Q&A Hero

Q: Extra weight carried around which body part is related to an increase risk for heart attack? a. the hips b. the abdomen c. the chest d. the thighs

Q: People who currently smoke are _________to suffer a heart attack that people who have never smoked. a. three times as likely b. just as likely c. ten times as likely d. twice as likely

Q: All of the following are behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT: a. smoking b. diet c. physical activity levels d. educational level

Q: Factors that contribute to inflammation, such as _______ and depression, may also increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. a. anxiety b. insomnia c. stress d. diabetes

Q: Overall, women have a higher level of ______, which may help explain the gender gap in heart disease. a. total cholesterol levels b. HDL levels c. LDL levels d. the balance of total cholesterol to HDL

Q: Currently, most authorities believe that __________ is the most critical element in linking cholesterol to cardiovascular disease. a. a balance of total cholesterol to HDL b. a balance of LDL to HDL levels c. total HDL level d. total LDL level

Q: All of the following are physiological risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT: a. cholesterol b. hypertension c. inflammation d. physical activity levels

Q: Which ethnic group has the highest risk for cardiovascular death? a. Native Americans b. Hispanic Americans c. African Americans d. Asian Americans

Q: Differences in hormones may help explain some of the differing rates of cardiovascular disease in men and women; ______ are responsible for much of the gender gap in heart disease. a. behavioral factors b. physiological factors c. psychological factors d. both b and c

Q: The strongest physiological risk factor for cardiovascular disease is a. lack of social support. b. hypertension. c. obesity. d. smoking.

Q: African Americans experience _____, which tends to increase blood pressure. a. a diet higher in salt than European Americans b. a diet lower in fat and higher in fiber c. larger and more cohesive families d. discrimination based on skin color

Q: Compared with European Americans, African Americans a. have higher rates of hypertension and higher rates of cardiovascular mortality. b. have lower rates of hypertension but higher rates of cardiovascular mortality. c. lower rates of hypertension and lower rates of cardiovascular mortality. d. lower rates of cardiovascular reactivity.

Q: In general, men and women have a similar death rate from cardiovascular disease, but there is a discrepancy, with men ___________ having a significantly higher risk. a. below age 20 b. during middle age c. over 75 d. who are married

Q: Judith has Type 1 diabetes, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Judith a. can do nothing to protect herself against cardiovascular disease. b. has a behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular disease and can engage in certain behaviors to eliminate her risk. c. cannot eliminate her risk for cardiovascular disease, but she can learn to manage her disorder and thus lower her risks. d. has a physiological risk for cardiovascular disease and can learn to reduce her risk to that of a person with no risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Q: Bill Clinton, whose story introduced this chapter, had some family history of heart disease and had eaten a high-fat diet for many years of his life. Which of his risks would be an inherent cardiovascular risk factor for the former President? a. his high-stress job as President b. his gender c. his history of being overweight d. his diet

Q: If a diet high in salt-cured foods is an established risk factor for hypertension, then a. this type of diet is negatively correlated with hypertension. b. this type of diet is a predictor of hypertension. c. salty foods are a definitive cause of hypertension. d. salt restriction may or may not be advised for those who are at risk for developing hypertension.

Q: The 1964 Surgeon General's report on the dangers of smoking was one of the studies that led to widespread lifestyle changes and lowering of cardiovascular disease rates. The other influential study was a. the 1965 Surgeon General's report. b. the Alameda County Study. c. the Framingham Heart Study. d. the Chattanooga Cardiovascular Prevention Trial.

Q: Beginning in the early 1990s, death rates from cardiovascular disease a. have been quite consistent throughout all the nations of the world. b. dropped faster in Eastern Europe than in the United States. c. have been higher for Russian women than for Russian men. d. increased drastically in Russia and other former Soviet Union countries.

Q: The decline in deaths from cardiovascular disease during the last four decades of the 20th century was due to a. better dietary practices. b. reduction in cigarette smoking. c. improvements in medical care. d. all of these.

Q: Since 1960, death rates from cardiovascular disease have a. increased gradually. b. increased sharply. c. decreased dramatically. d. remained about the same.

Q: Including both heart disease and stroke, a little over _____ % of deaths in the U.S. are due to cardiovascular disease. a. 20 b. 30 c. 70 d. 85

Q: The single best predictor for heart attack and stroke is a. obesity. b. hypertension. c. high cholesterol. d. lack of exercise.

