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Q:
Which is a risk factor for cancer of the cervix?
a. having a first child later in life
b. large number of sex partners
c. use of diaphragms and condoms
d. high educational level
Q:
Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that occurs most frequently in the United States as a result of
a. ultraviolet light.
b. HIV infection.
c. suppression of emotion.
d. Type A behavior pattern.
Q:
In the United States,
a. most people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma do not have AIDS.
b. most people with Kaposi's sarcoma do not have AIDS.
c. most people with rectal cancer have AIDS.
d. most people with colon cancer have AIDS.
Q:
HIV infection is associated with increases in
a. lung cancer.
b. Kaposi's sarcoma.
c. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
d. both Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Q:
Skin cancer is more common among
a. dark-skinned people.
b. light-skinned people.
c. light-skinned people who avoid the sun.
d. people who live in Europe compared with people who live in the United States.
Q:
Kristy is a 21-year-old college student who is concerned about breast cancer because both her mother and grandmother developed the disease before the age of 55. Current evidence shows that Kristy can reduce her chances of breast cancer by
a. continuing as a nondrinker.
b. continuing as a nonsmoker.
c. beginning and maintaining a regular physical activity program.
d. doing all of these.
Q:
Physical activity is most likely to protect women against breast cancer if
a. they begin a physical activity program early in their lives and maintain physical activity.
b. they postpone physical activity until after menopause.
c. they begin a physical activity program early in life and then stop or greatly reduce exercise after menopause.
d. they are married and have at least one child.
Q:
Physical activity seems to offer some protection against
a. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
b. colon cancer.
c. bone cancer.
d. lung cancer.
Q:
Current evidence for a link between alcohol consumption and breast cancer is
a. convincing, with studies showing that higher consumption creates higher risk.
b. strong, with all studies showing a causal relationship.
c. weak, with most studies showing no link.
d. nonexistent, because no studies have yet investigated this link.
Q:
As a risk factor for cancer, alcohol has
a. approximately the same risk as cigarette smoking.
b. approximately the same risk as improper diet.
c. a synergistic effect with smoking.
d. a synergistic effect with ultraviolet light.
Q:
Josh is a 22-year-old nonsmoking college senior who wants to reduce his risk for lung cancer. His best course of action would be to
a. take large doses of vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin A supplements.
b. take moderate doses of a variety of supplements.
c. adopt a life-long diet that contains high levels of fruits and vegetables.
d. avoid high levels of dietary vitamin C.
Q:
One reason that consuming red meat may raise the risk for cancer is
a. the methods of preparation, such as grilling and smoking, provide risks.
b. the high protein content is a risk.
c. the high carbohydrate content of the meat is a risk.
d. meat is more likely to be contaminated that grains, nuts, or vegetables.
Q:
Lee Ann believes that diet is an important factor in cancer. She wants to eat a diet that will protect her. Current research indicates that
a. Lee Ann should concentrate on eating a high-protein diet.
b. Lee Ann should take vitamin supplements.
c. Lee Ann should eat "natural" foods with no preservatives.
d. Lee Ann should eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.
Q:
Among the following, which of these factors carries the lowest risk factor for cancer?
a. several family members developed cancer before age 50
b. a diet high in vegetables
c. being African American
d. having multiple sex partners
Q:
Currently, the evidence that some diets can prevent cancer is
a. difficult to establish through randomized, controlled trials.
b. stronger for taking dietary supplements than for consuming specific foods.
c. about as strong as the evidence that smoking is related to cancer.
d. nonexistent.
Q:
Some evidence indicates that being ___________ is positively related to colon and rectal cancer.
a. overweight
b. female
c. male
d. European American
Q:
What is the role of health psychology in cardiac rehabilitation?
Q:
What behaviors can alter the risk for cardiovascular disease?
Q:
Evaluate the Type A behavior pattern, including its success and shortcomings in predicting coronary heart disease.
Q:
Discuss the behavioral contributions to the physiological conditions of hypertension and serum cholesterol and how these physiological conditions relate to the development of cardiovascular disease.
Q:
Discuss the relationship between changes in lifestyle and decline in cardiovascular disease in the United States and other industrialized nations.
