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Q:
Which of the following vitamins has an RDA? a.Biotin b.Choline c.Cobalamin d.Pantothenic acid e.Carnitine
Q:
Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12? a.Pecans b.Hot dog c.Cauliflower d.Whole-grain bread e.Plain soy or rice milk
Q:
Normally, the body's storage and re-utilization of vitamin B12 prevents a primary or secondary deficiency from occurring until after about a.3 days. b.3 weeks. c.3 months. d.1 year. e.3 years.
Q:
The absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis? a.Choline b.Vitamin C c.Vitamin B12 d.Pantothenic acid e.Vitamin E
Q:
Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of a.folate. b.selenium. c.vitamin B12. d.iron and copper. e.vitamin B6.
Q:
What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency? a.Inadequate intake b.Increased excretion c.Inadequate absorption d.Increased losses in food preparation e.Inadequate digestion
Q:
Which of the following foods is highest in folate? a.Meats b.Starches c.Dairy products d.Green, leafy vegetables e.Fruits
Q:
Which of the following is representative of folate availability in foods? a.Good sources are dairy products and meats. b.Poor sources are fruit juices and vegetable juices. c.Much of the vitamin is lost due to heat and oxidation. d.Only about 10% of the amount in foods is bioavailable. e.Legumes, nuts, and seeds have very little folate.
Q:
What vitamin is involved mainly with the replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells? a.Folate b.Niacin c.Thiamin d.Riboflavin e.Choline
Q:
A deficiency of which of the following vitamins results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood? a.Folate b.Biotin c.Niacin d.Vitamin K e.Vitamin C
Q:
What vitamin contains cobalt? a.A b.B6 c.B12 d.Pantothenic acid e.Ascorbic acid
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding B vitamins and homocysteine metabolism? a.Folate catabolyzes homocysteine b.Biotin supplements reduce blood homocysteine levels c.Excessive homocysteine intake reduces vitamin B12 absorption d.High blood homocysteine levels correlate with reduced incidence of colon cancer e.High folate levels are necessary for the synthesis of homocysteine
Q:
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of a.niacin. b.folate. c.vitamin C. d.vitamin B12. e.thiamin.
Q:
A person with a disorder that limits absorption of bile is at increased risk for deficiency of a.folate. b.niacin. c.riboflavin. d.ascorbic acid. e.pantothenic acid
Q:
Which of the following vitamins is usually found in a form that is bound to one or more pteroylglutamic acid molecules in food? a.Folate b.Thiamin c.Vitamin B6 d.Ascorbic acid e.Vitamin B12
Q:
Which of the following vitamins undergoes significant enterohepatic circulation? a.Folate b.Niacin c.Thiamin d.Pyridoxine e.Pantothenic acid
Q:
Pteroylglutamic acid is known as a.folate. b.choline. c.inositol. d.pyridoxamine. e.niacin.
Q:
On a per-kcalorie basis, which of the following foods is richest in vitamin B6? a.Meats b.Fruits c.Legumes d.Grains e.Dairy
Q:
In what major way does alcohol intake affect vitamin B6 metabolism? a.It reduces acetaldehyde formation. b.It increases fecal excretion of the vitamin. c.It dislodges the PLP coenzyme from its enzyme. d.It interferes with synthesis of the PLP coenzyme. e.It increases urinary excretion of B6.
Q:
Irreversible nerve damage has been reported in people taking large doses of vitamin a.B1. b.B2. c.B6. d.B7. e.B12.
Q:
A common drug for the treatment of tuberculosis is known to markedly interfere in the metabolism of vitamin a.B2. b.B6. c.B12. d.C. e.D.
Q:
What vitamin is involved intensively in amino acid metabolism? a.Biotin b.Vitamin A c.Vitamin B6 d.Riboflavin e.Vitamin C
Q:
Which of the following vitamins is stored primarily in muscle tissue? a.Biotin b.Folate c.Vitamin B6 d.Pantothenic acid e.Thiamin
Q:
Which of the following vitamins is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food? a.Biotin b.Niacin c.Vitamin B12 d.Pantothenic acid e.Inositol
Q:
Biotin can be synthesized by a.avidin. b.the skin. c.the liver. d.intestinal bacteria. e.bone marrow.
