Q&A Hero

Q: Samuel has just taken an illegal drug that leaves him feeling relaxed, but it has the side effect of impairing his judgment and coordination. Samuel has most likely taken a. alcohol b. marijuana c. caffeine d. cocaine

Q: BethAnne has just taken a drug that leaves her feeling happy and pleasant, but the side effect is that it may affect the regulation of her body's temperature. BethAnne has most likely taken a. Marijuana b. Caffeine c. Ecstasy d. Nicotine

Q: All of the following drugs could be classified as stimulants EXCEPT: a. Marijuana b. Caffeine c. Cocaine d. Nicotine

Q: All of the following drugs are classified as sedatives EXCEPT: a. alcohol b. opiates c. barbiturates d. LSD

Q: The most commonly used illegal drug in the United States is a. cocaine. b. marijuana. c. anabolic steroids. d. heroin.

Q: The drug MDMA ("Ecstasy") produces its effects by a. prompting neurons to release stored dopamine in greater than normal amounts. b. slowing the release of GABA. c. prompting a massive release of serotonin. d. inhibiting the release of dopamine.

Q: Near the end of a party at which Traci had been drinking heavily, someone offered her cocaine. By using cocaine and alcohol together, a. Traci will find that the effects cancel each other out. b. Traci's body will produce cocaethylene, a potentially deadly chemical. c. Traci is mixing a depressant and a tranquilizer. d. all of these.

Q: Amphetamines a. can produce hallucinations and paranoid delusions. b. cannot produce tolerance. c. cannot produce dependence. d. usually decrease blood pressure.

Q: Amphetamines a. are stimulants. b. are depressants. c. include opium and marijuana. d. include barbiturates and tranquilizers.

Q: Opiate drugs a. have no potential for medical use. b. do not produce tolerance or dependence. c. produce both tolerance and dependence after only a brief time, sometimes as little as 24 hours. d. can be refined into barbiturates.

Q: Morphine and heroin are a. stimulant drugs. b. opiates. c. used medically to relieve pain. d. both b and c are correct.

Q: Barbiturates are synthetic drugs that a. are classified as steroids. b. have little or no tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal properties. c. are taken recreationally as "stay awake" pills. d. produce both tolerance and dependence.

Q: According to the FDA, Schedule I drugs have a. high abuse potential and no accepted medical use. b. high abuse potential but accepted medical use. c. low abuse potential but no accepted medical use. d. low abuse potential and accepted medical use.

Q: All drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier a. change the brain's chemistry. b. have side effects. c. alter perception. d. all of these.

Q: Which statement is true? a. Legal drugs pose no health threat; illegal drugs do. b. Neither legal drugs nor illegal drugs pose a health threat. c. More people are killed by using illegal drugs than legal drugs. d. Both legal drugs and illegal drugs may pose a heath threat.

Q: The neurotransmitter ___________ is involved in the effects of several drugs that affect brain function. a. dopamine b. epinephrine c. THC d. methylapoprobate

Q: Molly is a licensed professional counselor who has just begun working with problem drinkers. She read some studies on controlled drinking, and she plans to help people learn to control their rate of alcohol consumption. Molly should know that a. controlled drinking is less effective than 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous. b. most treatment facilities in the United States do not support this goal. c. controlled drinking is less successful with patients after the age of 50. d. controlled drinking is the goal of most programs in the United States.

Q: Studies on controlled drinking have found that a. no true alcoholics can be trained to resume normal drinking. b. all subjects were functioning well after three years. c. abstinence-oriented programs sometimes produce controlled drinkers. d. participants trained to abstain were more likely to be successful than those trained to control their drinking.

Q: Alcohol treatment programs with abstinence as the goal a. sometimes produce patients who are able to resume normal drinking patterns. b. generally produce higher success rates than programs designed to teach controlled drinking. c. have yet to produce patients who are able to resume normal drinking patterns. d. usually accept the social learning model of drinking.

Q: The drugs naltrexone and acamprosate are chemical treatments for alcohol abuse a. that produce nausea when a person takes either drug and drinks alcohol. b. that are used in aversion therapy. c. that help control cravings for alcohol and maintain abstinence. d. both a and b

Q: A major problem with chemical treatments for alcohol abusers (such as disulfiram) is a. their ineffectiveness. b. their high relapse rates. c. their low compliance rates. d. that they seldom are used along with other treatments.

