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Q:
A person who is edentulous has a. no teeth. b. low immunity. c. difficulty swallowing. d. diminished muscle mass. e. limited lower body mobility.
Q:
A person with dysphagia has a. no teeth. b. low immunity. c. difficulty swallowing. d. diminished muscle mass. e. impaired cognitive function.
Q:
Which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged? a. Inflammaging b. Dysphagic cell mass c. Sarcopenic undermining d. Endentulous-induced wasting e. Cachexia of aging
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system? a. Immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise. b. In the United States, infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly. c. Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition. d. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems. e. In elderly persons, nutritional status rarely influences immune functioning.
Q:
What is sarcopenia? a. Loss of central visual activity b. Loss of muscle mass and strength c. Aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach d. Intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives e. Paralysis of GI tract muscles
Q:
For adults older than ____, mortality is lowest among individuals who are moderately overweight (BMI 23.5-27.5) a. 45 b. 55 c. 65 d. 75 e. 85
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women?
a. Women’s general reactions to stress are different than those of men.
b. The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men.
c. The secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly men.
d. Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women.
e. There are no clinically important differences in men’s and women’s responses to stress.
Q:
Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals? a. Reduced oxidative stress b. Increased metabolic rate c. Enhanced lipid oxidation d. Accelerated growth and development e. Decreased physiologic arousal to stress
Q:
In people who practice energy restriction to prolong life, hunger becomes persistent when kcal intake first drops by what percentage? a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 e. 50
Q:
People who persistently restrict energy intake by 30% for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years? a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12 e. 15
Q:
What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids? a. 10% b. 15% c. 20% d. 25% e. 30%
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity? a. Improvements in longevity with energy restriction depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat b. Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity c. Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one-third d. The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets e. Research with humans has found a substantial increase in longevity with a 5% reduction in energy intake
Q:
Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats? a. Restriction of specific nutrients exerted antiaging effects b. Energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90% of the rats c. Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature d. Restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity, but not before, resulted in extension of the life span e. Although early research was encouraging, more recent research has found that the effects are much smaller than hoped
Q:
What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years?
a. BMI
b. Alcohol use
c. Chronological age
d. Regular physical activity
e. Good genes
Q:
What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter, whose physical health is average for her age?
a. 25 years b. 50 years c. 70 years
d. 125 years
Q:
The CDC recommends older adults engage in strength training at least two (non-consecutive) days a week, at a moderate to high intensity for ____ repetitions. a. 5-10 b. 10-15 c. 15-20 d. 20-25 e. 25-30
Q:
By 2030, what proportion of the U.S. population is expected to be 65 years of age or older? a. 1 in 7 b. 1 in 6 c. 1 in 5 d. 1 in 4 e. 1 in 3
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of the response to stress?
a. Men often follow a pattern of "tend-and-befriend"
b. Women usually engage in the "fight-or-flight" response
c. Older men and women tend to lose their ability to adapt to stress
d. Common psychological stressors in older people include alcohol abuse and smoking
e. The physiologic responses triggered by stress decrease the likelihood of physical responses to the stressors
Q:
Longevity is defined as
a. long duration of life.
b. a person’s age in years from date of birth.
c. maximum number of years of life attainable by a species.
d. average number of years lived by people in a given society.
e. the years of life left for someone who has attained a given age.
Q:
Once a woman reaches the age of 75 years, about how many more years of survival would be expected? a. 9 b. 11 c. 13 d. 15 e. 17
Q:
Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span? a. 75 b. 100 c. 115 d. 130 e. 145
Q:
What is the life expectancy of white males and females in the United States? a. 62 (males), 68 years (females) b. 77 (males), 81 years (females) c. 82 (males), 86 years (females) d. 87 (males), 90 years (females) e. 89 (males), 93 years (females)
Q:
What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900? a. 47 years b. 55 years c. 61 years d. 68 years e. 71 years
Q:
Approximately what fraction of the U.S. population is at least 65 years old? a. 1/100 b. 1/30 c. 1/10 d. 1/8 e. 1/3
Q:
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? a. 21-34 years b. 35-49 years c. 50-64 d. 65-84 years e. Over 85 years
Q:
What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States? a. 72 (males), 78 years (females) b. 78 (males), 85 years (females) c. 81 (males), 86 years (females) d. 85 (males), 89 years (females) e. 90 (males), 93 years (females)
Q:
Describe relationships among obesity, hypertension, and blood cholesterol in children and adolescents.
