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Q:
Which of the following diseases is rarely diagnosed among nonsmokers?
a. cardiovascular disease
b. prostate cancer
c. breast cancer
d. chronic lower respiratory disease
Q:
Evidence that smoking causes lung cancer comes from data showing that from 1959 to 1988
a. lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers rose steadily.
b. lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers remained about the same.
c. lung cancer death rates among smokers rose steadily.
d. a combination of b and c.
Q:
The trend in smoking rates and the number of lung cancer deaths follow approximately the same pattern, except that
a. increased smoking rates precede the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 25 to 30 years.
b. increased smoking rates precede the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 2 to 3 years.
c. increased lung cancer rates precede the increase in smoking rates deaths by about 25 to 30 years.
d. increased lung cancer rates precede the increase in smoking rates deaths by about 2 to 3 years.
Q:
Pat, a smoker who fears that stopping smoking would lead to weight gain, is most likely
a. a woman under 30 years of age.
b. a woman 45 years old or older.
c. a man under 30 years of age.
d. a man 45 years old or older.
Q:
With regard to smokers and fear of weight gain, research suggests that
a. older female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
b. European American women are more acceptant of weight gain than African American women.
c. young female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
d. young male smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
Q:
Which of these smokers exhibits an optimistic bias?
a. Jim overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that he has a very high chance of developing a smoking-related disease before age 60.
b. Loraine believes that smoking is not really dangerous and so she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
c. Robbie overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
d. Joe understands the danger of smoking but believes that his risk of a smoking-related disease is less than that of other smokers.
Q:
People who smoke
a. believe that smoking has few negative health consequences.
b. believe that smoking has few negative health consequences when compared to drinking.
c. believe that smoking is dangerous, much as do people who do not smoke.
d. have less consistent attitudes toward smoking than adolescent smokers.
Q:
A smoker exhibiting optimistic bias would
a. cut down on the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
b. believe that she is as likely to get lung cancer as other people.
c. believe that other smokers may get lung cancer, but she will not.
d. believe that smoking has positive health consequences.
Q:
In general, people smoke
a. in order to relax.
b. for a variety of reasons.
c. to satisfy oral needs.
d. to satisfy a need to use their hands.
Q:
Some people smoke because smoking is negatively reinforcing for them. An example of a negative reinforcer would be
a. a reduction in tension.
b. feelings of relaxation.
c. satisfaction of manual needs.
d. odor of tobacco smoke.
Q:
Randy has been smoking for 20 years and enjoys the smell of cigarette smoke. For Randy, the smell of a burning cigarette would be
a. a negative reinforcer.
b. a positive reinforcer.
c. a noxious stimulus.
d. an unconditioned stimulus.
Q:
The reinforcement explanation of smoking assumes that, for someone who becomes a smoker,
a. the positive consequences outweigh the negative ones.
b. the negative stimulus of one's first attempts at smoking arouses a corresponding positive process.
c. the positive stimulus of one's first attempts at smoking arouses a corresponding negative process.
d. no negative consequences are experienced.
Q:
When smokers are allowed to smoke only bad-tasting cigarettes,
a. people who smoke for relaxation will show little interest in smoking these cigarettes.
b. people who are addicted to nicotine will not cut back on the amount of cigarettes they smoke.
c. people who smoke for pleasure will smoke few or no cigarettes.
d. all of these.
Q:
Which of these factors is LEAST common to addicted smokers?
a. They find quitting only moderately difficult.
b. They are usually aware of the fact that they are smoking.
c. They are seldom aware of the fact that they are not smoking.
d. They give very inaccurate replies when asked about how long it has been since their last cigarette.
Q:
When nicotine content of cigarettes is lowered, smokers tend to
a. smoke the same number of cigarettes.
b. smoke less of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
c. smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
d. quit smoking.
Q:
Barrett is 14 years old and has smoked about 200 cigarettes in her lifetime. Barrett should know that
a. quitting will be quite easy because she is not yet a regular smoker.
b. she can smoke for another four or five years and then quit.
c. quitting now will be quite difficult.
d. quitting later will be impossible without formal therapy.
Q:
Among 9-to 14-year-old children,
a. boys are more likely than girls to smoke as a means of weight control.
b. boys at this early age were not concerned with weight control.
c. girls were more likely than boys to smoke as a means of weight control.
d. girls at this early age were not concerned with weight control.
Q:
Ashley is a normal weight 16-year-old girl who wants to lose weight and has started smoking to help her do so. Ashley is at risk for
a. other risky weight loss strategies.
b. switching to illicit drugs.
c. skipping school.
d. Type 2 diabetes.