Q: For an adult, blood pressure of 190/130 would be a. normal. b. prehypertension. c. Stage 1 hypertension. d. Stage 2 hypertension.

Q: Darlene's current blood pressure is 149 over 95. This means that Darlene has a. low blood pressure. b. prehypertension. c. Stage 1 hypertension. d. Stage 2 hypertension.

Q: Stroke is the result of deprivation of oxygen to the ______, and a similar restriction to the ______ causes heart attack. a. brain . . . myocardium b. cerebrum . . . cerebral arteries c. heart . . . lungs d. central nervous system . . . peripheral nervous system

Q: A disorder characterized by a restriction of oxygen to the heart, a sensation of crushing pain, and a difficulty in breathing but no loss of consciousness or damage to myocardium is a. stroke. b. arrhythmia. c. heart attack. d. angina pectoris.

Q: In younger individuals, _____ pressure is most strongly related to cardiovascular risk, but in older individuals _______ pressure is more indicative of cardiovascular risk. a. diastolic, systolic b. diastolic, presystolic c. systolic, diastolic d. presystolic, diastolic

Q: Approximately ________ of Americans have hypertension. a. one-third b. one-fourth c. one-half d. two-thirds

Q: Millions of Americans have abnormally high blood pressure, or __________. a. hypertension b. angina pectoris c. a stroke d. a myocardial infarction

Q: For blood pressure, _______ pressure represents pressure generated by the heart's contractions and _______, pressure represents pressure experienced between contractions. a. diastolic, systolic b. diastolic, presystolic c. systolic, diastolic d. presystolic, diastolic

Q: The third most frequent cause of death is _______, which is the result of oxygen deprivation to the brain. a. hypertension b. angina pectoris c. a stroke d. a myocardial infarction

Q: Beth had difficulty breathing and a crushing pain in her chest. However, it only lasted a few seconds. Beth likely was experiencing symptoms for a. hypertension b. angina pectoris c. a stroke d. a myocardial infarction

Q: Bob is experiencing dizziness, nausea, a squeezing pain in his chest, and cold sweating. He is likely experiencing symptoms for a. hypertension b. angina pectoris c. a stroke d. a myocardial infarction

Q: What is the term that refers to any damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply? a. coronary heart disease b. coronary artery disease c. stroke d. hypertension

Q: Mike's doctor tells him that his arteries have hardened. The more technical term for this would be a. atherosclerosis b. arteriosclerosis c. myocardium d. cardiac attack

Q: ______ carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body, whereas ______ moves deoxygenated blood toward the heart. a. Veins; arteries b. Arteries; capillaries c. Arteries; veins d. Veins; arterioles

Q: What is the system that consists of the heart, arteries, and veins? a. Musculoskeletal b. Cardiovascular c. Endocrine d. Immune

Q: Myocardial infarctions a. are commonly known as heart attacks. b. are seldom life threatening, but serve as a signal of possible heart disease. c. result from loss of oxygen to the brain. d. none of these.

Q: Coronary artery disease differs from coronary heart disease a. in terms of severitycoronary artery disease is more severe than coronary heart disease. b. in terms of the location of the damagecoronary artery disease refers to plaque in the arteries, whereas coronary heart disease involves damage to the myocardium. c. in terms of the number of people affectedmany more people have coronary heart disease than coronary artery disease. d. in no identifiable way.

Q: Atherosclerosis may affect blood supply in any part of the body, but it is most dangerous when it affects a. veins in the extremities. b. arteries in the extremities. c. any veins. d. coronary arteries.

Q: Restriction of blood flow is called a. arteriosclerosis. b. ischemia. c. arrhythmia. d. an embolism.

Q: A more technical name for "hardening of the arteries" is a. angina pectoris. b. atherosclerosis. c. arteriosclerosis. d. ischemia.

Q: The disorder that includes the formation of plaque in the arteries is a. angina pectoris. b. atheromatous fatigue. c. atherosclerosis. d. arteriosclerosis.

Q: Coronary arteries a. carry blood from the heart to the remainder of the body. b. carry blood from the body's extremities to the heart. c. furnish blood to the heart. d. furnish blood to the brain.

Q: The circulation of blood permits a. the transportation of oxygen to body cells. b. the removal of carbon dioxide from cells. c. both a and b. d. neither a nor b.

