Q&A Hero

Q: Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cardiovascular disease-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors. a. 21% b. 33% c. 48% d. 66%

Q: Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cancer-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors. a. 21% b. 33% c. 48% d. 66%

Q: Women who consume ____ drinks per _____ have a moderate to strong risk for breast cancer. a. 1-2; week b. 1-2; day c. 3-5; week d. 3+; day

Q: In moderate amounts, selenium offers protection against ________ cancer(s). a. prostate b. kidney c. colon d. both a and c

Q: Bruce eats a diet high in fiber. High-fiber diets have been shown to be protective for ______ cancer. a. esophagus b. kidney c. endometrium d. colorectal

Q: Mary is obese and her weight increases her risk for all of the following cancers EXCEPT: a. esophagus b. kidney c. endometrium d. colorectal

Q: John eats a lot of meat in his diet, mainly preserved meats, such as ham and bacon. His diet increases his risk of ______ cancer. a. colorectal b. testicular c. lung d. kidney

Q: Nick eats a high-fat diet and this may increase risk for _______ cancer. a. colorectal b. testicular c. lung d. kidney

Q: A high-fat diet that contributes to high cholesterol levels appears to be a risk factor for _____________. a. lung cancer b. breast cancer c. testicular cancer d. colorectal cancer

Q: Studies on the attitudes of smoking in Denmark compared to the United States indicate that _______ may play an important role in how an individual understands his or her perceived risk from smoking. a. acceptability of smoking b. cultural prevalence of smoking c. overall mortality rates d. both a and b

Q: Male cigarette smokers are _______ times more likely to die of lung cancer than men who have never smoked. a. 10.5 b. 23.3 c. 50 d. 67.2

Q: Although the leading cause of lung cancer deaths continues to be smoking, _________ is another important behavioral risk for all other cancers in the United States. a. diet. b. unsafe sex. c. alcohol. d. stressful life events.

Q: Taylor is a 28-year-old stockbroker with a 6-year-old son. She smokes about 30 cigarettes a day and consumes about 5 to 10 alcoholic drinks during a week. Because her mother died of cancer of the esophagus at age 64, Taylor is trying to reduce her risk of cancer. Her best course of action would be to a. change jobs. b. have another child. c. quit smoking. d. stop drinking.

Q: Bettye is a 40-year old X-ray technician who smokes about two packs of cigarettes a day, drinks about two alcoholic beverages a day, and eats a diet low in saturated fats. Her number one risk for cancer death is her a. job. b. smoking. c. diet. d. gender.

Q: The number one preventable cause of death in the United States is a. high serum cholesterol. b. cigarette smoking. c. AIDS. d. accidents.

Q: Women with a mutated form of the BRCA 1 gene are as much as ______ as likely to develop _______ cancer as someone who has the non-mutated form of the gene. a. seven times; lung b. seven times; breast c. twice; breast d. twice; lung

Q: _______ is the leading cause of death among children aged 1-14 years and ______ is the second leading cause of death for that age group. a. Cancer; unintentional injury b. Cancer; cardiovascular disease c. Unintentional injury; cancer d. Cardiovascular disease; cancer

Q: African Americans have greater incidence rates for most cancers compared to other ethnic groups. These ethnic discrepancies in incidence rates are most likely due to a. behavioral factors b. genetic factors c. biological factors d. racial discrimination

Q: ________ risk factors for cancer, include genetics and family history, whereas ______ risk factors include smoking and diet. a. Inherent; behavioral b. Inherent; environmental c. Behavioral; inherent d. Behavioral; environmental

Q: When examining the cancer risk of exposure to radiation, living in a community near a nuclear power plant __________. a. increases risks for all cancers. b. increases risks for mouth, throat, and lung cancer. c. increases risk for all cancers in men. d. does not increase risk for cancers.

Q: Across all cancers, _______ are due to inherited genetic mutations. a. 1-2% b. 5-10% c. 15-20% d. 25-30%

Q: With regard to radiation and cancer, evidence suggests that a. any exposure to radiation greatly increases one's risk for cancer. b. any exposure to radiation slightly increases one's risk for cancer. c. dental and medical personnel who work with X-rays have a significantly greater risk of cancer. d. long-time employment in a nuclear power plant increases cancer death rates.

