal ethical principles D.

Q: When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. Which of the following is likely to be Kai's moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg? A. Postconventional reasoning B. Conventional reasoning C. Unconventional reasoning D.

Q: At which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law? A. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange B. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity C. Social systems morality D.

Q: A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it". Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _____ reasoning. A. conventional B. unconventional C. preconventional D.

Q: According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the highest stage of moral development is: A. mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity. B. social systems morality. C. social contract or utility and individual rights. D.

Q: Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. According to Kohlberg, Megan is currently in which of the following levels of moral development? A. Preconventional reasoning B. Conventional reasoning C. Interconventional reasoning D.

Q: According to Kohlberg, which of the following is the first stage of moral development? A. Social contract or utility and individual rights. B. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity. C. Heteronomous morality. D.

Q: According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests; but also let others do the same? A. Social contract or utility and individual rights B. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange C. Punishment and obedience orientation D.

Q: Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others, so that others are nice to them. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Clarissa is currently in which of the following levels? A. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange B. Social contract or utility and individual rights C. Punishment and obedience orientation D.

Q: Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country which prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning? A. Postconventional B. Conventional C. Preconventional D.

Q: Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called: A. industry versus inferiority. B. trust versus mistrust. C. integrity versus despair. D.

Q: Julio, 12, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erik Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of: A. stagnation. B. inferiority. C. shame and doubt. D.

Q: Keith is trying to help his son, Judd, deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless. Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings. A strategy that Keith should NOT implement is to: A. allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event. B. encourage his son to talk about his nightmares. C. allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy. D.

Q: Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by: A. identifying the personality type related to high and low self-esteem in children. B. presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas. C. observing children interact with each other, when they were in conflict. D.

Q: Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging. A. high self-efficacy B. high self-awareness C. low self-efficacy D.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy? A. They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks. B. They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness. C. They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy. D.

Q: The increased capacity for self-regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in the: A. brain's hypothalamus. B. hippocampus. C. brain's prefrontal cortex. D.

Q: Darren is an active 12-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions? A. Low self-esteem B. Self-regulation C. High self-esteem D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of self-regulation? A. It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex. B. It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior. C. It leads to increased social competence and achievement. D.

Q: Children have the highest self-esteem when: A. they are competent in all tasks that are given to them. B. they perform competently in domains that are important to them. C. they are extrinsically rewarded by role models. D.

Q: The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called _____. A. self-concept B. self-confidence C. self-efficacy D.

Q: _____ is the belief that "I can"; helplessness is the belief that "I cannot". A. Self-esteem B. Self-awareness C. Self-concept D.