Q:
Modifying behavioral risk factors does not significantly reduce one's chance of having a myocardial infarction.
Q:
Inherent risk factors can easily be modified through diet and exercise.
Q:
Heart disease and stroke are only a leading cause of death in industrialized countries, but not a concern in developing and underdeveloped countries.
Q:
People who follow a cardiac rehabilitation program substantially lower their risk for a second heart attack.
Q:
Twice as many men as women die of cardiovascular disease.
Q:
Presently, deaths from cardiovascular disease in the United States are increasing.
Q:
Arteriosclerosis is when the arteries have "hardened" and atherosclerosis is the formation of plaques.
Q:
Hypertension is a predictor of heart attack but not stroke.
Q:
The medical term for heart attack is myocardial infarction.
Q:
Restriction of blood flow to the heart is called ischemia.
Q:
Loss of elasticity of the arteries is called atherosclerosis.
Q:
Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart.
Q:
The term cardiovascular disease includes stroke.
Q:
If you wish to lower your risk for cardiovascular disease, the BEST course of action would be to
a. ignore inherent risks because you can't change them anyway.
b. concentrate mostly on inherent risks because you may be able to change them with effort.
c. stop drinking alcohol.
d. carefully monitor your blood pressure and take measures to lower it if it is at the prehypertension level or higher.
Q:
Dean Ornish believes that the dietary recommendations of the American Heart Association
a. may be sufficient to prevent coronary artery disease.
b. are not sufficient to reverse coronary artery disease.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
Q:
When Dean Ornish placed cardiac patients on a diet that allowed only 10% of calories from fat, he found
a. a higher mortality rate among those participants than among a control group.
b. lower mortality rates for the experimental group, but no regression in coronary artery plaque.
c. that most patients in the experimental group reduced the amount of plaque in their coronary arteries.
d. drugs were more effective than diet in reducing coronary artery plaque.
Q:
Dean Ornish and his colleagues have found that coronary artery damage
a. can be reversed by following the American Heart Association's guidelines that no more than 30% of calories come from fat.
b. can be reversed by following a diet with considerably less fat than that recommended by the American Heart Association.
c. can be reversed by cognitive-behavioral group therapy.
d. cannot be reversed by any known treatment.
Q:
Which of these strategies would NOT ordinarily be recommended to heart patients?
a. resumption of sexual activities
b. high protein diet
c. physical activity
d. reduction of calories from fat
Q:
In comparison with heart attack patients who do not participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program, those who do
a. have lower death rates from cardiovascular disease.
b. have an increased rate of nonfatal heart attacks.
c. have an increased rate of fatal heart attacks.
d. tend to have lower death rates from heart disease but higher death rates from stroke.
Q:
Cardiac patients experience a number of psychological problems following heart surgery. The most common of these are
a. paranoia and delusions.
b. anxiety and depression.
c. anxiety and decreased self-esteem.
d. anger and sleep disturbances.
Q:
All of the following factors predict development of cardiovascular disease and also failure to adhere to rehabilitation after a cardiac event EXCEPT:
a. being depressed
b. being a smoker
c. being overweight
d. being anxious
Q:
Treating depression among cardiac patients is important, but difficult. A recent cognitive behavioral intervention showed improvements in survival among
a. African American men and women only.
b. European American men only.
c. European American men and women only.
d. all ethnic groups.
Q:
The role of the health psychologist in cardiac rehabilitation is MOST likely to include
a. assisting in surgery.
b. implementing the exercise component of the program.
c. helping patients make and sustain lifestyle changes to lower risk.
d. designing and implementing dietary changes.
Q:
For people who are obese and hypertensive,
a. weight loss is more important than lowering their blood pressure.
b. losing weight is likely to raise their blood pressure.
c. losing weight is likely to lower their blood pressure.
d. drastic weight loss is likely to be dangerous.
Q:
Reducing hypertension is difficult because
a. hypertension has no visible symptoms.
b. no drugs have yet proven effective in lowering blood pressure.
c. most cardiologists do not consider hypertension as a risk factor for heart disease.
d. high cholesterol is a powerful side-effect of reductions in blood pressure.
