Q&A Hero

Q: Studies of adopted children and identical twins have found that a. genetic factors are important in weight and fat distribution. b. environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in determining weight. c. genetic factors are more important for men, and environmental factors are more important for women in determining weight. d. genetic factors are more important for women, and environmental factors are more important for men in determining weight.

Q: The history of the human species has been marked mostly by shortages of food, a. which would make a "thrifty" metabolism a survival advantage. b. which lends support to the setpoint concept. c. which casts doubts on the positive incentive model. d. which casts doubt on the role of hormones in weight regulation.

Q: The results of the studies on experimental starvation and experimental overeating a. indicate that eating is a learned behavior. b. suggest that eating is always pleasurable. c. are consistent with the concept of setpoint. d. show that eating is relatively unimportant in the lives of most people.

Q: After several weeks on a 500-calorie a day diet, Loraine is constantly hungry, tired, and not interested in much of anything. According to the setpoint concept, a. these are the effects of damage to her hypothalamus. b. she is losing too much muscle tissue. c. she is below her setpoint. d. she is still above her setpoint.

Q: How does setpoint influence metabolism during a period of severe food restriction? a. It increases metabolism. b. It decreases metabolism. c. It does not influence metabolism. d. It increases metabolism in the beginning but decreases metabolism if the food restriction continues.

Q: From an anthropological perspective, what would be the advantage of a setpoint for fat? a. Fat storage and retention helped protect people during food shortages. b. Fat enhanced physical attractiveness and reproduction. c. Fat helped protect individuals from injuries. d. Fat made individuals less attractive to predators.

Q: The setpoint concept assumes that a. people have a kind of internal thermostat that regulates weight. b. gaining weight is easier than losing it. c. losing weight is easier than gaining it. d. heredity is unrelated to a person's weight.

Q: Researchers have suggested several reasons why obesity has increased in the United States over the past two decades. One possibility is that people are a. eating more meals at home. b. increasing their consumption of fast food and sodas. c. increasing their percentage of dietary fat. d. decreasing their intake of sugar.

Q: During the past 20 years, Americans have reduced the percent of calories obtained from dietary fat, and a. they have become thinner. b. they have increased their sugar consumption. c. they have decreased their fast food consumption. d. their average weight has remained the same.

Q: Most people who see themselves as being overweight are a. African American women. b. not sufficiently overweight to be at risk for increased mortality. c. greatly at risk for increased mortality. d. both a and c are true.

Q: An analysis of the women who have won the Miss America contest since 1978 showed what percent of them in the underweight range? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

Q: Throughout most of history, being plump or fat a. was a sign of laziness. b. was a mark of prosperity. c. was a signal of poor health. d. characterized working class people.

Q: Christi is five feet four and has a body mass index of 17.5. Christi could most accurately be described as a. extremely thin. b. somewhat thin c. average in weight. d. somewhat heavy.

Q: Which of these techniques represents a person's distribution of body fat? a. waist-to-hip ratio b. skinfold technique c. weight charts d. water immersion technique

Q: The body mass index (BMI) a. is a measure of total weight. b. considers both age and gender in calculating obesity. c. is defined as a person's height (in meters) divided by body weight (in kilograms) squared. d. is defined as body weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.

Q: The skinfold technique and bioelectrical impedance are ways to measure a. utilization of glucose by adipose tissue. b. percentage of body fat. c. metabolic activity of fat. d. ratio of height to body weight.

Q: Carl is five feet, ten inches tall, has a medium frame, and weighs 154 pounds. In other words, Carl is about in the middle of the ideal weight range according to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's desirable weight charts. This means that Carl a. has a healthy waist-to-hip ratio. b. needs to gain a few pounds. c. should try to lose a few pounds. d. none of these.

Q: Obesity can result from a. overeating. b. slow metabolism. c. too little physical activity. d. any or all of these.

Q: In the study of experimental starvation, the effects of starvation on participants were all of the following EXCEPT: a. aggressiveness b. losing interest in normal activities c. cooperation with others d. obsession with food

Q: ____________ levels signal low fat stores, prompting individuals to eat. a. Low leptin b. High leptin c. Low insulin d. High insulin

Q: With regard to eating and metabolism, research has shown that a. overeating changes metabolism. b. undereating changes metabolism. c. both overeating and undereating can change metabolism. d. metabolism is set by genetics and thus cannot be changed.