Q: One year after the end of treatment, about _____ of problem drinkers who have completed the treatment are still abstinent. a. 10% b. 25% c. 35% d. 55%

Q: For problem drinkers, most relapses occur within ______ after the end of the treatment program. a. 1 week b. 90 days c. 6 months d. 1 year

Q: ________, a type of therapy where therapists convey their empathy with the client's situation, has been shown to be effective in decreasing problem drinking. a. Motivational interviewing b. Alcoholics Anonymous c. Aversion therapy d. Spontaneous remission

Q: The most common form of treatment for problem drinking is a. inpatient treatment. b. outpatient treatment. c. self-help groups. d. no formal treatment.

Q: Disulfiram is used in the treatment of alcohol abuse a. but is limited to controlled drinkers. b. because it produces unpleasant effects if a person taking it also drinks. c. because it is associated with a therapy called counterconditioning. d. due to its ability to treat liver damage.

Q: Motivational interviewing is a psychotherapy technique used for treating problem drinking, and this technique has the advantage of a. having a 90% improvement rate for problem drinking. b. being more effective in group settings than when administered individually. c. being a brief intervention that requires few sessions. d. all of these.

Q: Reviews of psychological interventions for problem drinking show a. that brief interventions and techniques oriented toward changing motivation were most effective. b. psychotherapeutic programs are less effective than Alcoholic Anonymous. c. once a person is an alcoholic, that person can never return to controlled drinking. d. that group therapy was more effective than individual therapy.

Q: The Alcoholics Anonymous doctrine a. calls for complete abstinence. b. adopts a psychological approach to quitting drinking. c. holds that most alcoholics will eventually be cured of their problem drinking. d. includes the notion that its members must give up tobacco products as well as alcohol.

Q: Which of these statements regarding Alcoholics Anonymous is true? a. It follows a social learning model of drinking. b. It insists on the goal of controlled drinking. c. It insists on the goal of total abstinence. d. It is based on the assumption that people have complete control over their drinking.

Q: The observation that people in different cultures have different beliefs about alcohol's effects tends to support a. the social learning model. b. the self-awareness model. c. the tension reduction model. d. the alcohol myopia model.

Q: The concepts of coping, modeling, and negative reinforcement are important ingredients in this model of drinking. a. tension reduction model b. alcohol myopia model c. alcohol dependency syndrome d. social learning model

Q: The alcohol myopia view of drinking assumes that alcohol consumption leads to a. the tendency to deflate one's accomplishments and abilities. b. loss of control over one's drinking. c. increased friendliness and sexiness. d. increased aggression and hostility.

Q: As an explanation for why people drink, the tension reduction hypothesis has generally a. not been supported. b. been supported for both men and women. c. been supported for men but not for women. d. been supported for women but not for men.

Q: What type of relationship has been found between drinking alcohol and anxiety or tension? a. Most studies have found that alcohol reduces tension and anxiety. b. Alcohol reduces anxiety but increases tension. c. For some people alcohol increases anxiety, whereas other people experience a decrease in anxiety when they drink. d. Physical anxiety is increased when drinking, but social anxiety decreases as a result of drinking.

Q: According to social learning theory, people begin to drink because a. alcohol has pleasurable, and immediate, effects b. alcohol offers an escape from an unpleasant situation c. seeing other people drinking and learning from them d. all of the above

Q: All of the following is support for the alcohol myopia model EXCEPT: a. intoxicated people analyze information at a superficial level b. intoxicated people are more susceptible to distraction c. intoxicated people recall fewer details of situations they have just experienced d. intoxicated people focus on abstract, rather than specific, cues in the environment

Q: A research study that asked participants to rate themselves on a variety of traits suggests that a. alcohol inflates a person's self-evaluation b. alcohol deflates a person's self-evaluation c. alcohol inflates a person's self-evaluation of other people only d. alcohol deflates a person's self-evaluation of other people only

Q: One major criticism of this model is that fails to address why people begin to drink. a. Disease Model b. Tension-Reduction Model c. Alcohol Myopic Model d. Social Learning Model

Q: ___________ suggests that people drink because they do not exercise control over their drinking. a. Alcohol Dependency Syndrome b. Moral Model c. Alcohol Myopic Model d. Social Learning Model

Q: The balanced placebo design by Marlatt and his colleagues has been used to measure a. heritability of alcohol dependence. b. the expectancy effect of alcohol. c. subjective awareness of people's need to drink. d. withdrawal symptoms.

