Q&A Hero

Q: Which is true regarding how the quality of death affects those left behind? a. Spouses of those who died a "good death" experience less anger. b. Spouses of those who died a "good death" experience less yearning. c. Spouses of those who were not able to die a "good death" experienced less anger. d. Spouses and family of those who died a "good death" felt little grief.

Q: For a person with a terminal illness, a personal re-examination of his or her life a. usually leads to disintegration and despair. b. often causes a loss of personal relationships and social support. c. may lead the person to find a new meaning in his or her life. d. is typically different for people with cancer than for people with heart disease.

Q: Elizabeth Kbler-Ross proposed five stages of dying. Research has indicated that a. the denial stage is the longest of the five stages. b. people experience the reactions described in the stages but not in the order she proposed. c. most people skip the bargaining stage. d. most people do not reach the acceptance stage.

Q: The concept of the "good death" a. includes some control over end-of-life issues. b. includes access to palliative care. c. includes continuing efforts to sustain life through life support. d. both a and b

Q: Those AIDS patients who have better psychological adjustment to their situation a. contacted HIV through injection drug use rather than male-male sexual contact. b. contacted HIV through heterosexual contact rather than male-male sexual contact. c. have avoidance coping styles. d. have active coping styles.

Q: Behaviors that will protect the largest number of people against HIV include a. limiting the number of sex partners and using condoms. b. avoiding giving blood and blood transfusions. c. avoiding drug use and avoiding homosexuals. d. avoiding people who have AIDS.

Q: Most protective measures to prevent transmission of HIV include ways to a. prevent exchange of body fluids. b. isolate the infected people. c. reduce the amount of sexual activity, especially among gay men and lesbians. d. avoid gay men and lesbians.

Q: Heterosexual contact is the leading source of HIV infection in _______. a. the United States b. Africa c. Eastern Europe d. Russia

Q: Which group currently accounts for more than half of HIV transmissions? a. Male-male sexual contact b. Male-female sexual contact c. Injection drug use d. Transmission from mother to baby

Q: Heterosexual sex is more likely to a. spread HIV infection than sharing needles. b. lead to HIV infection in women than in men. c. lead to HIV infection in men than in women. d. spread HIV infection than homosexual sex.

Q: Injection drug use a. is responsible for HIV infection for more women than men. b. is the leading cause of HIV infection worldwide. c. affects African Americans and Hispanic Americans more than European Americans. d. dropped from the leading cause of HIV infection to the least likely mode of infection during the late 1990s.

Q: The largest number of HIV cases in the United States has come through a. male-male sexual contact. b. male-female sexual contact. c. injection drug use. d. blood transfusions.

Q: Some sexual behaviors are more likely to spread HIV infection than other behaviors. Which of the following is the highest risk? a. kissing b. anal intercourse c. vaginal intercourse d. all of these are high-risk behaviors

Q: Which of the following is NOT likely to result in HIV infection? a. sharing eating utensils with someone who is infected b. receiving a blood transfusion from someone who is infected c. having sexual intercourse with someone who is infected d. all of these are high-risk behaviors

Q: Donna has been experiencing night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, fever, loss of appetite, persistent diarrhea, a painful skin rash, and white spots in her mouth. She is currently in a monogamous relationship with her boyfriend whom she has known for six months. As her friend, you should tell her a. that women in monogamous sexual relationships do not contact the HIV virus. b. to get bed rest until her symptoms disappear. c. to get tested for HIV infection. d. that she is probably in the first stage of HIV infection.

Q: HIV usually progresses over a decade or more; the longest phase in its development is characterized by a. a period of latency in which the person experiences few, if any, symptoms. b. symptoms of fever, sore throat, skin rash, and headache. c. a cluster of symptoms, including swollen lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, night sweats, and loss of appetite. d. a CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count of less than 200.

Q: Women now account for about ___ of all HIV cases in the United States. a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 33%

Q: The proportion of new HIV cases in the United States has decreased most for a. Hispanic American women. b. injection drug users. c. African American women. d. gay men.