Q:
Brady is a 22-year old college student who smokes, eats high-fat foods, and doesn't exercise. Brady knows that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, yet he views his chances of dying of heart disease as near zero. Weinstein would call Brady's attitude
a. blind faith.
b. unconscious denial.
c. optimistic bias.
d. a rationalization.
Q:
Research has indicated that the _____ of anger is positively related to cardiac reactivity.
a. experience
b. nonexistence
c. expression
d. awareness
Q:
Grace owns a large manufacturing firm. She is competitive, nearly always angry, and constantly in a hurry to get things done. Grace's greatest risk for heart disease is
a. her anger.
b. the great number of decisions she has to make.
c. her sense of time urgency.
d. her competitiveness.
Q:
Recent research concerning the Type A behavior pattern has indicated that one of the behaviors of the pattern may be more critical than the others as a predictor of heart disease. This behavior pattern is marked by
a. impatience.
b. hostility.
c. time urgency.
d. greediness.
Q:
Which of these is NOT part of the original Type A behavior pattern?
a. a sense of time urgency
b. a job requiring constant decision making
c. hostility
d. a high level of competitiveness
Q:
Research most strongly suggests that anxiety and depression are
a. negatively related to the development of heart disease.
b. positively related to the development of heart disease.
c. positively related to the development of heart disease but negatively related to its progression.
d. unrelated to the development of heart disease.
Q:
You are MOST at risk for heart disease if you
a. are a woman.
b. are an unmarried man.
c. eat lots of fruits and vegetables.
d. never or seldom become angry.
Q:
Individuals with few people in their social networks
a. are more than twice as likely to die of coronary artery disease than those with larger social networks.
b. are about half as likely to die of coronary artery disease as those with larger social networks.
c. are at higher risk for heart disease if they are married.
d. are not at elevated risk for heart disease unless they also score high on loneliness.
Q:
Marriage seems to offer some people some protection against heart disease. The best explanation for this protection is that marriage is related to ______, which in turn relates to _____.
a. income level . . . gender
b. gender . . . hypertension
c. social support . . . seeking health care
d. diet . . . cigarette smoking
Q:
In general, which of these groups of people have the highest risk for cardiovascular disease?
a. married men
b. single, divorced, or widowed men
c. single women
d. single, divorced, or widowed women
Q:
High social rank and status
a. are risks for heart disease.
b. are risks for all-cause mortality.
c. offer protection against cardiovascular disease.
d. are related to educational level but not to health.
Q:
People with low levels of education have high rates of death from cardiovascular disease. The most valid explanation for this observation is that
a. low educational levels cause CVD.
b. high educational levels protect against CVD.
c. educational level is related to hypertension, obesity, and access to the health care system.
d. educational level is related to gender, which is related to amount of smoking, which is related to CVD.
Q:
The advantages of physical activity to protect against heart disease
a. appear in middle-aged individuals but not young adults.
b. appear in older adults but not middle-aged or young adults.
c. appear in young adults, but the benefits decrease over the lifespan.
d. appear during childhood and persist over the lifespan.
Q:
Flavonoids may protect against CVD, and one food very rich in flavonoids is
a. dark chocolate.
b. milk chocolate.
c. chocolate milk.
d. any of these, which have about the same flavonoid content.
Q:
A diet high in ___________ offers protection against cardiovascular disease.
a. monosaturated fats
b. fruits, vegetables, and fish
c. high-fiber cereals and grains
d. high-oxidant foods
Q:
An analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption in countries around the world indicated that
a. higher consumption of these foods could decrease heart disease by over 30%.
b. people in developing countries eat more fruits and vegetables than is optimal for good health.
c. wealthy people in industrialized countries eat an adequate amount of these foods, but poor people in industrialized countries do not.
d. both b and c
Q:
With regard to obesity and heart disease, it can be stated that
a. obesity is causally related to heart disease.
b. obesity is an independent risk factor in heart disease.
c. obesity is related to hypertension, which is related to heart disease.
d. obesity is unrelated to heart disease.