Q:
Discuss the role of peer pressure in shaping food preferences of adolescents.
Q:
Describe the importance of calcium intake during adolescence. Do most adolescents meet their calcium needs?
Q:
Discuss factors that undermine positive nutrition influences at school.
Q:
What are the criteria for selecting surgery for treatment of obesity in adolescents?
Q:
Discuss the effects of obesity in childhood. What steps can be taken to prevent and to treat this condition?
Q:
List possible reasons for the increase in the incidence of peanut allergy.
Q:
What is the relationship between nutrition and hyperactivity in children?
Q:
Describe the physical and mental effects of lead exposure on children.
Q:
Discuss the short- and long-term consequences of iron deficiency in children on behavior and on school performance.
Q:
Explain the appropriate procedure for introducing new foods to infants.
Q:
Discuss the special nutritional needs of the preterm infant and ways to meet these needs.
Q:
What is the association between breastfeeding and body weight in later life?
Q:
Explain the feeding pattern of healthy breastfed infants.
Q:
Describe the growth curve of infants from birth to one year. Compare the energy needs of this age group with those of adults.
Q:
a. 1 in 7 k. Puberty
b. 4-8 l. Linoleic
c. 21 m. Weaning
d. 80 n. Vitamin D
e. 100 o. Colostrum
f. Iron p. Lactoferrin
g. Casein q. Lactadherin
h. Folate r. Epinephrine
i. Honey s. Bifidus factors
j. Sucrose t. Alpha-lactalbumin
1)Expected weight at one year, in pounds, of an infant with a birthweight of seven pounds
2)Typical daily energy need, in kcalories per kg body weight, of an infant
3)Essential fatty acid in breast milk
4)Chief protein in human breast milk
5)Chief protein in cow's milk
6)Nutrient that is low in human milk but adequate in infant formulas
7)Pre-milk substance from the breast, containing antibodies
8)Substance in breast milk that promotes growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines
9)Substance in breast milk that deprives intestinal bacteria of iron
10)A breast milk protein that fights virus-induced diarrhea
11)Process whereby breast milk is gradually replaced by formula or semi-solid foods
12)Low content of this nutrient makes goat's milk inappropriate for infants
13)Typical energy source in infant soy formulas
14)Possible source of infant botulism
15)Deficiency of this nutrient in children causes symptoms similar to mild lead toxicity
16)Approximate percentage of young children diagnosed with food allergies
17)Substance given to prevent anaphylactic shock in people with food allergies
18)Percent chance of becoming an obese adult for an obese teen with one obese parent
19)Period in life when an individual becomes physically capable of reproduction
20)Percentage of high school students who are smokers
Q:
____________________ is a craving to consume nonfood items.
Q:
____________________, the over-the-counter version of orlistat, should not be given to anyone younger than age 18.
Q:
Adverse reactions to foods that do not involve the immune system are called ___________________.
Q:
A true ____________________ occurs when fractions of a food protein or other large molecule are absorbed into the blood and elicit an immunologic response.
Q:
Limited research suggests that food additives such as ____________________ preservative may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms such as inattention and impulsivity in some children.
Q:
Honey should never be fed to infants because of the risk of ____________________.
Q:
____________________ in breast milk help to establish and maintain growth of desired bacteria in gastrointestinal tract and inhibit pathogen attachment to the intestinal mucosa.
Q:
The component of breast milk that inhibits the development of inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier is ____________________.
Q:
No single nutrient is more essential to growth than ____________________.
Q:
After the age of ____________________ years, children can be transitioned to fat-free milk if care is taken to avoid excessive restriction of dietary fat.
Q:
About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents? a. 3 b. 7 c. 10 d. 14 e. 18
Q:
Approximately what fraction of an average teenager’s daily energy intake is derived from snacks?
a. 1/4
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 2/3
e. 3/4
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of beverage intake in adolescents? a. Juice intake is spread throughout the day. b. Milk intake occurs primarily between meals. c. Males typically drink less milk than females. d. Four standard colas a day provides enough caffeine to alter behavior. e. Soft drinks are typically consumed in addition to milk, not instead of it.
Q:
Girls younger than the age of 14 who have started to menstruate, need additional ____ milligrams of iron per day. a. 1 b. 1.5 c. 2 d. 2.5 e. 3
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of the adolescent period? a. Obesity occurs more often in African-American females. b. Appetite for red meat increases in females to meet iron needs. c. More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development. d. The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks. e. The adolescent growth spurt begins around age 12 for females and 10 for males.