Q: In Sims's studies on experimental overeating, some volunteers had trouble returning to their original weight after the experiment. This problem was associated with a. family histories of obesity. b. family histories of diabetes. c. a permanent change in setpoint brought about by the overeating. d. a permanent change in blood glucose level.

Q: When the participants in the study on experimental starvation were re-fed at the end of the starvation phase of the experiment, a. many of them gained more weight than they had lost. b. most of them were not able to regain lost weight. c. they became more cheerful and optimistic than they had been prior to the starvation phase. d. they no longer had much interest in food.

Q: In the study of experimental starvation, what were the effects of semi-starvation on the behavior of the participants? a. They showed high group morale and cooperation. b. They exercised vigorously to distract themselves from feelings of hunger. c. They became aggressive and lost interest in their normal activities. d. They became overly attached to other group members.

Q: The goal of Keys's project, begun during World War II, was to study a. the effects of hunger and food deprivation. b. the rate of weight gain due to systematic overfeeding. c. the effects of setpoint readjustment with drugs. d. the optimum ratio of fat to lean body tissue in volunteers.

Q: The relationship between eating and weight maintenance is best described by which of the following statements? a. Weight gain is proportional to overeating. b. A person who eats more than 3,000 calories per day will gain weight. c. Metabolic rate is a factor in weight maintenance. d. Fat people eat fewer calories per day than do thin people.

Q: The hormone ___________ provides a short-term signal for eating, and ________ provides a long-term signal. a. insulin . . . CCK b. leptin . . . insulin c. serotonin . .. epinephrine d. ghrelin . . . leptin

Q: Production of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin results in a. feelings of satiation. b. feelings of hunger. c. a need to engage in physical activity. d. depression, anxiety, and loss of energy.

Q: ____________ is a hormone produced by the stomach. Its levels rise before and fall after meals, which may provide a short-term signal to eat. a. Leptin b. Ghrelin c. Cholecystokinin (CCK) d. Ventromedial

Q: ____________ levels fall when fat stores fall, which may provide a long-term signal to eat more. a. Leptin b. Ghrelin c. Cholecystokinin (CCK) d. Ventromedial

Q: Stable weight is maintained when a. a person eats a high-protein diet. b. the amount of calories expended equals the amount eaten. c. the calories absorbed by the intestines are half of the number of calories eaten. d. activity is at a minimum and basal metabolism is at a maximum.

Q: From the stomach, digested food passes into the a. small intestine. b. large intestine. c. anus. d. blood stream.

Q: The principal function of the stomach is to a. begin the process of digestion. b. pass digested food into the large intestine. c. pass digested food into the blood stream. d. mix food particles with gastric juices.

Q: Which system of the body is plagued with more diseases and disorder than any other system? a. immune b. digestive c. cardiovascular d. none of the above

Q: Digestion of most types of nutrients occurs in the __________. a. large intestine b. stomach c. small intestine d. gall bladder

Q: ______ propels food through the digestive system, a largely involuntary process. a. Peristalsis b. Gastric juices c. Salivary Glands d. Parotids

Q: __________ furnish(es) moisture that allows food to be tasted. a. The esophagus b. The tongue c. Salivary glands d. Teeth

Q: Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular muscles that propel food through the digestive system is known as a. the esophagus. b. peristalsis. c. voluntary digestion. d. acidic flow.

Q: _________ NOT part of the digestive system. a. The teeth are b. The esophagus is c. The stomach is d. The bronchioles are

Q: What are the differences in health consequences among anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating?

Q: What are the behavioral differences between anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating? Are there similarities?

Q: Darlene is 15 pounds heavier than the ideal. Should she diet to improve her health?

Q: Darlene is 15 pounds heavier than the ideal (according to the Metropolitan Insurance Company charts), and she believes she should go on a diet to lose 15 pounds. Advise her as to what type of diet to choose and what type to avoid.

Q: Evaluate the adequacy of the setpoint model and the positive incentive model to explain obesity.

