Q&A Hero

Q: A sharp rise in the rates of hunger and malnutrition, usually set off by a shock to either the supply of, or demand for, food and a sudden spike in food prices is called a a. food crisis. b. famine. c. food inflation. d. food imbalance. e. cost imbalance.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of common agricultural practices in the developed world? a. They promote protection of soil and water. b. They frequently lead to higher crop prices. c. They are designed to benefit mostly small family farms. d. They tend to support the use of pesticides and fertilizers. e. They emphasize "green" practices.

Q: Which of the following is among the ingredients of a common oral rehydration formula? a. Iron b. Sugar c. Milk d. Zinc e. Powdered peanuts

Q: The famine in Somalia has left ____ children under the age of 5 dead. a. 10,000 b. 20,000 c. 30,000 d. 40,000 e. 50,000

Q: What percentage of the world’s children under the age of 5 have low weight for their height? a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 25

Q: What percentage of the world€s children under the age of 5 have short stature for their age? a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 25

Q: What is RUTF? a. An advanced stage of kwashiorkor b. An advanced stage of protein-energy malnutrition c. A paste of peanut butter and powdered milk plus micronutrients d. A sustainable agricultural practice that integrates farm-raised animals with aquaculture e. A fluid used to restore electrolytes in children with diarrhea

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of marasmus in children? a. It leads to inability to maintain body temperature. b. It promotes hyperactivity and excessive crying for food. c. It impairs brain development mainly from ages 2-5 years old. d. It leads to severe edema of the abdomen but insufficient water retention by the brain. e. It is rare even in very impoverished nations due to UN programs combating hunger.

Q: What type of diet is advised to rehabilitate a severely malnourished child? a. RUTF b. Large amounts of the local diet c. Liberal quantities of lactose-free powdered milk until growth rate is restored d. High energy until normal body mass index is achieved, then moderate energy thereafter e. BRAT

Q: Which of the following is true of RUTF? a. It restores fluids. b. It is powdered and must be rehydrated for use. c. It is administered IV. d. It is a paste made from local commodities. e. Children dislike the taste and often must be forced to eat it.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of kwashiorkor? a. It makes the child appear grossly dehydrated. b. It usually occurs prior to the onset of marasmus. c. It is usually found in communities where marasmus is present. d. Children typically have a grossly swollen belly. e. Children have a "skin and bones" appearance.

Q: What is the most likely explanation for the fatty liver that develops from protein deficiency? a. Increased uptake of circulating fats b. Increased absorption of dietary fats c. Inability of adipose tissue to remove circulating fats d. Inability of the liver to synthesize lipoproteins for fat export e. Paradoxical storage of fats

Q: In kwashiorkor, what mineral is often present in an unbound form that promotes bacterial growth? a. Iron b. Iodine c. Arsenic d. Calcium e. Sodium

Q: In kwashiorkor, the loss of hair color is indirectly related to a. lack of tyrosine. b. elevated levels of blood homocysteine. c. excessive exposure to the sun’s UV rays. d. being nursed by a poorly-nourished mother. e. increased blood lead levels.

Q: The word "marasmus"means a. terribly thin. b. without muscle. c. dying away. d. empty stomach. e. lacking food.

Q: What term describes the malnutrition syndrome a child develops when the next child is born and the first child no longer receives breast milk? a. Marasmus b. Kwashiorkor c. Psychomalnutrition d. Postbirth malnutrition e. Sibling-associated anorexia

Q: At the end of your class presentation on "Acute Malnutrition", a student asks you to clarify how the rapid onset of malnutrition occurs in kwashiorkor. How should you respond? a. It is the result of an inborn error of metabolism. b. It is usually synchronized with the drought season in each respective country. c. It is typically seen in patients who are 2-5 years old due to the sudden change in diet arising from their dislike for breast milk as they grow older. d. It is typically seen in patients after weaning due to the sudden change in diet arising from their being weaned from breast milk after the birth of a sibling. e. It occurs when the family's finances are no longer able to afford food for all family members.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of malnutrition? a. Dysentery is common and leads to diarrhea and nutrient depletion. b. Intestinal villi grow slightly larger to provide additional absorptive surfaces for nutrients. c. Digestive enzyme production increases in order to extract as much of the ingested nutrients as possible. d. Infections are uncommon due to insufficient availability of nutrients in the body to support growth of bacteria and viruses. e. Children typically recover well from marasmus if adequate food is provided.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of marasmus? a. Increased body temperature b. Affects brain development only minimally c. Rapid metabolism d. Inability to tolerate cold e. Decreased albumin

