Q&A Hero

Q: Compared with non-obese people, obese people have a lower a.thermogenesis potential. b.thermic effect of food. c.physical activity level. d.metabolic response to exercise. e.responsiveness to environmental stimuli about eating.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of taking diet histories to gauge energy intake? a.They correlate strongly with current and past energy intakes. b.Their accuracy correlates strongly with an obesogenic environment. c.Only overweight and obese people report inaccurate energy intakes. d.Both normal and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes. e.Although people try to be honest, their self-reports are poorly correlated with their actual energy intake.

Q: Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity? a.The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant. b.The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their biological parents. c.The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage sites based on gender. d.The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism among lean and overweight people. e.Adoption studies show that adopted individuals have body mass more similar to their adoptive parents than their birth parents.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of the body's major types of adipose tissue? a.Very little brown fat is found in adults, whereas more is seen in infants. b.White adipose is especially important in infants as a moderator of temperature extremes. c.The uncoupled reactions in brown and white adipose are the result of LPL-induced hydrolysis of ATP. d.Among the three types of adipose, namely, white, yellow, and brown, the white adipocytes account for the greatest amount of heat expenditure. e.White fat in adults is stored mostly around the neck and clavicles.

Q: Kirima is a Native Eskimo who lives in one of the coldest regions in the world. What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping her to maintain warm body temperatures during the coldest parts of the year? a.Black b.White c.Brown d.Yellow e.Red

Q: Clinically severe obesity is also known as a.morbid obesity. b.metabolic syndrome. c.leptin-resistant obesity. d.psychological-resistant syndrome. e.Prader-Willi syndrome

Q: Which of the following is a feature of gastric surgery for the treatment of clinically severe obesity? a.It is almost never followed by weight regain. b.It is always an irreversible medical procedure. c.It is less effective than traditional liposuction. d.It diminishes the amount of food that can be eaten without GI distress. e.It has dramatic effects on physical and psychological health.

Q: What is the primary action of orlistat, a weight-loss drug? a.It reduces taste sensation. b.It inhibits lipoprotein lipase. c.It inhibits pancreatic lipase. d.It alters circulating leptin concentrations. e.It enhances the release of epinephrine.

Q: Your patient, Mr. Sinclair, has a BMI of 43 and is taking drugs to lose weight. He has heard that some drugs cause lots of gastrointestinal discomfort and would prefer to take one that doesn't give him any of these side effects. Which of the following should be prescribed for Mr. Sinclair? a.Olestra b.Orlistat c.Serotonin d.Phentermine e.Belviq

Q: The prescription drug phentermine acts by regulating the utilization of a.blood insulin. b.norepinephrine. c.hormone-sensitive lipase. d.adipocyte lipoprotein lipase. e.gherlin and leptin.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of prescription drug use for treatment of obesity? a.Most drugs may be safely prescribed even in otherwise healthy obese people. b.Most experts believe that drugs should not be used because obesity is not a disease. c.Most currently available drugs are highly effective in both the short and long term. d.The use of "off-label" drugs is common to take advantage of their modest weight loss effects. e.Although initially effective, most eventually raise the risk of cardiovascular disease to unacceptable levels.

Q: What proportion of U.S. adults have maintained a 10% weight loss for at least a year? a.1 in 600 b.1 in 100 c.1 in 60 d.1 in 10 e.1 in 6

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of liposuction? a.It often improves blood pressure and insulin sensitivity. b.It results in a typical loss of body weight of 25 to 50 lbs. c.It results in a return of body fat within a year, primarily to the abdomen. d.It is considered a valid but slightly less effective alternative to gastric bypass. e.It is effective for weight loss in older but not younger people.

Q: Which of the following would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a weight reduction program? a.Drink 8 ounces of water prior to each meal. b.Select less energy-dense foods c.Restrict fiber intake as a means to reduce excess water retention d.Consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite e.Consume an alcoholic beverage with lunch and dinner.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of breakfast eating? a.Breakfast skippers have higher BMRs up until their first meal of the day. b.Eating breakfast once per week conveys the same benefits as 5 times per week. c.People who eat breakfast frequently have a lower BMI than breakfast skippers. d.People who skip breakfast have lower 24-hour energy intakes than breakfast eaters. e.Younger people who skip breakfast have a lower BMI than those who eat it.