Q: Which of these terms do NOT apply to the alcohol dependency syndrome? a. withdrawal symptoms b. inability to abstain c. subjective awareness of the compulsion to drink d. impaired control

Q: The disease model explains why people __________ better than _________. a. drink too much . . . why people start drinking b. experience cognitive deficits while drinking . . . why some people can abstain from drinking c. model the drinking behavior of others . . . why people drink too much d. start drinking . . . the genetic contributions to alcoholism

Q: The alcohol dependency syndrome a. considers alcoholism as a medical disease. b. assumes that alcoholics lose complete control of their drinking. c. views alcoholism as an inherited disease. d. assumes that different people have different patterns of drinking.

Q: Martha drinks every day. Several times she has tried to quit but seems to be unable to abstain. Her pattern of drinking most closely describes Jellinek's concept of _____ alcoholism. a. gamma b. beta c. alpha d. delta

Q: Jackson is a binge drinker. He only drinks occasionally, but when he begins drinking he has little or no ability to stop. This pattern of drinking most closely describes Jellinek's concept of _____ alcoholism. a. gamma b. beta c. alpha d. delta

Q: According to E. M. Jellinek, people diagnosed as gamma alcoholics a. have inherited their disease. b. are unable to abstain from alcohol. c. cannot control alcohol consumption once they begin to drink. d. are light to moderate drinkers.

Q: During the past 50 years, the medical community has been most strongly influenced by this explanation for why people drink: a. the tension reduction hypothesis. b. the stress-response-dampening model. c. the disease model. d. the social learning model.

Q: Studies of twins show that a. both heredity and environment play a role in mild and severe drinking problems. b. heredity and environment play an equal role in all levels of drinking problems. c. environment is clearly more influential than heredity in determinism alcoholism. d. heredity is more influential for men; environment for women.

Q: Research on the genetic component of alcoholism tends to indicate a. no hereditary influence. b. a strong hereditary influence for both men and women. c. a strong hereditary influence for women but not for men. d. some support for the hereditary influence of alcoholism, especially in men.

Q: The benefits of drinking alcohol appear _________. a. as soon as one begins to drinking b. among young adults c. during middle age d. never; the benefits do not outweigh the risks.

Q: All of the following are benefits of being a light to moderate drinker of alcohol EXCEPT: a. lower chance of developing Type 2 Diabetes b. lower risk of experiencing gallstones c. decreased risk for Alzheimer's disease d. lower chance of hemorrhagic stroke

Q: Light to moderate drinking seems to offer a protective benefit by reducing the risk of death by a. ischemic stoke. b. heart disease. c. hemorrhagic stroke. d. Both a and b

Q: ______ combined with alcohol predicts intimate partner violence. a. Trait anger b. Jealousy c. Emotional lability d. Both A and B

Q: Which of the following ethnic groups are more likely to drive after drinking? a. European Americans b. Hispanic Americans c. African Americans d. Asian Americans

Q: As many as ______ of fatal unintentional injuries throughout the world involve alcohol. a. 11% b. 32% c. 47% d. 69%

Q: ______, an irreversible condition, is the accumulation of nonfunctional scar tissue in the liver. a. Cirrhosis b. Liver cancer c. Pancreatitis d. Jaundice

Q: Liver damage or mouth cancer are considered __________ of alcohol and motor vehicle accidents or aggressive behavior are _________. a. indirect hazards; direct hazards b. direct hazards; indirect hazards c. indirect hazards; direct benefits d. direct hazards; direct benefits

Q: Physical symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, and tremors, may occur when a person is experiencing _________ from alcohol. a. tolerance b. dependence c. withdrawal d. addiction

Q: Kane, a college senior, has been a moderate drinker for the past two years. Now, he needs more beers than he did two years ago to feel "buzzed," which suggests that he has developed ________. a. tolerance b. dependence c. withdrawal d. addiction

Q: Which enzyme breaks alcohol into aldehyde, a toxic chemical? a. alcohol dehydrogenase b. aldehyde dehydrogenase c. malate dehydrogenase d. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Q: Low to moderate levels of drinking decrease the risk for __________, but high levels of drinking increase the risk for ___________. a. automobile crashes . . . automobile crashes. b. Alzheimer's disease . . . Korsakoff syndrome c. bicycle injuries . . . ulcers d. gallstones . . . lung cancer

Q: Which of these conditions is positively related to light and moderate alcohol consumption? a. decreased bone density b. increased depression c. decreased heart disease d. decreased general health

Q: The most likely explanation for the relationship between alcohol consumption and heart disease is that alcohol a. raises low-density lipoprotein. b. raises high-density lipoprotein. c. lowers high-density lipoprotein. d. lowers low-density lipoprotein.