Q: During the decade from 1995 to 2005, the incidence of HIV infection grew fastest for a. male-male sexual contact. b. male-female sexual contact. c. injection drug use among men. d. injection drug use among women.

Q: Since 1993, death rates from AIDS in the United States have declined due to a. a drop in the incidence of AIDS. b. a shorter survival time of AIDS patients. c. a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual men. d. a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual women.

Q: Of the various types of AIDS, the one most frequently found in the Africa is a. HIV-1. b. HIV-2. c. HIV-3. d. HIV-4.

Q: Death from AIDS is due to a. a direct effect of the deadliness of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). b. the destruction of the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to a variety of infections, any of which can be fatal. c. poor medical care for those infected. d. the tendency of those who are infected to avoid medical care until a critical stage of infection has been reached.

Q: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) a. is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. b. is a mutated form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1900s. c. is an altered form of pneumonia that first appeared in Africa. d. causes the human immunodeficiency virus.

Q: The primary factor in asthma treatment is a. maintaining adherence to medication. b. changing the patient's environment. c. smoking cessation. d. early hospitalization.

Q: Common to both diabetes and asthma are a. triggers. b. problems of adherence. c. insulin injections. d. troubles in breathing.

Q: Triggers for an asthmatic attack are LEAST likely to include a. newspaper ink. b. cigarette smoke. c. dust mites. d. chemical sprays.

Q: Possible risk factors for asthma include a. high levels of physical fitness. b. being European American. c. living in a rural area. d. obesity.

Q: All of the following are risk factors for asthma EXCEPT: a. obesity b. sedentary lifestyle c. living in a developed country d. living in a rural area

Q: Children who grew up exposed to more bacteria and fungi than other children are _________. a. less likely to have asthma b. more likely to have asthma c. more likely to have asthma, but then outgrow it. d. more likely to get asthma when young than old.

Q: Which age group has the highest rates of asthma? a. 5-17 years olds b. 20-30 years olds c. 40-50 years olds d. 60+ year olds

Q: Which ethnic group has the highest rates of asthma? a. European Americans b. African Americans c. Asian Americans d. Hispanic Americans

Q: The hygiene hypothesis holds that asthma is a result of _____ that has become common in modern society. a. cleanliness b. cigarette smoking c. industrial pollution d. dust mites

Q: The ____ model hypothesizes that genetic vulnerability interacts with environmental factors to stimulate asthmatic reactions. a. hardiness b. hierarchy of needs c. diathesis-stress d. allergy

Q: A chronic intermittent disorder that causes constriction of the bronchial tubes, thus preventing air from passing freely is a. asthma. b. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. c. pneumonia. d. influenza.

Q: Psychologists are most likely to help diabetic patients through a. providing educational material. b. regulating their physical activity program. c. improving their adherence to their treatment regimen. d. teaching them how to self-administer insulin.

Q: With regard to the perception of glucose levels, most diabetics a. develop effective strategies that allow them to predict their insulin needs. b. have inaccurate beliefs about blood glucose levels. c. with Type 1 diabetes have more accurate beliefs than those with Type 2 diabetes. d. would prefer to turn their care over to professionals rather than learn self-monitoring.

Q: The lifestyle changes that are necessary to manage diabetes are essentially a problem of a. adherence. b. stress management. c. weight control. d. exercise.

Q: Which of the following statements is best supported by the research evidence? a. The number of stressful life events has a direct and powerful effect on blood glucose regulation. b. Stress management makes a small but significant impact on blood glucose levels. c. Stress management is not useful in the management of diabetes, even though stress affects blood glucose levels in most diabetics. d. No evidence has shown a relationship between stress and blood glucose levels.

Q: Health psychology's involvement with diabetes has included a. understanding how diabetics conceptualize their illness. b. understanding the effects of stress on blood glucose metabolism. c. helping diabetics understand the requirements for managing diabetes. d. all of these.