Q: As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight in men? a.500 b.800 c.1200 d.1600 e.1800

Q: As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight in women? a.500 b.800 c.1200 d.1600 e.1800

Q: What minimum amount of body weight loss (lbs) is shown to improve physical capabilities and quality of life? a.5-10 b.10-15 c.15-20 d.20-25 e.25-30

Q: What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people? a.0.5-2 lbs/week b.3-4 lbs/week c.5% body weight/month d.7.5% body weight/month e.10% body weight/month

Q: In a weight reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of initial body weight is a.6 weeks. b.3 months. c.6 months. d.9 months. e.1 year.

Q: An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to a.decrease water intake. b.increase physical activity. c.speed up thyroid activity with metabolic enhancers. d.develop ketosis by keeping carbohydrate intake as low as possible. e.use herbal supplements to speed up metabolism.

Q: What is the best approach to weight loss? a.Avoid foods containing carbohydrates. b.Eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake. c.Greatly increase protein intake to prevent body protein loss. d.Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure. e.Fast at least two consecutive days each week.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of meal eating? a.Taking large bites helps to reduce food intake. b.Faster eating correlates with higher body weight. c.Total kcal intake in higher when meals are eaten more slowly. d.Satiety hormones are blunted when meals are eaten more slowly. e.Eating on a smaller plate increases food intake.

Q: Incorporating large quantities of low-energy-density foods in a diet is sometimes referred to as a.calometrics. b.minimetrics. c.densification. d.volumetrics. e.substitution.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity? a.After an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours. b.Lower body fat is more readily lost from vigorous exercises that work primarily the hip and leg muscles. c.Blood glucose and fatty acid levels are low immediately after working out, but thereafter recover on their own. d.After an intense workout, most people immediately feel the urge to eat a large carbohydrate meal to replace glycogen stores. e.After intense exercise, gherlin secretion is typically elevated and remains so for several hours.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of the use of artificial sweeteners to control body weight? a.They may lead to weight gain in some people. b.They automatically lower a person's daily energy intake. c.They delay gastric emptying time, leading to enhanced satiety. d.They trigger epinephrine secretion, which suppresses appetite. e.They increase release of endogenous opiates.

Q: Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure? a.The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and duration. b.Walking a mile uses about half as much energy as running a mile c.Exercising the leg muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the thighs and hips d.Exercising the abdominal muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the abdomen e.If intensity and duration are the same, heavier individuals will expend less energy running than will lighter individuals.

Q: What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense workout? a.The feeling of thirst overpowers the desire for food. b.The elevated blood lactate level antagonizes ghrelin. c.Glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood. d.The senses of smell and taste are suppressed for at least one hour. e.Leptin secretion is markedly increased.

Q: A typical person who burns 200 kcalories during a 2-mile run would, in the postexercise period, burn an additional a.10 kcalories. b.20 kcalories. c.30 kcalories. d.40 kcalories. e.50 kcalories.

Q: Which of the following is a relation of "spot reducing" to exercise? a.No exercise can target fat removal from any specific area of the body. b.Upper body fat is mostly unaffected by exercising lower body muscles. c.Lower body fat in women is depleted at a faster rate than abdominal fat. d.Abdominal fat in men is released more readily with anaerobic exercise. e.Spot reducing works on cellulite but not on other fat.

Q: What is the chief reason that health-care professionals advise people to engage only in low-to-moderate intensity activities for prolonged duration rather than more intense, shorter routines? a.The cost is lower. b.Boredom is reduced. c.Compliance is better. d.Monitoring time is diminished. e.The overall results are more dramatic.

Q: Individuals who are able to lose weight and successfully keep it off for at least a year typically a.engage in 30 minutes of physical exercise daily. b.weigh themselves no more often than once a month. c.eat a diet with high energy density. d.eat a diet with low nutrient density. e.limit television to less than 10 hours per week.

