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Q:
The genetic variability produced by meiosis is
A) rare.
B) male dominant.
C) adaptive.
D) female dominant.
Q:
The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in
A) severe mutations.
B) incredible variability among siblings.
C) higher rates of fraternal twins.
D) higher numbers of female zygotes than male zygotes.
Q:
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) __________ results.
A) autosome
B) gamete
C) zygote
D) allele
Q:
__________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.
A) Mitosis
B) Genomic imprinting
C) Cytoplasm
D) Meiosis
Q:
A gamete
A) contains 46 chromosomes.
B) is formed through mitosis.
C) contains 23 chromosomes.
D) is formed when the chromosomes copy themselves.
Q:
The sperm and the ovum are sex cells, or
A) autosomes.
B) gametes.
C) zygotes.
D) phenotypes.
Q:
__________ are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.
A) Proteins
B) Genes
C) Chromosomes
D) Gametes
Q:
The area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the
A) zygote.
B) cytoplasm.
C) gamete.
D) gene.
Q:
During mitosis,
A) each new body cell contains unique genetic information.
B) cells divide in half to form the fertilized ovum.
C) the chromosomes copy themselves.
D) each new body cell contains 23 chromosomes.
Q:
A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called
A) canalization.
B) mitosis.
C) genomic imprinting.
D) meiosis.
Q:
Lynn, a Canadian, and Sasha, a Russian, are probably about _____ percent genetically identical.
A) 50.1
B) 75.1
C) 90.1
D) 99.1
Q:
Zookeeper Ross knows that he shares some of his genetic makeup with the chimpanzee, Chumley. You could tell Ross that between __________ percent of their DNA is identical.
A) 20 and 25
B) 50 and 55
C) 75 and 80
D) 98 and 99
Q:
Research shows that __________ genes lie along the human chromosomes.
A) 23 pairs of
B) 2,000 to 2,500
C) 20,000 to 25,000
D) 200,000 to 250,000
Q:
A __________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.
A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) gene
D) gamete
Q:
Generally, human __________ come in 23 matching pairs.
A) chromosomes
B) phenotypes
C) cells
D) genotypes
Q:
Rodlike structures called __________ store and transmit genetic information.
A) phenotypes
B) chromosomes
C) genotypes
D) genes
Q:
Within every cell (except red blood cells) is a control center, or
A) phenotype.
B) nucleus.
C) genotype.
D) zygote.
Q:
A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.
A) chromosome
B) genotype
C) phenotype
D) karyotype
Q:
Phenotypes depend in part on an individual's
A) cells.
B) chromosomes.
C) genotypes.
D) DNA.
Q:
Christine is 5-7- and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are calledA) alleles.B) phenotypes.C) chromosomes.D) genotypes.
Q:
Describe the concept of gene"environment correlation, including passive, evocative, and active types. Define niche-picking.
Q:
Describe kinship studies, and explain how they are used in the field of developmental science.
Q:
Compare and contrast collectivist and individualistic societies.
Q:
How do contemporary researchers view the family? Describe direct and indirect influences on the family, and provide examples of each.
Q:
Explain how harmful genes are created. Define and describe germline and somatic mutation.
Q:
Describe the recessive disorder, phenylketonuria. Explain how it occurs and how it is treated.
Q:
Development is best understood as
A) genetically determined.
B) environmentally influenced.
C) a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture.
D) an unsolvable puzzle.
Q:
Describe longitudinal design, and explain its strengths and weaknesses.
Q:
Compare and contrast naturalistic and structured observations.
Q:
Describe the lifespan theory of development, and indicate its stance on the three basic issues of human development .
Q:
Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.
Q:
Describe the role that Charles Darwin played in the study of human development.
Q:
Although there are many major theories of human development, your textbook organizes them by looking at the stand they take on what three basic issues? Briefly describe the opposing views taken on each basic issue.
Q:
Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if
A) the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception.
B) the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants.
C) researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors.
D) the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study.
Q:
One limitation of debriefing is
A) young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.
B) some individuals may agree to participate simply to engage in rewarding social interaction.
C) the lack of availability of surrogate decision makers.
D) children may be concerned that the information they provide will not be kept confidential.
Q:
Dr. Ramorey wants 90-year-old Mr. Higgins to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Higgins is incapable of consenting. Which of the following would best state your advice regarding Mr. Higgins's participation in the study?
A) He should not be allowed to participate in the study under any circumstances.
B) He should be allowed to participate in the study regardless of the benefit.
C) He should only be allowed to participate in the study if his participation will benefit others.
D) He should only be allowed to participate in the study if it is likely to benefit him directly.
Q:
The ethical principle of __________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities.
A) researchers' rights
B) informed consent
C) beneficial treatments
D) protection from harm
Q:
Research that combines __________ and __________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.
A) longitudinal; sequential
B) experimental; developmental
C) cross-sectional; developmental
D) correlational; experimental
Q:
A sequential design
A) does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.
B) permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
C) is less efficient than a longitudinal design.
D) makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.
Q:
In sequential designs, researchers study
A) the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.
B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
C) participants over the same ages but in different years.
D) participants of the same age at the same point in time.
Q:
Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by
A) practice effects.
B) participant dropout.
C) sequential timing.
D) cohort effects.
Q:
A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that
A) age-related changes cannot be examined.
B) participants often drop out before the study is over.
C) factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.
D) practice effects often cause biased findings.
Q:
Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a __________ research design.
A) cross-sectional
B) sequential
C) correlational
D) longitudinal
Q:
In a cross-sectional design, researchers study
A) the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.
B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
C) participants over the same ages but in different years.
