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Q:
Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D? a.Egg yolks b.Red meats c.Tomato juice d.Whole-wheat bread e.Egg whites
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis? a.Tanning lamps and tanning booths do not stimulate vitamin D synthesis. b.Sunscreens with sunburn protection factors of 2 and above prevent synthesis of vitamin D. c.The ultraviolet rays of the sun are able to easily pierce heavy clouds and smog to promote vitamin D synthesis. d.Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D e.The risks of skin cancer often outweigh the benefits of sun exposure for very light-skinned people.
Q:
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? a.Meat b.Fortified milk c.Fruits and vegetables d.Enriched breads and cereals e.Whole grains
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? a.Toxicity from vitamin D may result from overexposure to the sun. b.Requirements are much higher in the elderly due to degenerative bone diseases. c.Fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source. d.Absorption from most food sources is very poor, necessitating the enrichment of grain products. e.People who stay in the shade and wear long-sleeved clothing are 10 times as likely to develop vitamin D deficiency as those who rarely do so.
Q:
Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney? a.Excessive intake of vitamin D b.Inadequate intake of vitamin D c.Excessive intake of tocopherols d.Inadequate intake of tocopherols e.Imbalances of vitamin D and tocopherols
Q:
Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status? a.Outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight b.Wide availability of low-cost fish products c.Wide availability of food assistance programs d.World Health Organization distribution of vitamin D capsules e.Genetically modified crops such as Golden Rice
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition? a.Vitamin D deficiency may be created by a calcium deficiency b.Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition c.Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity d.In people living in northern U.S. cities, vitamin D stores from synthesis during the summer are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter e.Pigments in dark skins increase vitamin D synthesis.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? a.The bioavailability of vitamin D from soy milk is low b.Lifeguards on southern beaches have increased risk for vitamin D toxicity c.Most adults living in the southern United States need small amounts of dietary vitamin D d.The average consumption in the United States does not meet the recommended intake e.Taking vitamin D on an empty stomach improves absorption by as much as 50%.
Q:
Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. As your friend only purchases organic and all-natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store? a.Whole-grain bread b.Vitamin D-fortified milk c.Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice d.Omega-3 fatty acid-fortified milk e.Vitamin K-rich whole grain cereals
Q:
Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults? a.Increased bone density b.Increased bone calcification c.Deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull d.Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney e.Early-onset osteoarthritis
Q:
What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia? a.Infants b.Elderly men c.Adult women d.Children ages 2-12 years e.Whites living in tropical areas
Q:
What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults? a.Rickets b.Osteomalacia c.Keratomalacia d.Hyperkeratosis e.Osteopenia.
Q:
A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin a.A. b.B12. c.C. d.D. e.E.
Q:
Where is calbindin primarily found in the body? a.Liver b.Kidneys c.Intestine d.Chylomicrons e.Stomach
Q:
The main function of vitamin D is to promote a.secretion of calcitonin. b.synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol. c.synthesis of carotenoids and controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. d.calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone. e.conversion of calcium and phosphorous to more readily absorbable compounds.
Q:
What percentage of the U.S. population is deficient in vitamin D? a.5 b.10 c.20 d.30 e.40
Q:
Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D? a.Cholesterol b.Tryptophan c.Beta-carotene d.Eicosapentanoic acid e.Histamine
Q:
The animal version of vitamin D is known as a.ergocalciferol. b.foliocalciferol. c.cholecalciferol. d.phyllocalciferol. e.xanthociferol.
Q:
The plant version of vitamin D is known as a.ergocalciferol. b.foliocalciferol. c.cholecalciferol. d.phyllocalciferol. e.xanthociferol.
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin A in foods? a.Fast foods are generally considered good sources of vitamin A. b.Arctic explorers who have eaten large quantities of polar bear liver have become ill with symptoms suggesting vitamin A toxicity. c.Xanthophylls in certain vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the liver. d.Chlorophyll in vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the intestinal cells. e.Pregnant women should eat at least one ounce of beef liver per day to help ensure normal fetal eye development.
Q:
Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A? a.Corn b.Pumpkin pie c.Baked potato d.Whole-grain bread e.Bananas
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A in foods? a.Anthocyanin in beets masks the presence of beta-carotene. b.Margarine made from corn oil is a poor source of vitamin A. c.Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A. d.Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene. e.Plants contain retinoids but no carotenoids.