Q: Amy, a 10-year-old 5th grade student, has been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Which of these added problems would be of LEAST concern? a. losing significant levels of her cognitive functioning b. adopting a regular time eating schedule c. refraining from eating some of her favorite fools d. adopting a regular exercise program

Q: One of the difficulties that children and adolescents face in coping with diabetes is that a. most parents fail to accept their child's disorder. b. they do not have the cognitive sophistication to plan their regimens. c. they may resist adhering to the dietary restrictions and exercise requirements. d. children fear the long-term complications of diabetes.

Q: What health problem is NOT associated with diabetes? a. cardiovascular disease b. blindness c. kidney disease d. gum disease

Q: Which ethnic group has the lowest risk for Type 2 diabetes? a. Asian Americans b. African Americans c. Hispanic Americans d. European Americans

Q: The psychosocial factor most strongly tied to poor diabetes management is: a. social support b. depression c. anxiety d. weight

Q: Interventions aimed at teaching diabetes patients to manage their _______ can also help improve their management of blood sugar levels. a. depression b. stress c. anxiety d. both a and b

Q: The leading cause of death for those with Type 2 diabetes is a. renal failure. b. pancreatic cancer. c. cardiovascular disease. d. renal cell carcinoma.

Q: All of the following may be health complications that stem from Type 2 diabetes EXCEPT: a. damage to the retina b. damage to blood vessels c. damage to kidneys d. damage to short-term memory functioning

Q: _____ diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, representing ____ of all cases of diabetes. a. Type 1; 70-80% b. Type 1; 90-95% c. Type 2; 70-80% d. Type 2; 90-95%

Q: Kyle has had diabetes for the past five years, is overweight, and manages his diabetes by attempting to eat healthier and taking daily medication. Kyle most likely has a. Type 1 Diabetes b. Type 2 Diabetes c. Gestational Diabetes d. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

Q: Anna has had diabetes for over thirty years, is of a healthy weight, and manages her diabetes by regular insulin injections. Anna most likely has a. Type 1 Diabetes b. Type 2 Diabetes c. Gestational Diabetes d. Adult-Onset Diabetes

Q: _____ is the disorder caused by insulin deficiency. a. Pancreatitis b. Appendicitis c. Diabetes Mellitus d. Glucagon

Q: The ______ of the pancreas produce glucagon and insulin. a. islet cells b. mellitus cells c. diabetes cells d. both a and b

Q: Glucagon acts to ____, and insulin acts to _____. a. stimulate the stomach . . . stimulate the pancreas b. increase hunger . . . decrease hunger c. decrease blood sugar levels . . . increase blood sugar level d. stimulate the release of glucose . . . take glucose into cells

Q: Insulin is a. a neurotransmitter. b. a hormone. c. an endogenous opioid. d. an exogenous opioid.

Q: Feelings of loss that Alzheimer's caregivers experience often begin a. with the diagnosis. b. when memory loss becomes apparent. c. when the patient no longer recognizes the caregiver. d. when the patient dies.

Q: Drugs are most often given to Alzheimer's patients a. to delay the progress of cognitive and psychological impairment. b. to reverse cognitive impairment. c. for their placebo effect. d. to prevent wandering.

Q: As Alzheimer's disease progresses to the latter stages, patients are more likely to develop a. anger at others. b. depression. c. incontinence. d. self-anger.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a risk for Alzheimer's disease? a. high educational level b. Type 2 diabetes c. having a head injury d. experiencing prolonged bouts of inflammation during one's life

Q: Henry, an 86-year-old retired farmer has a good memory and cognitive functioning. As he continues to age, a. his memory and cognitive functioning will markedly improve. b. his memory and cognitive functioning will deteriorate rapidly. c. his chances of developing Alzheimer's disease will rise rapidly. d. his chances of developing Alzheimer's disease will be less than those of men in their 70s.

Q: Early-onset Alzheimer's disease seems to be due to a. a genetic defect. b. an accumulation of stressful life events. c. an unusually high number of childhood illnesses. d. an immune deficiency.