Q:
Who is most likely to begin smoking as a means of weight control?
a. middle-aged women
b. teenage boys involved in athletics
c. teenage girls with a fear of weight gain
d. middle-aged men
Q:
Madison is a nonsmoking 16-year-old high school sophomore who has a large cigarette-sponsored poster in her bedroom. Compared with nonsmoking Wendy, who has no such poster in her room, Madison is more likely to
a. begin smoking.
b. begin smoking but then quit within two months.
c. have a pessimistic bias.
d. be an only child.
Q:
Many of the adolescents who begin smoking
a. do not believe that the hazards apply to them.
b. are unaware of the dangers of smoking.
c. do so because their parents and teachers tell them not to smoke.
d. have an unconscious death wish.
Q:
Chris is a smoker. What would be your predictions about Chris?
a. Chris is a man with a college degree.
b. Chris is a woman with a college degree.
c. Chris began smoking as a teenager.
d. Chris has parents who do not smoke.
Q:
One way that smokers show an optimistic bias is
a. believing that their friends are less likely to die.
b. believing that their brand of cigarettes are less likely to cause disease.
c. believing that smoking does not cause cardiovascular disease.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Smokers __________ when smoking lower-nicotine cigarettes.
a. smoke more cigarettes
b. smoke fewer cigarettes
c. smoke the same amount of cigarettes
d. refuse to smoke
Q:
In understanding who is addicted to cigarette smoking, smoking more than ______ in one's lifetime increases the difficulty of quitting.
a. 1 cigarette
b. 50 cigarettes
c. 100 cigarettes
d. 1000 cigarettes
Q:
Which ethnic group does not appear to use smoking as a weight control strategy?
a. African Americans
b. European Americans
c. Asian Americans
d. Hispanic Americans
Q:
_____ may be the influence in adolescents' decision to begin smoking.
a. Curiosity
b. Self-esteem
c. Depression
d. Anxiety
Q:
A review of media influence on smoking found ________ association between media exposure and smoking.
a. a weak
b. a moderate
c. a strong
d. no
Q:
Research on smoking, peer pressure, and adolescents suggest that
a. anti-smoking messages work in decreasing smoking rates in groups of friends.
b. overt pressure from friends is needed to increase the chances that a teen will smoke.
c. adolescents will begin to smoke to fit in with their social group, regardless of whether pressure is overt.
d. media exposure does not increase smoking in peer groups.
Q:
By the time students reach the 12th grade, ______ of boys and girls are frequent smokers.
a. 1-3%
b. 6-8%
c. 10-12%
d. 17-20%
Q:
Of the following, which group is more likely to be current smokers?
a. females compared to males
b. older adults compared to younger adults
c. poorer adults compared to wealthier adults
d. highly educated compared to high-school educated
Q:
Of the following, which group is more likely to be current smokers?
a. females compared to males
b. American Indians compared to Asian Americans
c. older adults compared to younger adults
d. highly educated compared to high-school educated
Q:
The highest rate of per capita cigarette consumption in the US was in _____ .
a. 1934
b. 1962
c. 1966
d. 2012
Q:
Currently, about ____% of adults in the United States smoke cigarettes.
a. 16
b. 21
c. 47
d. 68
Q:
The decline in the rate of cigarette smoking in the United States can be traced to
a. a report from the U.S. Surgeon General that linked smoking with adverse health effects.
b. adverse weather conditions in southeastern states that significantly reduced the supply of tobacco.
c. the successful use of hypnosis by health psychologists to get people to stop smoking.
d. an agreement among movie producers and directors to stop portraying cigarette smoking.
Q:
Tobacco sales of American tobacco companies are likely to remain strong because
a. smoking rates of Canadians are rising sharply.
b. smokers are living longer and thus will smoke more cigarettes over a lifetime.
c. tobacco markets in Africa, Eastern Europe, and Asia are expanding.
d. more North Americans have begun to smoke pipes.
Q:
When considering sales in Eastern Europe and China, some evidence suggests that tobacco companies will
a. continue to report large profits.
b. soon become bankrupt.
c. begin to target advertisements toward high school students.
d. voluntarily go out of business as they realize their product contributes to thousands of deaths each year.
Q:
Which of these factors help popularize smoking in the United States?
a. ready-made cigarettes
b. the development of a "blended" cigarette
c. the low cost of cigarettes
d. both a and b
Q:
Cigarette smoking in the United States reached its peak per capita consumption
a. prior to the Revolutionary War.
b. during the Civil War.
c. during the early part of the 20th century.
d. during the 1960s.