Q:
Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice? a.Bone pain b.Dermatitis c.Skin yellowing d.Vitamin A toxicity e.Renal damage
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of Accutane? a.It is effective in treating rickets. b.It is less toxic than pure vitamin A. c.It is known to be effective in treating mild but not severe acne. d.It is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women. e.It is far safer than was once believed.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A nutrition? a.Deficiency is common in both the United States and many developing countries. b.Toxicity occurs from excess intakes of preformed vitamin A as well as beta-carotene. c.Supplements are recommended for certain groups of infants and children infected with the measles in the United States. d.In poor countries, supplements prevent and cure night blindness but offer little protection against malaria and lung disease. e.The risk of toxicity is so high that most vitamin A supplements are by prescription only.
Q:
Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions? a.Acne b.Rickets c.Osteomalacia d.Night blindness e.Scurvy
Q:
Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of a.iron. b.vitamin A. c.folic acid. d.phylloquinone. e.vitamin E.
Q:
Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? a.Adequate protein intake is a marker for liberal intake of the vitamin. b.Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter. c.Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin. d.Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein. e.Protein is necessary to free the vitamin from its bonds to lipids.
Q:
Worldwide, how many preschool age children go blind each year due to vitamin A deficiency? a.250,000 b.500,000 c.750,000 d.1,000,000 e.1,250,000
Q:
If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear? a.2 weeks b.1 to 2 months c.6 months d.6 months to 1 year e.1 to 2 years
Q:
Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health? a.It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines. b.It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process. c.It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur. d.It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides, thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth. e.It ensures the formation of healthy bone matrix in utero.
Q:
Approximately what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver? a.20 b.50 c.70 d.80 e.90
Q:
Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process? a.Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal. b.Light energy strikes the cornea and excites pigments to release retinoic acid. c.Visual pigments deep in the brain are excited by light transmitted through the retina. d.Epithelial cells on the surface of the eye respond to light energy by transmitting opsin molecules along nerve pathways to the brain. e.Retinal in the visual cortex responds to electrical signals from the retina.
Q:
Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response? a.Opsin b.Keratin c.Retinal d.Carotene e.Optinal
Q:
Which of the following describes an association between vitamin A and vision? a.Retinoic acid is the form required for synthesis of retinoblasts. b.Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration. c.Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in the corneal membrane. d.Pigment molecules in the retina are composed of a molecule of vitamin A bound to an omega-3 fatty acid. e.Retinol protects the visual cortex from teratogenic chemicals.
Q:
With what vitamin is opsin usually associated in the body? a.A b.B1 c.C d.D e.K
Q:
Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues? a.Albumin b.Rhodopsin c.Retinol-binding protein d.Transcarotenoid protein e.Ergocalciferol
Q:
How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body? a.one b.two c.three d.five e.seven
Q:
Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body? a.Tryptophan b.Chlorophyll c.Xanthophyll d.Beta-carotene e.Phylloquinone
Q:
If the diet contains precursor vitamin A, which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin A? a.Eyes b.Kidneys c.Adipose cells d.Intestinal cells e.Liver
Q:
Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins? a.Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria b.Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation c.Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet d.Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins e.Deficiencies are more common in industrialized nations than in developing nations.
Q:
What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation? a.Albumin b.Cholesterol c.Chylomicrons d.Liposoluble binding proteins e.Osteocalcin.
Q:
Explain the major provisions of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994.
Q:
What type of testing is done by the U.S. Pharmacopeia to assure the quality and safety of certain vitamin and mineral supplements?
Q:
List population groups that have a physiological need for vitamin/mineral supplements.
Q:
Describe the potential hazards of excessive vitamin C intake.
Q:
In what ways have vitamin C supplements been shown to affect nasal congestion from a cold?
Q:
Explain the modes of action of vitamin C.
Q:
Discuss the essentiality of choline, including chief functions and major food sources.
Q:
Discuss the association between marginal vitamin B12 deficiency and cognitive function.
Q:
What are the associations between folate intake and development and progression of certain cancers?
Q:
Discuss through the use of examples the importance of folate in development of the neural tube during the early weeks of pregnancy.
Q:
What factors are associated with vitamin B12 inadequacy other than low intake?
Q:
Discuss riboflavin nutrition including functions, risk factors for deficiency, symptoms of deficiency, food sources, and stability.
Q:
Discuss thiamin nutrition including functions, risk factors for deficiency, symptoms of deficiency, food sources, and stability.