Q: Jody is taking a nutrition class, and has been assigned to evaluate a popular diet plan. She finds a description of a plan for her assignment in a magazine at the grocery store. Which of the following statements in the magazine would suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet? a."On this plan, you can lose up to 2 pounds per week!" b."Once you complete this 6-month plan, you'll never have to diet again." c."Keep fresh fruit or carrot sticks in the fridge at work so you won't be tempted to raid the vending machine for a snack." d."Starting an aerobic exercise plan may seem daunting, but you can start out with shorter, easier sessions and then build up to 3 or more hours a week." e."Loss of even 5 to 10 pounds can improve your health."

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of most fad diets? a.They produce long-lasting results just like healthy diets. b.They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake. c.They are balanced and therefore do not require a dietary supplement. d.Their success depends on the ratios of macronutrients more so than the total energy value. e.They are typically as healthy as more traditional weight-loss diets.

Q: Fad diets often produce weight loss, at least initially, because they a.dictate the correct distribution of energy among the macronutrients. b.prevent rapid spikes and declines in one's blood glucose level. c.don't require people to count kcal, and are thus easier to stick to. d.are designed to limit energy intake to around 1200 kcal/day. e.are so enthusiastically followed by individuals on them.

Q: Which of the following would be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight individual? a.Eat energy-dense foods. b.Drink alcohol regularly. c.Eat a large number of small meals. d.Refrain from regular physical exercise. e.Refrain from between-meal snacking.

Q: What is the best meal-planning strategies for underweight people who desire to gain weight? a.Eat only one large meal per day, just before bed. b.Eat meaty appetizers rather than salads. c.Refrain from between-meal snacking, especially energy drinks. d.Decrease the amount of food consumed within the first 20 minutes of a meal. e.Eat the same amount as before, but spread it out over the entire day.

Q: Of the following, which is among the recommended strategies for weight gain in an underweight person? a.Behavior modification training b.Punishment of any weight losses c.Forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks d.Tube feeding during the night e.Increased alcohol consumption

Q: Among the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to achieve a healthy body weight? a.A high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise b.A high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise c.A high-protein diet plus regular exercise d.Total elimination of alcohol and exercise e.High-protein, high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise

Q: The classification of underweight is achieved when the BMI first drops below a.14 b.18.5 c.20 d.22.5 e.25.5

Q: Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are classified as underweight? a.0.2 b.2 c.5 d.10 e.15

Q: Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in a single individual, the best approach seems to be a.fasting. b.medicines. c.prevention. d.genetic counseling. e.holistic.

Q: What is the energy density of hard-boiled egg weighing 50 grams and delivering 78 kcalories? a.0.8 b.1.6 c.2.4 d.2.8 e.3.2

Q: How many calories does a 16 ounce cafe mocha have? a.200 b.300 c.400 d.500 e.600

Q: Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight? a.Their basal metabolic rates are higher after weight loss than during the obese state. b.Energy expenditure is the same as in people who were never obese. c.Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight. d.Energy expenditure is the same per kg body weight as compared with the obese state. e.Their basal metabolic rate is effectively reset to a normal range by weight loss.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of smoking and weight maintenance? a.Smokers on average weigh about 5 lbs more than nonsmokers. b.Smoking a cigarette increases the appetite for energy-dense foods. c.People who give up smoking gain an average of 10 lbs in the first year. d.Psychotherapy is effective at reducing either smoking or body weight but not both at the same time. e.Trying to stop smoking at the same time as trying to lose weight effectively guarantees neither effort will succeed.

Q: An example of a behavior modification technique for weight control is to a.feel guilty after you overeat. b.keep a record of your eating habits. c.always clean your plate when you eat. d.have someone watch you to prevent overeating. e.cook your own meals.

Q: To help maximize the long-term success of a person's weight-loss program, which of the following personal attitudes should be encouraged in the individual? a.Strongly believing that weight can be lost b.Viewing the body realistically as being fat rather than thin c.Refraining from expressing overconfidence in ability to lose weight d.Accepting that little or no exercise is a part of the lifestyle of most overweight people e.Keep weight loss plans a private matter and not share goals or progress with others

Q: Approximately how many kcalories per week should be expended in physical activity in order to maintain a weight loss? a.2500 b.3500 c.4500 d.5500 e.6500

Q: An estimated ____________________ percent of U.S. children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years are either overweight or obese.