Q:
Cigarette smoking is the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in the United States. However,
a. cigar and pipe smoking are unrelated to cardiovascular deaths.
b. the increase in men's smoking habits would predict an even greater risk of cardiovascular deaths in the future.
c. declining rates of smoking have led to decreases in cardiovascular death due to cigarette smoking.
d. diet remains the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in other parts of the world.
Q:
Taking anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin lowers the risk for CVD because
a. anti-inflammatory drugs make the blood more acidic, which dissolves blood clots.
b. anti-inflammatory drugs lower blood pressure, which is an important risk factor.
c. anti-inflammatory drugs lower cholesterol, which is an important risk factor.
d. anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation, which is a risk for CVD.
Q:
Glucose metabolism problems are a risk factor for CVD
a. even if the problems are not sufficiently severe to quality as diabetes.
b. only in overweight people.
c. if the problem results in the overproduction of insulin.
d. only in people who have high cholesterol.
Q:
When health care researchers refer to problems in glucose metabolism, they are describing
a. either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes
b. one component of the metabolic syndrome.
c. a combination of elevated blood pressure and elevated cholesterol.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Which combination yields the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease?
a. moderate total levels of cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of more than 6 to 1
b. moderate total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of total cholesterol to LDL
c. low levels of total cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of less than 4.5 to 1
d. low total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of LDL to total cholesterol
Q:
With regard to serum cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease among middle-aged people, research suggests that
a. cholesterol level may not be a risk factor.
b. the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL may be more important than total cholesterol.
c. low-density lipoprotein may protect against heart disease.
d. a high ratio of total cholesterol to HDL is desirable.
Q:
According to the Framingham study, not all cholesterol is equally implicated as a cardiovascular risk. _______ was found to offer some protection against heart attack, but ______ was positively related to cardiovascular disease.
a. Total cholesterol level . . . omega-3 fatty acid
b. Lipoproteins . . . cholesterol
c. Low-density lipoprotein . . . high-density lipoprotein
d. High-density lipoprotein . . . low-density lipoprotein
Q:
Other than advancing age, ______ is the single most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
a. gender
b. hypertension
c. high cholesterol
d. ethnic background
Q:
Carrie and her boyfriend argued last night and this argument led to the end of their relationship. A week later, Carrie is thinking about the argument and is replaying everything she said over and over again. This type of self-focus is called
a. expressed anger.
b. reactivity.
c. depression.
d. rumination.
Q:
________ may be related to higher rates of hypertension among African Americans.
a. Obesity
b. Cardiac reactivity
c. Hostility
d. Suppressed anger
Q:
Anger is a(n) ________ accompanied by physiological arousal, whereas hostility is a negative ______ toward others.
a. attitude; emotion
b. attitude; reaction
c. reaction; emotion
d. emotion; attitude
Q:
The component of Type A personality that is most associated with risk for cardiovascular disease is
a. competitiveness.
b. a sense of urgency.
c. hostility.
d. competitiveness, a sense of urgency, and hostility.
Q:
Of the following individuals, who is the least at risk for cardiovascular disease?
a. Betty, a 50-year old widow who lives by herself
b. Anna, a 50-year old married woman who has many friends
c. Pete, a 50-year old married man who has many friends
d. Frank, a 50-year old unmarried man who lives by himself
Q:
_______ is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and, in the elderly, is associated with the occurrence of a second, fatal heart attack.
a. Loneliness
b. Anxiety
c. Gum disease
d. Reactivity
Q:
Research indicates that the effects of socioeconomic background on cardiovascular disease __________.
a. begins in early adulthood
b. begins in early adolescence
c. begins in late adulthood
d. are set from the time a person is born.
Q:
Individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds are at a(n) ______ risk for cardiovascular disease and this finding can be explained by ______________.
a. decreased; modifiable lifestyle factors
b. decreased; psychological factors
c. increased; modifiable lifestyle factors
d. increased; psychological factors
Q:
Kelly currently eats a diet that consists mainly of red meat, junk food, and soda. To lower her risk of heart disease, she should:
a. maintain the same diet but also increase intake of carbohydrates
b. maintain the same diet but also increase intake of fruits and veggies
c. reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase intake of fruits and veggies
d. reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase intake of carbohydrates