D) participants of the same age at the same point in time.
Q:
In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.
A) practice
B) historical
C) cohort
D) cultural
Q:
Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as
A) biased sampling.
B) practice effects.
C) random assignment.
D) cohort effects.
Q:
To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of participants from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a __________ design.
A) cross-sectional
B) sequential
C) correlational
D) longitudinal
Q:
A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can
A) examine relationships between early and later behaviors.
B) collect a large amount of data in a short time span.
C) explore similarities among children of different cohorts.
D) study participants differing in age at the same point in time.
Q:
Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator
A) studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
B) randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions.
C) tracks the performance of each person over time.
D) conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist.
Q:
In a longitudinal design, researchers study
A) the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.
B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
C) participants over the same ages but in different years.
D) participants of the same age at the same point in time.
Q:
Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a
A) naturalistic observation.
B) case study.
C) natural experiment.
D) field experiment.
Q:
In __________ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings.
A) field
B) natural
C) structured
D) laboratory
Q:
Professor Martinez wants to know if children who receive one-on-one instruction at school feel more self-confident than children who receive group instruction. To identify a causal relationship between type of instruction and self-confidence, Professor Martinez should
A) compare the number of hours teachers spend on group instruction with the number of hours they spend on individualized instruction.
B) observe a teacher's one-on-one interactions with several children in a laboratory school.
C) select a group of children who score high on the self-confidence measure and a second group who score low on the self-confidence measure and expose them to both types of instruction.
D) randomly assign half of the participants to group instruction and the other half to one-on-one instruction and compare measures of self-confidence for each group.
Q:
By using __________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.
A) sequential
B) random
C) systematic
D) correlational
Q:
In experimental studies,
A) the investigator cannot make cause-and-effect inferences.
B) investigators must take special precautions to control for participants' characteristics that could reduce the accuracy of their findings.
C) the researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the dependent variable.
D) researchers gather information on participants without altering their experiences.
Q:
In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the
A) type of phonics instruction.
B) number of children in the experiment.
C) child's reading level in third grade.
D) frequency of phonics instruction.
Q:
In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be
A) the type of lessons (music versus acting).
B) a measure of intelligence.
C) the type of music lessons.
D) the frequency of the acting lessons.
Q:
A dependent variable is the
A) one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable.
B) number that describes how two measures are associated with each other.
C) number that shows the strength of the relationship between two measures.
D) one the investigator randomly assigns to represent participant characteristics.
Q:
Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) __________ design.
A) structured
B) observational
C) correlational
D) experimental
Q:
Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This
correlation is __________ and __________.
A) moderate; positive
B) low; positive
C) high; negative
D) low; negative
Q:
One limitation of correlational studies is
A) researchers cannot replicate the studies.
B) investigators cannot infer cause and effect.
C) researchers randomly assign participants and manipulate their experiences.
D) age-related changes may be distorted because of participant dropout.
Q:
Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?
A) The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
B) The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
C) A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse.
D) A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.
Q:
In a(n) __________ design, researchers look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development.
A) observational
B) correlational
C) experimental
D) variable
Q:
Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.
A) observational; experimental
B) correlational; experimental
C) observational; correlational
D) variable; observational
Q:
One limitation of the ethnographic method is that
A) investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
B) it provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.
C) it relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.
D) it provides little information about the reasoning behind participants' responses.
Q:
In the United States, adolescents from immigrant families
A) view school success as both their own and their parents' success.
B) are more likely than those from native-born families to miss school because of illness.
C) report lower self-esteem than those from native-born families.
D) are more likely to be obese than their agemates with native-born parents.
Q:
Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are __________ likely to __________.
A) more; commit delinquent and violent acts
B) more; use drugs or alcohol
C) more; have early sex
D) less; commit delinquent or violent acts
Q:
Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the __________ research method.
A) naturalistic observation
B) ethnographic
C) self-report
D) structured observation
Q:
Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation.
A) naturalistic
B) participant
C) systematic
D) structured
Q:
Which of the following methods is best suited for studying whether American parents are warmer than Japanese parents?
A) systematic observation
B) case study
C) structured interview
D) ethnography
Q:
One major limitation of the clinical, or case study, method is
A) that researchers' theoretical preferences may bias their observations and interpretations.
B) that it must be conducted with large groups of people at the same time.
C) it provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.
D) it provides little information about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.
Q:
Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?
A) naturalistic observation
B) clinical interview
C) case study
D) structured interview
Q:
Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?
A) naturalistic observation
B) structured observation
C) ethnography
D) the clinical method
Q:
A researcher using a structured interview would typically ask
A) questions in a large group of participants.
B) the same set of questions in the same way to each research participant.
C) only yes/no, multiple choice, and true/false questions.
D) a different set of questions for each participant.
Q:
Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a
A) field experiment.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) structured interview.
D) structured observation.
Q:
A major strength of the clinical interview is that it
A) makes comparing individuals' responses very easy.
B) permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life.
C) is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group.
D) allow researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings.
Q:
__________ ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.
A) Naturalistic observations
B) Field experiments
C) Structured observations
D) Self-reports
Q:
A major limitation of systematic observation is that it
A) provides little information on how participants actually behave.
B) underestimates the capacities of individuals who have difficulty putting their thoughts into words.
C) tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.
D) ignores participants with poor memories, who may have trouble recalling exactly what happened.
Q:
In a naturalistic observation, the investigator
A) sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest.
B) goes into the field and records the behavior of interest.
C) uses a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view.
D) asks each participant the same set of questions in the same way.
Q:
Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)
A) ethnographic study.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) structured observation.
D) clinical interview.