Q: The enzyme ____________________ plays a major role in the metabolism and transport of lipids,

Q: ____________________ is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive appetite, massive obesity, short stature, and often mental retardation.

Q: ____________________ maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue.

Q: ____________________ is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes eating and weight gain by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting efficient energy storage.

Q: A(n) ____________________ includes all of the circumstances that we encounter daily that push us toward fatness.

Q: Dietary supplements containing ____________________ have been implicated in numerous heart attacks and seizures, resulting in about 100 deaths and, although banned by the FDA, are still available on the Internet.

Q: The weight-loss drug ____________________ interacts with brain serotonin receptors to increase satiety and reduce food intake.

Q: a. 1 k. Set point b. 2 l. White fat c. 10 m. Cinch! d. 40 n. Brown fat e. 69 o. Ephedrine f. 200-300 p. Liposuction g. Leptin q. Bypass h. Orlistat r. Lipoprotein lipase i. Ghrelin s. Cognitive restructuring j. The Dukan Diet t. Obesogenic 1)Percentage of U.S. adults considered overweight or obese 2)An enzyme that promotes fat storage 3)A term that describes environmental influences that promote weight gain 4)A theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by internal controls 5)Substitution of positive, supportive thoughts for negative, self-defeating thoughts 6)Hormone that regulates appetite in response to body fat levels 7)Hormone that stimulates appetite 8)A nutrient-dense diet composed mainly of plant-based foods 9)Type of adipose that primarily stores fat 10)Type of adipose that primarily produces heat 11)Percentage of nonprescription weight-loss product users in the United States who are at a normal weight 12)Substance in some herbs that may cause heart attacks and seizures 13)A high-protein, low-kcalorie diet 14)Surgical procedure on the stomach 15)Inhibitor of pancreatic lipase 16)Minimum BMI of a clinically severe obese person 17)A cosmetic surgical procedure 18)Safe rate of weight loss, in pounds per week, for a person weighing 250 pounds 19)Recommended minimum number of minutes per week of moderately intense physical activity to prevent weight gain 20)Percentage of U.S. adults classified as underweight

Q: In ____________________, the surgeon constructs a small stomach pouch and creates an outlet directly to the small intestine, bypassing most of the stomach, the entire duodenum, and some of the jejunum.

Q: The weight-loss drug ____________________ inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the GI tract, thus blocking digestion and absorption of dietary fat and limiting energy intake.

Q: Discuss differences in fat cell metabolism between males and females.

Q: Explain the role of lipoprotein lipase enzyme in fat cell metabolism.

Q: Explain the set point theory of weight change.

Q: Discuss the interactive roles of leptin and ghrelin in food intake control.

Q: Contrast the metabolic roles of white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue.

Q: Discuss the meaning and significance of the term "obesogenic environment."

Q: Describe psychological problems encountered by obese people in their attempts to lose weight.

Q: Describe the approaches for weight loss by surgery. What are the benefits and what are the adverse side effects of these procedures?

Q: In obese people, what are the physical and metabolic advantages from as little as a 5- to 10-lb loss of weight?

Q: Outline the recommendations for a successful weight-loss diet.

Q: Explain the role of fiber in assisting weight loss.

Q: Explain the relationship of physical activity and appetite control.

Q: List five strategies common to people who have been successful at maintaining their weight loss.

Q: Why are fad diets so appealing?

Q: What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods? a.Energy chamber b.Exothermic meter c.Bomb calorimeter d.Combustion chamber e.Energy spectrometer

Q: In an adult who gains 20 pounds of excess body weight, about how much of this is lean tissue? a.1 lb b.2 lbs c.5 lbs d.10 lbs e.15 lbs

Q: Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass? a.10% b.20% c.35% d.50% e.75%

Q: When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is fat? a.1 lb b.2.5 lbs c.5 lbs d.7.5 lbs e.9 lbs

Q: What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month? a.0.5 lb b.2 lbs c.3 lbs d.4 lbs e.8 lbs

Q: What is an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food? a.The increase in heat given off when the food is burned b.Quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned c.Quantity of carbon dioxide consumed when the food is burned d.The increase in heat retained by the food when it is slowly brought to 100° C e.The decrease in ambient temperature when the food is chilled to 0° C