Q:
What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin? How is it determined?
Q:
Provide a brief definition of a vitamin.
Q:
When vitamin C concentrations fall to about a fifth of optimal levels symptoms of ____________________ appear.
Q:
Vitamin C helps to form the fibrous structural protein of connective tissues known as ____________________.
Q:
A(n) ____________________ is a molecule with one or more unpaired electrons, which makes it unstable and highly reactive.
Q:
Older adults with B12 deficiencies may develop ____________________, a condition that damages the cells of the stomach.
Q:
Of all the vitamins, ____________________ appears to be most vulnerable to interactions with drugs, which can also lead to a secondary deficiency.
Q:
In order to protect against ____________________, all women of childbearing age who are capable of becoming pregnant should consume 0.4 milligram of folate daily.
Q:
The niacin-deficiency disease, ____________________, produces the symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death
Q:
Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in the disease ____________________.
Q:
Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into ____________________.
Q:
Compounds that can be converted to vitamins in the body are called ____________________.
Q:
a. Pork k. Broccoli
b. Corn l. Riboflavin
c. Dairy m. Vitamin B6
d. Folate n. Vitamin B12
e. Biotin o. Tryptophan
f. Niacin p. Iron overload
g. Choline q. Ascorbic acid
h. Anemia r. Intrinsic factor
i. Collagen s. Ultraviolet light
j. Beriberi t. Pantothenic acid 1)Name of thiamin deficiency disease 2)A food unusually rich in thiamin 3)Exposure to this leads to destruction of riboflavin 4)A food source that supplies a substantial amount of people's riboflavin intake 5)Deficiency of this vitamin leads to cracks and redness at corners of the mouth 6)Used for synthesis of niacin 7)Overconsumption of this food has resulted in pellagra 8)High doses are known to lower LDL cholesterol 9)Deficiency of this vitamin is induced by feeding raw egg whites 10)This vitamin is a component of acetyl CoA 11)Toxicity from this vitamin is known to cause nerve damage and inability to walk 12)Prevention of neural tube defects is related to increased intake of this substance by pregnant women 13)One of the first symptoms of folate deficiency 14)Required to maintain nerve fiber sheath 15)Required for absorption of vitamin B12 16)Made in the body from methionine 17)The antiscorbutic factor 18)Vitamin C is required for the synthesis of this substance 19)Excess intake of vitamin C may aggravate this disorder 20)A concentrated source of vitamin C
Q:
If a dietary supplement poses a significant risk of illness to consumers, what agency must prove harm before removing the product from the market? a.FDA b.CDC c.USDA d.USPHS e.DHHS
Q:
What nutrient is responsible for causing the most accidental ingestion deaths in children? a.Iron b.Calcium c.Vitamin A d.Vitamin D e.Magnesium
Q:
Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population takes a multivitamin-mineral supplement regularly? a.10 b.20 c.30 d.40 e.50
Q:
Which of the following would be a very good source of vitamin C for the lacto-ovo-vegetarian? a.Milk b.Eggs c.Broccoli d.Whole-grain bread e.Bananas
Q:
Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C? a.Milk group b.Meat group c.Fruit group d.Grains group e.Oils group
Q:
Which of the following is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency? a.Bleeding gums b.Pernicious anemia c.Appearance of a cold d.Hysteria and depression e.Oily skin
Q:
Why might vitamin C supplements be beneficial in treating the common cold? a.They deactivate histamine. b.They reduce episodes of diarrhea. c.They destroy intestinal pathogens. d.They alter hypothalamic control of body temperature. e.They improve blood oxygenation.
Q:
What organ stores the highest concentration of vitamin C? a.Liver b.Muscle c.Thyroid gland d.Adrenal glands e.Hypothalamus
Q:
The synthesis of collagen requires both vitamin C and a.iron. b.zinc. c.cobalamin. d.beta-carotene. e.copper.
Q:
Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C? a.Antiviral agent b.Antifungal agent c.Anticancer agent d.Antioxidant agent e.Emulsifying agent
Q:
What is a free radical? a.An inactive vitamin b.An unphosphorylated vitamin c.A molecule of unbound cobalamins d.A molecule with at least one unpaired electron e.A nonbound vitamin
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of choline in nutrition? a.It is an analog of ascorbic acid. b.It is abundant in green leafy vegetables. c.The body can synthesize it from cysteine. d.Average intakes in the United States are lower than recommended. e.There is no RDA for it.