Q:
Which of the following foods contains a protein that decreases bioavailability of biotin? a.Aged wine b.Aged cheese c.Raw egg whites d.Raw cauliflower e.Citrus fruits
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of pantothenic acid in nutrition? a.Absorption from foods is inhibited by aspirin. b.A deficiency or a toxicity shows similar symptoms. c.Deficiencies are seen primarily in children ages 4-10 years. d.It functions in the metabolism of amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids. e.It is possible to develop toxic levels on pantothenic acid if too much is ingested.
Q:
Among the following, which would be the best source of niacin equivalents? a.Milk b.Broccoli c.Chicken d.Strawberries e.Whole wheat bread
Q:
Your friend Jane just returned from the doctor, who diagnosed her with a specific vitamin B toxicity. However, she doesn't recall the name of the vitamin. Which of the following is the only possible culprit associated with toxicity symptoms? a.Niacin b.Biotin c.Riboflavin d.Vitamin B12 e.Thiamin
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of niacin nutrition? a.Low doses may lead to kidney stones. b.High doses may lower blood cholesterol. c.Low doses may lead to heartburn and low blood pressure. d.High doses may elevate red blood cell count in mildly anemic individuals. e.High doses may cause hypoglycemia.
Q:
Which of the following overt side effect(s) is likely to appear after a person ingests a high quantity of nicotinic acid? a.Constipation b.Mental confusion c.Painful, tingling, itching sensation d.Hair loss, bloating, and photophobia e.Sudden increase in blood pressure
Q:
What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein? a.Scurvy b.Pellagra c.Wet beriberi d.Pernicious anemia e.Scaly dermatitis
Q:
Which of the following nutrients functions to prevent the appearance of a bilateral, symmetrical dermatitis, primarily on areas exposed to the sun? a.Niacin b.Choline c.Inositol d.Riboflavin e.Vitamin C
Q:
When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used by the body to synthesize niacin? a.Lysine b.Valine c.Tryptophan d.Phenylalanine e.Glycine
Q:
Which of the following is a property of niacin in nutrition? a.It is susceptible to destruction in foods exposed to light b.It participates primarily in reactions involving amino acids c.It is soluble in both water and lipids depending upon its chemical form d.It can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan e.It can increase LDL and decrease HDL in large doses.
Q:
Which of the following is a property of riboflavin in nutrition? a.Stability to heat is good. b.Deficiency leads to beriberi. c.Requirements are proportional to body weight. d.Significant amounts are found in citrus products. e.Stability to irradiation is good.
Q:
A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth? a.Biotin b.Niacin c.Riboflavin d.Ascorbic acid e.B6
Q:
Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake? a.Milk b.Potatoes c.Orange juice d.Peanut butter e.Carrots
Q:
The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin? a.Niacin b.Choline c.Thiamin d.Riboflavin e.Pantothenic acid
Q:
Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in a.meats. b.grains. c.vegetables. d.dairy foods. e.fruits.
Q:
The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency are known collectively as a.pellagra. b.antiflavonosis. c.ariboflavinosis. d.flavin adenine dinucleosis. e.beriberi.
Q:
Which of the following contains the highest amount of riboflavin when expressed per kcalorie? a.Cheddar cheese b.Pinto beans c.Tuna (in water) d.Liver e.Strawberries
Q:
Which of the following is indicative of a dietary deficiency of riboflavin? a.Beriberi b.Diarrhea c.Keratomalacia d.Inflamed mouth membranes e.Facial clefts
Q:
Which of the following contains the highest concentration of thiamin? a.Pork b.Fish c.Beef d.Chicken e.Tofu
Q:
How does the method of cooking affect thiamin stability? a.Microwaving the food conserves much of the thiamin. b.Prolonged heating of the food has little, if any, effect on the thiamin. c.Boiling the food tends to conserve thiamin by forming a stable, hydrated complex. d.Steaming the food can lead to substantial thiamin loss due to the high heat needed to form the steam. e.Blanching the food before cooking it will preserve thiamin content.