Q: Which of the following is associated with the presence of tissue edema in kwashiorkor? a. Inadequate intake of water b. Excessive intake of dietary protein c. Low concentration of blood protein d. High concentration of blood protein e. Low levels of ADH

Q: Which of the following would you expect to see in a person with kwashiorkor? a. Edema b. Low levels of ADH c. Muscle wasting d. Baggy-appearing skin e. "Match stick" arms and legs

Q: You are reading a case study from a researcher at World University. The researcher has traveled to the largest city in India and is reporting on an illness present in a 15-month-old boy. The researcher describes the child as extremely thin and bony, with wrinkled skin and enlarged fatty liver. For the past year, this child has subsisted almost entirely on diluted cereal drink. Your first thought is that most of these observations are characteristic of marasmus, but then you realize that ____ is more consistent with kawashikor. a. wrinkled skin b. food intake pattern c. enlarged fatty liver d. extremely thin e. bony appearance

Q: Chronic malnutrition in children is characterized by a. hyperactivity. b. shrunken liver. c. short height for age. d. low weight for height. e. rapid weight loss

Q: Acute malnutrition in children is characterized by a. hyperactivity. b. shrunken liver. c. low weight for height. d. short height for weight. e. stunting

Q: What proportion of children in the developing world are severely underweight by age 5? a. 1 in 20 b. 1 in 10 c. 1 in 4 d. 1 in 3 e. 1 in 2

Q: What percentage of the world's population is at risk of zinc deficiency? a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 25

Q: Which of the following describes a known long-term relationship among poverty and population growth? a. As economic status improves, population growth rises. b. As economic status improves, population growth diminishes. c. Lack of natural resources, not poverty, is the most important contributor to overpopulation. d. Extreme poverty tends to greatly suppress population growth. e. Economic status and population growth are unrelated in the developing world.

Q: Worldwide, the poorest poor subsist on less than ____ per day. a. $1 b. $3 c. $5 d. $7 e. $9

Q: The famine Somalia is currently experiencing has left an estimated ____ people starving. a. 6 million b. 8 million c. 10 million d. 12 million e. 14 million

Q: What is the chief reason why people living in poverty and hunger in the developing world bear numerous children? a. Birth control expenses are prohibitive. b. The children are less likely to survive to adulthood. c. The low educational level of adults limits their understanding of family planning. d. The parents seek greater fulfillment through having more children. e. It is a cultural custom in those areas to have many children.

Q: What is the approximate yearly increase in the world’s population? a. 50 million b. 60 million c. 70 million d. 80 million e. 90 million

Q: What is meant by carrying capacity of the earth? a. The number of tons of edible food that can be produced by all of the earth’s cultivable land b. The maximum number of living organisms that can be supported in an environment over time c. The amount of oxygen consumed by all living organisms in relation to the amount of oxygen produced by all living plants d. The total weight of all living organisms in relation to the weight of all non-living material including the earth’s water mass e. The maximum number of people who can exist on earth without causing environmental damage.

Q: What is administered by health care workers to help treat the diarrhea and dehydration common to children suffering from diseases of poverty? a. Oral rehydration therapy b. Ozone purified waste water c. Protein-energy repletion formula d. Charcoal-filtered water and corn starch e. RUTF

Q: Worldwide, how many children younger than 5 have symptoms of vitamin A deficiency? a. 70 million b. 80 million c. 90 million d. 100 million e. 110 million

Q: Worldwide, approximately what number of children under 5 die each year of malnutrition and malnutrition-related causes? a. 1.6 million b. 3.6 million c. 5.6 million d. 7.6 million e. 9.6 million

Q: In an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality, which of the following would be a first course of action for a Peace Corps volunteer to reduce the prevalence of diarrhea in a small village where she is working? a. Implementing oral rehydration therapy for those who are dehydrated b. Implementing oral refeeding therapy for those who are malnourished c. Ensuring there is enough fortified rice for all the women and children d. Distributing as many medications to the village people as she can obtain e. Distributing meals-ready-to-eat (MREs) to restore nutrition.