Q:
The presence of nicotine can be detected in the brain
a. as rapidly as 7 seconds after smoking.
b. as rapidly as 2 minutes after smoking and 1 minute after intravenous injection.
c. not until 30 to 40 minutes after smoking.
d. of nonsmokers and smokers alike.
Q:
Nicotine
a. is a depressant to those people who smoke, but a stimulant to those who do not.
b. is the main reason why people start to smoke.
c. is a more important factor in starting to smoke than is social pressure.
d. has addictive properties.
Q:
_______ is/are water-soluble resides of tobacco smoke.
a. Carcinogens
b. Nicotine
c. Tars
d. Aldehydes
Q:
The half-life of nicotine is ________.
a. 7 seconds
b. 5 minutes
c. 10 minutes
d. 30 minutes
Q:
Nicotine affects the __________ nervous system.
a. central
b. peripheral
c. anterior
d. both a and b
Q:
_______ is/are responsible for cigarette smoking's addictive nature.
a. Carcinogens
b. Nicotine
c. Tars
d. Aldehydes
Q:
There are at least 60 types of _______ in cigarettes.
a. carcinogens
b. nicotine
c. tars
d. aldehydes
Q:
The most common chronic lower respiratory disease which occurs when bronchi lose their elasticity is ______________.
a. emphysema
b. acute bronchitis
c. chronic bronchitis
d. lung cancer
Q:
Nicotine is
a. a stimulant.
b. a tranquilizer.
c. both of these.
d. neither of these.
Q:
The addictive ingredient of cigarette smoking is
a. nicotine.
b. its good taste.
c. the approval of peers.
d. the aroma of the smoke.
Q:
A disorder characterized by the obstruction of respiratory passages and loss of bronchial elasticity is
a. bronchitis.
b. allergy.
c. emphysema.
d. bulimia.
Q:
People cough in response to smoke because
a. coughing expels irritants from the respiratory tract.
b. coughing is a substitute for sneezing.
c. coughing draws oxygen more deeply into the lungs.
d. of the action of the alveoli.
Q:
The site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is the
a. alveoli.
b. diaphragm.
c. bronchi.
d. trachea.
Q:
The principle function of the respiratory system is to take in ____ and to eliminate ____.
a. leukocytes . . . oxygen
b. oxygen . . . carbon dioxide
c. oxygen . . . methane
d. nitrogen . . . carbon dioxide and methane
Q:
The annual number of excess deaths in the United States attributable to smoking has been
estimated to be about
a. 25,000.
b. 57,000.
c. 175,000.
d. 443,000.
Q:
Do people who quit smoking gain sufficient weight to pose health hazards? Would they be healthier if they continued to smoke and stayed thinner?
Q:
Compare the success of people using behavioral versus pharmacological methods of quitting smoking and point out successful techniques.
Q:
Discuss methods of deterring teenagers from starting to smoke, highlighting the less and more successful strategies.
Q:
Compare the processes involved with adjusting to chronic illness and facing death.
Q:
What is the role of health psychologists in the AIDS epidemic?
Q:
What are the major challenges to people with asthma in managing their disease?
Q:
What behavioral factors are important in the management of diabetes?
Q:
What types of behavioral interventions can help Alzheimer's patients? Their families?
Q:
Discuss how the feelings of grief and loss apply to chronic illness. Are there any positive aspects to chronic illness?
Q:
There are set stages of feelings and emotions that individuals pass through as they grieve for a loved one.
Q:
Advancing age is the leading risk factor for heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's.
Q:
In the United States, prevalence of HIV is increasing while incidence is decreasing.
Q:
AIDS is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States.
Q:
The progression from HIV infection to AIDS runs a similar timeline for every personaround 5 years.
Q:
The primary goal of asthma is minimizing the individual's asthma attacks.
Q:
People with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus often "outgrow" their diabetes.
Q:
Type 1 diabetes requires a special diet; Type 2 diabetes does not.
Q:
The incidence of Type 2 diabetes is decreasing for children and adolescents.
Q:
Type 2 diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes.
Q:
Alzheimer's caregivers experience distress and poor physical health but this decreases as soon as caregiving ends.
Q:
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease has a higher incidence rate than late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
Q:
Individuals who experience meaning and personal growth through loss and grief may also experience less depression and greater well-being.
Q:
Both early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease have a genetic component.
Q:
Those who show improvement following the death of a loved one, usually have gained _______.
a. resiliency
b. acute-recovery
c. improvement
d. denial
Q:
Most adults exhibit__________ following a death of a loved one.
a. resiliency
b. acute-recovery
c. improvement
d. chronic low levels of well-being
Q:
All of the following were characterized as responses to bereavement EXCEPT
a. resiliency.
b. acute-recovery.
c. improvement.
d. denial.