Q: Most studies of level of alcohol consumption and mortality found this kind of a relationship: a. S-shaped. b. J-shaped. c. direct. d. inverse.

Q: In most studies of the relationship between drinking and mortality rate, a J-shaped or U-shaped relationship has been found. This pattern suggests that a. light and moderate drinkers have a higher death rate than heavy drinkers. b. moderate and heavy drinkers have a lower death rate than light drinkers. c. light and nondrinkers have a higher death rate than heavy drinkers. d. light and moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than nondrinkers or heavy drinkers.

Q: College-aged men who have been drinking a. tend to lose interest in women. b. tend to drive motor vehicles more cautiously. c. report that they can concentrate better on schoolwork. d. are more likely than sober men to be willing to have unprotected sex.

Q: Research on the relationship between alcohol and homicide indicates that a. the killer is likely to have been drinking. b. the victim is likely to have been drinking. c. both the victim and the killer are likely to have been drinking. d. consumption of alcohol causes homicides.

Q: Research indicates that alcohol a. increases aggression in some people. b. increases concentration. c. causes lung cancer. d. decreases high-density lipoprotein.

Q: Along with cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol's principal threat to health is its likelihood of causing a. lung cancer. b. unintentional injuries. c. heart disease. d. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Q: Which of the following is an indirect effect of alcohol consumption? a. the relationship between drinking and cirrhosis of the liver b. the relationship between drinking and motor vehicle crashes c. an increased risk of fetal alcohol syndrome in pregnant women d. a decrease in thiamin absorption

Q: A woman who is a light to moderate drinker during pregnancy a. is most likely to have a child who suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome. b. is likely to have a child with facial abnormalities but no other symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome. c. has an increased risk of miscarriage. d. is likely to have a child who has a heavier than average birth weight.

Q: Heavy consumption of alcohol may affect pregnancy by a. decreasing fertility. b. increasing fertility. c. increasing the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. d. both a and c.

Q: Korsakoff syndrome is sometimes found among long-term, heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by a. nonfunctional scar tissue on the liver. b. confusion, disorientation, and memory impairment. c. high blood pressure and rapid, irregular heartbeat. d. excessive trembling, sweating, anxiety, and hallucinations.

Q: Erick drinks about seven or eight drinks a day. Besides the risk of accidents, Erick's greatest INCREASED risk is that of a. heart disease. b. oral cancer. c. lung cancer. d. cirrhosis of the liver.

Q: Which of the following is a "direct hazard" of alcohol consumption? a. an association between consumption and aggression b. increased consumption leads to increased accidents c. alcohol's effect on coordination and cognitive functions d. an association between increased consumption and progressive liver damage

Q: The combination of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms is usually referred to as a. addiction. b. tolerance. c. psychological dependence. d. psychological addiction.

Q: When a drug becomes incorporated into the functioning of the body's cells and thus becomes necessary for "normal" functioning, ________ has occurred. a. dependence b. tolerance c. withdrawal d. death

Q: Tolerance refers to a. the ability to tolerate large doses of drugs without impairment of psychological or physical abilities. b. a strong psychological desire and craving for a drug. c. the property of a drug that requires increasingly higher levels to get the same effect. d. the property of a drug that requires changes in the body's physical functioning, making the drug necessary for normal functioning.

Q: Carla, a 120-pound woman, and her twin brother Carlos, a 200-pound man, decided to celebrate their 21st birthday by equally dividing a six-pack of beer, although neither had consumed much alcohol before this time. You would guess that a. Carla will be more affected by the beer than Carlos. b. Carlos will be more affected by the beer than Carla. c. the twins will be equally affected by the beer. d. neither will be affected by the beer, because beer does not contain enough alcohol to bring about intoxication.