Q: Deficiency in which of the following is associated with irreversible intellectual disability? a. iron b. iodine c. protein d. vitamin A e. zinc.

Q: As the newly appointed director of International Supplementation for the World Health Organization (WHO), you propose supplementing the diets of malnourished populations worldwide with nutrients that would markedly improve health and well-being. Which of the following nutrients is most likely to be deficient? a. Iron b. Iodine c. Vitamin A d. Vitamin D e. Zinc

Q: Which of the following is a feature of world poverty? a. Poverty causes hunger in the developing but not the developed world. b. The poorest do not bear children due to poor health. c. Poverty affects about 10% of the world's population. d. The poorest poor are typically female. e. Urbanization typically decreases poverty-associated hunger.

Q: The worst famine in the 20th century occurred in a. India. b. China. c. Ethiopia d. Ireland.

Q: Cutting world hunger and malnutrition in half by 2015 would generate a value of more than ____ in longer, healthier, and more productive lives. a. $40 billion b. $80 billion c. $120 billion d. $160 billion e. $200 billion

Q: A period of extreme food shortage resulting in widespread starvation and death is best termed a. a plague. b. a famine. c. food poverty. d. food insecurity. e. epidemic starvation.

Q: As you sit in the waiting room of a doctor’s office leafing through a magazine, you see a letter to the editor about world hunger. In it, the author takes issue with a statement made in a previous issue that stated, "...and thus, hunger worsens poverty...." The letter writer claims that this statement is completely unfounded and has no reasoning behind it. Does hunger worsen poverty? a. Yes, but it can be corrected with appropriate access to reproductive health care. b. No; if hungry people work hard enough they can work to get themselves out of poverty. c. Yes, it propagates poverty by increasing the death rate and leaving many families as single-parent households. d. Yes, hunger makes poverty worse by robbing a person of the good health and the physical and mental energy needed to be active and productive. e. Sometimes, but only when unemployment is high and jobs are scarce.

Q: Which of the following is true of malnutrition in children? a. Children with kwashiorkor typically have edema. b. Children with marasmus often have fatty livers. c. Kwashiorkor results mainly from energy inadequacy. d. Marasmus results mainly from protein inadequacy. e. Children with marasmus often have changes in the color of their hair and skin.

Q: What is the name of the largest U.S. national food recovery program? a. Feeding America b. Goodwill Food Assistance c. Salvation Army Ready-to-Eat Meals d. Food Salvage and Rescue Organization e. We CAN

Q: Approximately how many people, in millions, are served by the U.S. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program? a. 15 b. 25 c. 35 d. 45 e. 55

Q: What is a food desert? a. Worldwide crop failures due to drought and pestilence b. Absence of fresh fruits and vegetables at certain times of the year c. A neighborhood having limited access to nutritious and affordable food d. A low-cost energy-dense snack sold primarily in poor neighborhoods e. An area in which poverty has made families unable to purchase necessary food

Q: SNAP debit cards may be used to purchase which of the following? a. laundry detergent b. seeds to produce food c. cigarettes d. vitamins e. diapers

Q: What is the average monthly benefit for a recipient of SNAP, per person? a. $85 b. $105 c. $135 d. $185 e. $215

Q: What is the largest federal food assistance program in the United States? a. WIC b. EAT c. National Food Resource Program d. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program e. Senior Farmer’s Market Program

Q: What fraction of the U.S. population receives food assistance of some kind? a. 1/25 b. 1/15 c. 1/5 d. 1/3 e. 1/2

Q: Approximately what proportion of the world's food supply is wasted along the way from farm to final consumption? a. 1/10 b. 1/5 c. 1/4 d. 1/3 e. 1/2

Q: Which of the following is true of the relationship between poverty and hunger? a. Hunger and obesity may exist in the same household. b. The highest rates of obesity occur among the wealthiest. c. The provision of food to the poor increases obesity. d. Even people below the poverty line have enough money for food.