Q: Evaluate the role of hormones in weight regulation.

Q: What is the relationship between overeating and obesity?

Q: European American females are more likely to have an eating disorder than any other ethnic group.

Q: Girls from higher income families are more likely to be bulimics than girls from lower socioeconomic class families.

Q: Bulimia is more likely to be fatal than anorexia.

Q: In a population of college women, bulimia would be more prevalent than anorexia.

Q: All anorexics restrict their food intake.

Q: A big butt is healthier than a fat gut.

Q: The setpoint model suggests that it should be quite easy to gain or lose weight.

Q: The body mass index considers neither gender nor body frame.

Q: A person with a body mass index of 45 would be considered to be obese.

Q: Metabolic rates are similar across people.

Q: The immune system has the most diseases and disorders than any other body system.

Q: Overeating is the sole cause of obesity.

Q: All obese people overeat.

Q: Without moisture provided by the salivary glands, taste buds on the tongue do not function.

Q: One difficulty in treating binge eating is that often _______ does not occur even if the binge eating stops.a. weight lossb. depressionc. anxietyd. drug use

Q: The most common eating disorder is a. anorexia b. bulimia c. binge eating disorder d. both b and c

Q: Alcohol and drug use problems are common for individuals with a. anorexia b. bulimia c. binge eating disorder d. both b and c

Q: To be diagnosed with ______, individuals must binge eat at least once a week for three months, have feelings of a lack of control, and feel distress over their purging behavior. a. anorexia b. bulimia c. binge eating disorder d. over-eating

Q: The preferred treatment for bulimia is a. antipsychotic drugs b. cognitive behavioral therapy c. group therapy d. family therapy

Q: All of the following are consequences of purging for bulimics EXCEPT: a. damaged teeth, mouth, and esophagus b. alkalosis c. anemia d. weight loss

Q: ______________ is an effective therapy for anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. a. Aversion therapy b. Cognitive behavior therapy c. Invasive therapy d. No one therapy

Q: Which of these eating problems is MOST prevalent in the United States? a. anorexia nervosa b. bulimia c. overeating d. experimental starvation

Q: Individuals with anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder all share a. weight concerns. b. body image problems. c. high self-esteem. d. both a and b

Q: Lisa frequently goes on an eating binge, but she never purges afterward. Lisa is about 40 pounds overweight. Lisa most likely has a. anorexia nervosa. b. bulimia nervosa. c. binge eating disorder. d. no identifiable disorder.

Q: A recent review found that ________ were not an effective therapy for anorexia. a. antipsychotic drugs b. cognitive behavioral therapy c. group therapy d. family therapy

Q: Bulimics purge to ______ weight and anorexics purge to _______ weight. a. lose; lose b. maintain; lose c. gain; lose d. maintain; gain

Q: All of the following are risks for eating disorders EXCEPT: a. being unambitious b. having negative family interactions c. a history of sexual abuse during childhood d. low self-esteem

Q: Franny consumes as little as 300 calories a day, and though she is underweight, she believes herself to be overweight and is afraid of gaining more weight. It is likely Franny is ________. a. bulimic b. anorexic c. binging d. both a and c

Q: The cognitive behavioral treatment for bulimia aims to a. change eating patterns. b. change distorted cognitions concerning body image. c. prompt weight gain. d. both a and b

Q: Tiffany has been diagnosed with bulimia. A strong possibility exists that Tiffany a. is a high achiever in school. b. was sexually abused as a child. c. is 30 to 40 pounds underweight. d. has a high level of self-esteem.

Q: ______ are MOST likely to be described as lacking impulse control. a. Anorexics b. Bulimics c. Binge eaters d. Both bulimics and binge eaters

Q: Charlotte is bulimic. Which of these is LEAST likely to be characteristic of Charlotte? a. binging b. purging c. amenorrhea d. use of laxatives

Q: Terry is bulimic. Which of these is LEAST likely to be characteristic of Terry? a. female b. severe obesity c. problems with alcohol d. kleptomania

Q: Unlike anorexics, bulimics a. are usually male. b. are usually female. c. seldom fast from food. d. frequently feel guilty over their eating patterns and are motivated to change.