Q:
One factor that has limited the success of the School Breakfast Program is that a. the cost is prohibitive. b. the meals are not nutritious. c. children simply do not participate in it. d. fewer than 10% of the nation€s schools participate in it. e. many pediatricians oppose it.
Q:
What minimum fraction of the RDA for key nutrients for children 10-12 years of age should be provided by public school lunches? a. 1/8 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/2 e. 2/3
Q:
When children are allowed to eat freely from a variety of foods, they usually select foods that arehighin a. iron. b. fiber. c. sugar. d. protein. e. fat.
Q:
If a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to a. send the child to his/her room. b. withhold dessert until all food on the plate is eaten. c. quietly remove it and present it again at another time. d. encourage other family members to coax the child to eat it. e. ignore the child until he or she eats it.
Q:
Even in preschoolers whose habits are being established, existing dietary attitudes are relatively resistant to change. How should wise parents react? a. Be patient and persistent. b. Impose their own eating habits on the children. c. Wait until the children start school to initiate changes. d. Exert continuous pressure to initiate good food habits. e. Punish inappropriate eating behavior.
Q:
Who is best able to manage the growth and weight gain of overweight children? a. School nurse b. Parents/caregivers c. Health-care professional d. School physical education instructor e. Peers
Q:
Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? a. Encourage the individual to eat quickly and then leave the table. b. Institute new eating habits such as teaching the individual to clean the food plate. c. Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity. d. Take control and strongly encourage the individual to lose weight by limiting food intake and exercising vigorously. e. Behavior modification programs that reward healthy choices and punish unhealthy choices.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in children? a. Hyperactivity responds favorably to a low-sugar diet. b. The adverse effects from caffeine first appear only after drinking 6 cans of cola in one day. c. Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children€s food preferences. d. Because most children are sensitive to the stimulating effects of caffeine, they are able to control their intake of cola beverages. e. Research indicates a strong relationship between food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Q:
What is the leading cause of high blood pressure in children? a. Obesity b. High sodium intake c. Insufficient calcium intake d. Insufficient potassium intake e. Excess vitamin E intake
Q:
To help improve a child’s BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 2 years to how many hours per day?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
Q:
The typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar? a. 1 b. 3 c. 7 d. 10 e. 16
Q:
What population group consumes the most soft drinks each day at school? a. Teenage boys b. Teenage girls c. 10 to 12 year-old boys d. 10 to 12 year-old girls e. 8 to 10 year-old boys and girls
Q:
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the recommended maximum number of hours/day of television viewing for a child under 2 years of age? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 5
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of obesity in childhood? a. The typical obese child does not learn food behaviors from his family. b. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. c. An obese adolescent with one obese parent has virtually a 100% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. d. The typical obese child today has approximately the same energy intake as did children 30 years ago. e. Obese children should be put on restrictive diets to reduce their weight as quickly as possible.
Q:
Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 32 e. 48
Q:
If a child is allergic to soy, which of the following should be avoided? a. Milk b. Diglycerides c. Peanut butter d. Textured vegetable protein e. Seitan
Q:
A child with a true allergy to milk is actually allergic to the milk’s
a. casein.
b. lactose.
c. medium-chain fats.
d. bovine growth hormone.
e. contamination with antibiotics.
Q:
A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of a. cortisone. b. serotonin. c. epinephrine. d. acetylcholine. e. histamine.
Q:
A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as a. anaphylactic shock. b. hyperhistamine response. c. hyporespiratory syndrome. d. wheezing food intolerance. e. immunoresponsive allergy.
Q:
What food is responsible for the most life-threatening allergic reactions in people? a. Eggs b. Peanuts c. Shellfish d. Cow€s milk e. Soy
Q:
Which of the following foods are most often the cause of anaphylactic shock? a. Eggs, peanuts, and milk b. Bananas, juice, and cola c. Apples, noodles, and rice d. Pears, oatmeal, and chocolate e. Barley, corn, and quinoa
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of a food allergy? a. It always elicits symptoms in the person. b. It always involves the production of antibodies. c. It always shows up immediately after exposure to the allergic food. d. It is elicited from very small, simple molecules as well as large, complex molecules. e. It is less severe than an intolerance.
Q:
A child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a a. food allergy. b. food intolerance. c. specific inducible episode. d. transient immune suppression. e. histamine inhibition response.