Q: The commonality among all the systems, practices, and products that are considered alternative is a. that they are ineffective except for the placebo response. b. their derivation from Chinese medicine. c. that they are not accepted within conventional medicine. d. their higher degree of effectiveness compared to conventional techniques.

Q: Alternative medicine is an alternative to what? a. complementary medicine b. conventional medicine c. Chinese medicine d. Western medicine

Q: The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine a. sponsors research on complementary and alternative medicine. b. promotes the use of complementary and alternative medicine through lobbying efforts. c. evaluates the safety of products and devices. d. reviews treatment programs for the National Institutes of Health on complementary and alternative practices.

Q: What are the advantages of integrative medicine? What are the barriers?

Q: Discuss the effectiveness of alternative treatments.

Q: Analyze who uses alternative treatments.

Q: What are the differences and similarities among the mindbody approaches of meditation, biofeedback, and hypnotic treatment?

Q: What alternative procedures and products are most commonly used?

Q: Discuss the similarities and differences among the alternative medical systems.

Q: Integrative medicine represents an attempt to integrate alternative with conventional medicine to improve health care.

Q: The movement-based approaches of qi gong and tai chi are dangerous for older people with arthritis.

Q: Most adults who use CAM employ it as an alternative medicine, rather than complementary.

Q: Recent immigrants are more likely to use CAMs than immigrants who have been in the US for years.

Q: Biofeedback and hypnosis can be traced to the alternative medical system of naturopathy.

Q: Following a diet to lose weight (such as the Atkins, Zone, or Ornish plans) or to improve health (such as vegetarian or macrobiotic diet) are among the most popular alternative approaches.

Q: Chiropractors only use their hands to manipulate the spine.

Q: The founder of chiropractic treatment believed that manipulation of spine would help prevent future illness, as well as cure current illness.

Q: Manipulation techniques include massage and chiropractic treatment.

Q: The notion of a vital energy that brings mind and body together is unique to traditional Chinese medicine.

Q: Whether procedures or practices are considered alternative medicine depends solely on cultural context.

Q: Homeopathic remedies are created through potentization.

Q: Traditional Chinese medicine hypothesizes that qi is a force that is essential to health and that acupuncture and qi gong improve health by affecting qi.

Q: More people use complementary than alternative medicine.

Q: Alternative treatments always remain on the fringe of treatment and never make the transition to conventional medicine.

Q: Engaging in the practice of _______ has been helpful in reducing fears of falling and improving balance in older adults. a. tai chi b. Reiki c. yoga d. biofeedback

Q: ________ has been shown to be effective in treating insomnia. a. Hypnosis b. Biofeedback c. Yoga d. Acupuncture

Q: _____ has been found to be effective in controlling nausea and vomiting associated with postoperative symptoms. a. Acupuncture b. Accupressure c. Hypnosis d. Biofeedback

Q: _______ was shown to decrease hostility in prisoners. a. Reiki b. Yoga c. Hypnosis d. Mindfulness meditation

Q: ______ has been suggested to help control some of the risks of Type 2 diabetes. a. Yoga b. Hypnosis c. Qi gong d. Tai Chi

Q: _____ has been found to be effective in controlling nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy in children. a. Acupuncture b. Accupressure c. Hypnosis d. Biofeedback

Q: All of the following techniques or supplements have been shown to reduce depression EXCEPT: a. acupuncture b. yoga c. Saint John's Wort d. qi gong

Q: Yoga has been used successfully to help ________ in those who did not experience a complete response to traditional medicine. a. decrease anxiety b. decrease depression c. decrease weight d. all of the above

Q: Research has confirmed that mindfulness meditation is helpful in reducing people's __________. a. anxiety b. stress-related problems c. depression d. all of the above

Q: Integrative medicine a. attempts to integrate the use of medication and surgery to manage pain. b. attempts to integrate conventional and alternative medicine to improve treatment success. c. attempts to decrease the inequalities of health care treatment to ethnic minorities in the United States by establishing a series of facilities that treat people from all ethnic groups. d. has been discussed but not attempted.

Q: People may be limited in their access to CAM through a. the costs of the treatments, which are often not covered by insurance. b. their physicians, who often discontinue conventional treatments for those who use CAM. c. their families' reactions to their treatment choice. d. none of these