Q: How many people in the United States live in poverty? a. 19 million b. 29 million c. 39 million d. 49 million e. 59 million

Q: Which of the following is the primary cause for hunger in the United States and in less developed countries? a. Poverty b. High cost of food c. Excessive food waste d. Lack of nutrition education e. Lack of physical access to food

Q: Melissa works two jobs to support her three children. Her financial priorities are to pay the rent and utilities and provide food and medical necessities for the children. Melissa rarely eats three meals a day and worries about how and where she will get the next meal for herself and her children. Melissa is experiencing which of the following? a. Food insufficiency b. Food mismanagement c. Non-sustainable lifestyle d. Misallocation of resources e. Very low food security

Q: Approximately what percentage of the world’s population experiences persistent hunger? a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16 e. 20

Q: Limited or doubtful availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods is termed food a. insecurity. b. insufficiency. c. vulnerability. d. precariousness. e. inadequacy.

Q: How does genetic engineering differ from traditional selective breeding?

Q: List several unpleasant characteristics associated with safe, potable water.

Q: Explain the differences between groundwater and surface water as sources of drinking water.

Q: What are the chief concerns with the use of antibiotics in livestock?

Q: Why do cattle ranchers and dairy farmers use bovine growth hormone? What are the effects in people who ingest the meat and milk from cows treated with BGH?

Q: List four appropriate uses for nutrient additives to foods.

Q: Identify and describe the major categories of food additives.

Q: Describe the use of alternatives to conventional chemical application for the control of agricultural pests.

Q: How are pesticides regulated and monitored in the U.S. food supply?

Q: Discuss several examples of naturally occurring toxicants in foods and appropriate methods to minimize exposure to them.

Q: Discuss the movement of mercury in the food chain. What population groups are most susceptible to mercury toxicity? What are the recommendations concerning consumption of foods containing mercury?

Q: What steps can consumers take to minimize nutrient losses during food preparation?

Q: What is cross-contamination and how can it be minimized?

Q: What precautions should consumers take when selecting and consuming seafood?

Q: Describe foodborne infections that are early onset (within 1-2 days), mid-onset (3-6 days), and late onset (after 7 days).

Q: a. BGH k. Toxicity b. BHT l. Solanine c. EPA m. Hepatitis d. FDA n. Goitrogen e. MSG o. Nitrosamines f. GRAS p. Bioaccumulation g. Safe q. Margin of Safety h. Sulfite r. Tolerance Level i. Hazard s. Methylene chloride j. Nitrite t. Intentional additives 1) Term that designates the ability of a substance to harm living organisms if enough is consumed 2) Term designating that a substance is possibly toxic under normal use conditions 3) Typical foodborne infection that results from eating undercooked or raw shellfish 4) The act of concentrating contaminants within the flesh of animals high on the food chain 5) Toxic compound common in cabbage, turnips, and radishes 6) Poisonous narcotic-like substance present in potato sprouts 7) Term that describes the maximum amount of a pesticide residue permitted on a food when the chemical is used according to directions 8) Term that indicates that the risks for consumption are acceptable 9) Acronym for a list of food additives long believed to be safe 10) Zone between the normal concentration used and that in which a hazard exists 11) Class of substances that are purposely added to foods 12) Substance added to cured meats to preserve color 13) Carcinogenic substances formed within the stomach 14) Organization that is responsible for certifying food colors 15) A food additive known to destroy thiamin 16) A preservative commonly used in snack foods to slow the development of off-flavors, odors, and color changes 17) Flavor enhancer 18) Hormone that promotes growth and milk production in cows 19) Substance used to remove caffeine from coffee 20) Organization that is responsible for ensuring that public water systems meet minimum health standards

Q: An estimated 97% of Michigan residents were exposed when ____________________ were accidentally mixed in livestock feed that was distributed throughout the state.

Q: The FDA has found that the vast majority of apple juice tested contains trace amounts of ___________________.

Q: In the late 1970s, women in Taiwan Women who had eaten the rice oil tainted with ____________________ gave birth to children with developmental problems.

Q: The Minamata, Japan incident, in which more than 100 individuals, including infants, became ill, many died, and survivors suffered blindness, deafness, lack of coordination, and intellectual deterioration, was caused through the contamination of fish by ____________________.

Q: ____________________ refers to the accumulation of contaminants in the flesh of animals high on the food chain.

Q: ____________________ refers to sterilizing a food by exposure to energy waves, similar to ultraviolet light and microwaves