Q:
Which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size? a.Ham b.Squash c.Whole milk d.Whole-grain breads e.Cheddar cheese
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of thiamin nutrition? a.It contains pyrosulfate. b.It is required for regeneration of folate c.It is required for regeneration of niacin d.It is an integral part of the nerve cell membrane e.It is integral in carrying activated carbon dioxide.
Q:
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements of a.folacin. b.thiamin. c.vitamin C. d.vitamin B12. e.niacin.
Q:
Which of the following diets is most likely to lead to beriberi? a.High intakes of white rice b.Low intakes of whole grains c.High intakes of unrefined rice d.Low intakes of enriched grains e.High intakes of corn
Q:
Beriberi results from a deficiency of a.niacin. b.thiamin. c.vitamin C. d.vitamin B12. e.riboflavin.
Q:
Which of the following is the coenzyme form of thiamin? a.Thiaminacide b.Thiamin pyrophosphate c.Thiamin adenine dinucleotide d.Thiamin mononucleotide e.Thiamin flavin
Q:
Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin? a.Blood coagulation b.Formation of red blood cells c.Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients d.Formation of epithelial cell mucopolysaccharides e.Production of histamine
Q:
What is a chief function of the B vitamins? a.Antioxidation b.Anticoagulation c.Antibody stabilization d.Coenzyme participation e.Reproductive support
Q:
What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins? a.Bile b.Kidney c.Intestine d.Perspiration e.Feces
Q:
Milk and milk products provide much of the ____ in people's diets. a.Thiamin b.Vitamin A c.Riboflavin d.Vitamin B12 e.Vitamin C
Q:
What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? a.The total amount available from plant and animal food b.The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body c.The amount that escapes destruction from food processing d.The number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin e.The number of kcal that can be produced from the vitamin
Q:
What is a precursor? a.A conditionally essential vitamin b.A sign or symptom of a clinical vitamin deficiency disorder c.A substance that is used to synthesize another compound d.A substance that is recycled through the liver and intestines e.A sign or symptom of a subclinical vitamin deficiency disorder
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamins? a.Many serve in the role of enzyme inhibitors. b.Structurally, many are found linked together. c.Several may be oxidized to yield 4 kcalories per gram. d.The quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams. e.Some are both water- and fat-soluble.
Q:
List five guidelines each for identifying a fad diet.
Q:
What is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity? a.Fat cell number increases dramatically after puberty. b.Fat cell number in an adult can decrease only by fasting. c.Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty. d.Weight gain from overeating in adults takes place primarily by increasing the number of fat cells. e.Weight loss in adolescents and adults occurs when fat cells are lysed and their numbers decrease.
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development? a.The amount of fat in the body is substantially determined by the size of the fat cells. b.More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons. c.Fat cell number increases most readily during early adulthood, when energy expenditure declines. d.Fat cells may enlarge but not increase in number upon reaching the age of 50 in males and reaching menopause in women. e.When energy out exceeds energy in, fat cell size and number both decrease.
Q:
What proportion of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese? a.39% b.49% c.59% d.69% e.79%
Q:
The major function of lipoprotein lipase is to a.assist bile in the digestion of dietary lipids. b.remove triglycerides from blood for storage. c.trigger adipokine release from adipose tissue. d.release triglycerides from storage within adipocytes. e.stimulate the release of gherlin and leptin.