Q: What type of sensory stimulation therapy may be most beneficial for Alzheimer's patients? a. Music b. Aromatherapy c. Exposure to sunlight d. Muscle relaxation training

Q: A common psychological problem among Alzheimer's patients is depression, with as many as ______ of patients reporting depressive symptoms. a. 10% b. 20% c. 30% d. 50%

Q: All of the following decreases an individual's risk for Alzheimer's Disease except a. physical activity. b. cognitive activity. c. depression. d. low levels of alcohol consumption.

Q: Which of the following has been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease? a. apolipoprotein ε b. glucagon c. insulin level d. white blood cell count

Q: The largest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is _______. a. genetics b. age c. body weight d. all of the above

Q: Barbara's daughter was recently diagnosed with diabetes. The best course of action her family could take is to a. treat her as someone who is unique because of her diabetes. b. establish a routine that is close to normal. c. tell the other daughters to never fight with their sister. d. both a and b.

Q: Which type of coping strategies tends to produce the best results when dealing with the stresses of chronic illness? a. emotional coping b. avoidant coping c. active coping d. both a and c

Q: ______ functioning is the best predictor of quality of life in individuals who are coping with a chronic illness. a. Physical b. Psychological c. Physiological d. Environmental

Q: ______ appears to matter more than ___________ in determining the quality of life of someone who is coping with a chronic illness. a. Psychological functioning; physical functioning b. Psychological functioning; environmental functioning c. Physical functioning; psychological functioning d. Physical functioning; emotional functioning

Q: Chronic diseases affect children, with _____ of children having some chronic physical health problem. a. 1-5% b. 10-15% c. 25-30% d. 50-60%

Q: Families with a chronically ill child should a. find some positive aspect in their situation. b. devote themselves full-time to their child. c. reinforce the child's illness behaviors. d. realize that the child's chronic illness will soon be cured.

Q: The type of social support that tends to be most helpful to people with chronic illness may be described as a. selective. b. coming from partners rather than family. c. "circumplex." d. "invisible."

Q: Wilford has just received a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes and has agreed to participate in a cognitive behavioral program to help him cope with his diabetes. a. This program will help Wilford develop emotion-focused coping strategies. b. This program will allow Wilford to discontinue his medication. c. This program will help Wilford and his family adapt to the changes he needs to make in his life. d. This type of program will not be as effective in helping Wilford as relaxation or hypnosis.

Q: Russell has prostate cancer. What is MOST likely to be true of Russell? a. His perception of himself will change. b. He will experience few negative emotions. c. His relationship with his family will be unaffected. d. He will develop clinical depression.

Q: In contrast to people with acute illnesses, those with chronic disorders are more likely to a. develop a hopeless attitude toward their condition. b. accept their physician's authority. c. comply with medical advice. d. be aware of their disease.

Q: The diagnosis of a chronic disease may be seen as a crisis or a psychosocial transition, but both views acknowledge that such a diagnosis a. requires adaptation. b. affects families more than individuals. c. is more difficult for women than for men. d. is more difficult for people with diabetes than Alzheimer's disease.

Q: Chronic diseases are more common than acute diseases, but a. fewer people die of chronic diseases. b. people who have a chronic disease try to live as normal a life as possible. c. chronic diseases are more easily cured than acute illnesses. d. people with a chronic disease are more likely to seek medical treatment.

Q: During the past 70 years, the introduction of refrigeration and food additives has been linked most strongly to a. decreases in lung cancer. b. increases in colon cancer. c. increases in stomach cancer. d. decreases in stomach cancer.

Q: Exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases risk for ____ and ____ cancer. a. cervical; breast b. cervical; oral c. breast; oral d. oral; throat

Q: Susan regularly tans using an indoor tanning bad. Compared to other young adults who do not use tanning beds, Susan is at a _____ increased risk for melanoma. a. 25% b. 45% c. 50% d. 75%