Q: The BRCA gene is related to breast cancer; a. women with this gene are about 20 times as likely to develop breast cancer as women without this gene. b. women with a mutated form of this gene are vulnerable to breast cancer. c. this gene is responsible for about 50% of breast cancer cases. d. women with this gene will develop breast cancer, and 40% of them will do so before age 35.

Q: Women whose mothers developed breast cancer before age 40, compared with those whose mothers did not have cancer, are a. about two times more likely to develop breast cancer. b. about five to ten times as likely to develop breast cancer. c. no more likely to have breast cancer. d. much less likely to have breast cancer.

Q: Recent evidence suggests that genetic factors play the biggest part in the development of _____ cancer. a. breast b. prostate c. lung d. colorectal

Q: Testicular cancer a. has age-related risks similar to other cancers. b. varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking middle-aged men more often than older men. c. varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking young men more often than older ones. d. has a higher mortality rate than lung or prostate cancer.

Q: Which of these is the strongest inherent risk factor for cancer? a. advancing age b. ethnic background c. gender d. family history

Q: The decline in the breast cancer death rate is due mainly to a. decline in alcohol consumption b. decline in cigarette smoking c. improvements in early detection and treatment d. increases in women using hormone replacement therapy.

Q: All of the following cancers have decreased in recent years EXCEPT: a. liver cancer. b. prostate cancer. c. breast cancer. d. lung cancer.

Q: All of the following cancers have increased in recent years EXCEPT a. liver cancer. b. melanoma. c. colorectal cancer. d. rates for all of these cancers have increased

Q: The factor LEAST likely to explain why people of different ethnic background have different rates of cancer deaths is a. biology. b. knowledge about cancer and its treatment. c. access to medical care. d. level of adherence to health recommendations.

Q: Which of these ethnic groups has the strongest risk for cancer deaths? a. Hispanic Americans b. European Americans c. African Americans d. Asian Americans

Q: During the 1990s, death rates from lung cancer for men a. began to decline. b. increased slightly. c. increased sharply. d. were exceeded by death rates from prostate cancer for the first time since the 19th century.

Q: The second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States is a. lung cancer. b. breast cancer c. stomach cancer. d. colorectal cancer.

Q: In the United States, _____ cancer has the second highest death rate of any cancer. a. lung b. colorectal c. breast d. prostate

Q: In the United States, both prostate cancer and breast cancer a. have the highest incidence and the highest mortality rates. b. have low incidence and low mortality rates. c. have high incidence but relatively lower death rates. d. none of these.

Q: Which cancer has the highest incidence (but not the highest death rate) for women in the United States? a. lung b. breast c. cervical d. colon

Q: In the United States, _________ cancer accounts for about 28% of all cancer deaths but only about 14% of cancer cases. a. lung b. breast c. prostate d. colon/rectal

Q: Since about 1993, cancer death rates in the United States have a. increased for men, but decreased for women. b. decreased slightly. c. increased sharply for women, but remained about the same for men. d. increased sharply for both men and women.

Q: Most cancer deaths in the United States are caused by a. pollution. b. genetic factors. c. diet and smoking. d. the sun.

Q: Which of these best explains the recent drop in cancer death rates in the U.S.? a. better treatment procedures b. better techniques for diagnosing cancer c. changes in lifestyle d. both a and c contributed to the drop.

Q: Since the mid-1990s, cancer deaths in the United States a. remained quite constant. b. rose steadily. c. began to drop. d. leveled off.

Q: From about 1900 until the mid-1990s, cancer death rates in the United States a. rose steadily. b. exceeded death rates from cardiovascular disease. c. dropped steadily. d. remained quite constant.

Q: ________ is a form of cancer that arises from cells in connective tissues, such as bones or muscles. a. Leukemia b. Sarcoma c. Carcinoma d. Lymphoma

Q: Janet was told that her cancer originated in her blood, and therefore she is likely to have a form of _________. a. leukemia b. sarcoma c. carcinoma d. lymphoma

Q: All of the following are types of malignant growths EXCEPT a. carcinoma b. leukemia c. lymphoma d. benign

Q: Metastasis refers to a. the growth rate of benign tumors. b. the spread of malignancy from one part of the body to another. c. a type of breast cancer. d. a particularly deadly form of lung cancer.