Q:
Which of the following is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes? a.Glucagon b.Lipoprotein lipase c.Cellulite synthetase d.Lipoprotein synthetase e.Adipose lipase
Q:
Which of the following defines the body's set point? a.Minimum weight of a person b.Maximum weight of a person c.Point at which a person's weight plateaus before dropping again quickly d.Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight e.Point at which the physical discomforts of severe obesity overcome the desire to eat
Q:
Obesity resulting from an increase in the number of fat cells is termed a.hyperplastic obesity. b.hypertrophic obesity. c.idiopenthic leptinemia. d.anaplastic hypometabolism. e.multiplicative obesity.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme? a.Its activity decreases after weight loss but then rebounds quickly after resuming normal food intake. b.Its activity can always increase but cannot decrease and is, in part, controlled by the ratchet effect of metabolism. c.Its activities in men and women are sex-related and explain the differences in major fat storage regions of the body. d.Its low activity in obese people explains, in part, the inability to mobilize storage fat for energy when following an energy-restricted diet. e.The release of upper-body fat that it triggers is more active in women than in men, whereas the release of lower-body fat is similar.
Q:
The most likely explanation for why women readily store fat around the hips whereas men readily store fat around the abdomen is gender differences in a.blood insulin levels. b.the activity of lipoprotein lipase. c.circulating lipid transport proteins. d.the activity of lipoprotein synthetase. e.women have different patterns of physical activity than men.
Q:
Why, in part, is weight loss more successful with exercise and also after bypass surgery? a.Ghrelin levels are relatively low. b.Adiponectin levels are relatively high. c.PYY release from the hypothalamus is suppressed. d.Leptin release from subcutaneous fat stores is enhanced. e.Leptin levels suppress the appetite.
Q:
Which of the following describes a relationship between leptin and energy balance? a.Fat cell sensitivity to leptin is higher in obese people. b.A deficiency of leptin is characteristic of all obese people. c.Blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat. d.Major functions of leptin include an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate. e.Blood levels of leptin only correlate with body fat at extremely high and low body masses.
Q:
What are the observed effects of sleep deprivation on leptin and ghrelin? a.Leptin and ghrelin both increase b.Leptin and ghrelin both decrease c.Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases d.Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases e.Sleep deprivation only affects leptin and gherlin in very elderly or unhealthy individuals.
Q:
On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act? a.Pancreas b.Intestines c.Adipocytes d.Hypothalamus e.Hippocampus
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics? a.Obese people can change their genome but not their epigenome. b.Exercise has little, if any, effect on the genetic influence on weight gain. c.Identical twins are half as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins. d.Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parents. e.There is very little evidence that genetic factors contribute to obesity, except in the presence of certain rare syndromes.
Q:
What is Prader-Willi syndrome? a.Altered receptor activity for leptin b.A genetic disorder resulting in obesity c.Fat accumulation in the liver of gastric bypass patients d.A failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake e.A genetic disorder triggered by environmental toxins that results in obesity
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of the rate of dietary fat oxidation? a.It is lower in obese people. b.It is independent of LPL activity. c.It is higher in females than males. d.It is independent of the body's set point. e.It is consistent throughout the lifespan.
Q:
What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue? a.Increased loss of energy as heat b.Reduction of fat cell number c.Lowering of basal metabolism d.Proliferation of fat cell number e.Increased fat storage
Q:
What is the principal reason that the FDA has banned the sale of products containing ephedrine? a.The costs are prohibitive. b.The products were found to be ineffective for weight loss. c.The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures. d.The products were found to contain contaminants that were believed to be responsible for inducing liver failure. e.They were contaminated with substances that induced a Parkinson-like syndrome.
Q:
What percentage of people in the United States who use nonprescription weight-loss products have a normal weight? a.5 b.10 c.20 d.35 e.45
Q:
Tonya is an overweight cigarette smoker. Which of the following risk factors would make it especially important for her to lose weight? a.hypotension b.low LDL c.high HDL d.age over 45 years e.family history of heart disease.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of physical inactivity and energy balance? a.There is a strong genetic component to reduced physical activity of overweight people. b.Differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing, and moving account for about 350 kcalories per day. c.Although watching television correlates with weight gain, playing video games does not, presumably due to the heightened excitement engendered by action games. d.Extraordinarily inactive people who lower their food intakes below that of their lean counterparts activate brown adipose tissue uncoupling proteins that stimulate hyperthermic weight loss. e.Although extremely low levels of activity do increase risk of obesity, they do not affect the risk of metabolic syndrome.