Q: The main difference between benign and malignant tumors is a. that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues. b. the ability of benign tumors to metastasize. c. the size of the tumor each produces. d. that benign tumors attack nearly any tissue, whereas malignancies are specific to animal (including human) tissue cells.

Q: Cancer a. is a relatively new disease, first diagnosed during the latter half of the 19th century. b. is a group of diseases marked by the growth and spread of new cells. c. is due to a parasite that attacks new cells. d. is due almost completely to contact with dangerous chemicals.

Q: What can a person do to avoid cancer?

Q: Evaluate the role of eating and drinking in the development of cancer.

Q: What is the contrast between the risk and the perceived risk of smoking for the development of lung cancer?

Q: Compare the cancer risks for smoking, diet, alcohol consumption, exercise, sun tanning, and sexual behavior.

Q: Evaluate the trends in cancer deaths over the past 100 years in the United States.

Q: Differentiate malignant from nonmalignant growths.

Q: Psychological interventions have been shown to improve short-term emotional adjustment to cancer diagnoses but the evidence of psychological interventions prolonging the life span of people with cancer is less clear.

Q: The incidence of skin cancer is higher among African Americans than among European Americans.

Q: Alcohol may protect against cardiovascular disease, but it contributes to the development of cancer.

Q: Cigarette smoking is only a risk factor for lung cancer, but does not increase the risk for cancers located elsewhere, such as the larynx or bladder.

Q: Cigarette smoking is the only form of tobacco that increases risk for cancer.

Q: More than half of cancer deaths in the United States are attributable to diet and smoking.

Q: In the United States, most cancers are due to industrial pollution and second-hand smoke.

Q: During the past 65 years, death rates from stomach cancer have dropped dramatically.

Q: During the first six years of the 21st century, cancer death rates in the United States have exceeded death rates from cardiovascular disease.

Q: Individuals are developing cancer at the same rates as they did decades ago, but improved healthcare prolongs the life of cancer patients, which accounts for the decrease in cancer-related deaths in the past decade.

Q: Malignant tumors tend to remain localized, whereas benign tumors tend to spread.

Q: Among men in the United States, prostate cancer has the highest death rate but not the highest incidence.

Q: Among women in the United States, breast cancer has the highest death rate but not the highest incidence.

Q: In the United States, lung cancer accounts for the highest percent of all cancer deaths for both women and men.

Q: Currently, cancer death rates in the United States are rising.

Q: Thus far, research evidence suggests that psychological interventions _________. a. prolong the life of those with cancer b. improve short term emotional support c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

Q: Women with greater ___________ show slower cancer progression than women with less. a. emotional support b. structural social support c. problem-focused support d. invisible support

Q: _____ is related to adjusting well to a diagnosis of cancer, but not necessarily survival of cancer. a. Optimism b. Social support c. Hardiness d. Physical Energy

Q: Research indicates that psychotherapy can help cancer patients a. make a good adjustment to their disease and extend their lives. b. reduce the distress of cancer and treatment but not extend their lives. c. accept their disease and become optimistic. d. attain a better level of integration of family and health care personnel.

Q: Psychologists' involvement in cancer has centered mostly on a. diagnosis and cure. b. diagnosis and prevention. c. neoplastic research and prevention. d. prevention and helping patients to cope with their illness.

Q: Leo has been diagnosed with prostate cancer. Leo is LEAST likely to experience high levels of stress if a. he is unmarried. b. his wife makes a "big show" of her concern. c. his wife demonstrates an obvious high level of social support. d. his wife provides social support, but Leo does not notice her efforts.

Q: Elsa has recently experienced fatigue, weight change, hair loss, nausea, loss of sexual interest, sleep problems, and loss of appetite after her treatment for cancer. These symptoms are most likely to follow a. chemotherapy. b. surgery. c. hormonal treatment. d. immunotherapy.

Q: Research indicates that a diagnosis of cancer often a. results in feelings of fear and anger. b. leads to suicide in about 25% of patients. c. leads to significant psychosocial problems in about 60% of patients. d. leads to clinical depression in more than 50% of patients.

Q: Which of these cancer treatments has serious and painful side effects? a. radiation b. surgery c. chemotherapy d. all of these

Q: When cancerous growth has not yet metastasized, ____ is most likely to be recommended. a. surgery b. hormonal therapy c. immunotherapy d. chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy