Q&A Hero

Q: To explain dichotic listening findings such as the observation that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel, Treisman (1969) proposed that a. unattended information is not completely excluded from higher analysis, but merely attenuated. b. attention can be explained only in terms of late, rather than early, selection mechanisms. c. relatively unique types of stimuli, such as names, do not require attention for processing. d. familiar stimuli that have been learned previously by participants do not require attention for processing.

Q: Both early- and late-selection models of attention share the idea that a. a large proportion of incoming sensory information is filtered from further analysis before meaning is extracted. b. information is excluded from higher-level processing only after stimuli have been identified. c. the human information processing system cannot fully process every piece of information it receives. d. semantic encoding and analysis precede selection in information processing.

Q: All of the following describe differences between early-selection and late-selection models of attention EXCEPT a. early-selection models argue that selection occurs before semantic analysis of incoming stimuli. b. late-selection models argue that human information processing has limited capacity, whereas early-selection models argue that capacity is unlimited. c. early-selection models argue that all higher-level information processing requires the use of attention. d. late-selection models argue that a stimulus may be categorized or even identified before selection.

Q: In attention experiments, cues that correctly predict the location of the target are called __________, whereas cues that predict other locations are called __________. a. endogenous ; exogenous b. benefits ; costs c. valid ; invalid d. overt ; covert

Q: Your brother sees that you are talking to a friend through a Bluetooth piece in your left ear while the news is playing out in a room. What is he likely to observe after you hang up? a. You do not remember anything. b. You can accurately report the news for the day. c. You can remember the details of your friends conversation. d. You are equally accurate at reporting what happened in the world today and what your friend spoke to you about.

Q: Which of the following phenomena is the most problematic for a strong early-selection view of attention? a. endogenous cuing b. the cocktail party phenomenon c. exogenous cuing d. intrusion of the unattended

Q: __________ is the idea that a stimulus does not have to be completely analyzed before it can be either selected for further processing or rejected as irrelevant. a. Sensory arousal b. Dichotic perception c. Early selection d. Late selection

Q: In dichotic listening studies, it has been found that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel. This finding is considered evidence that a. selection occurs late in perceptual processing. b. selection occurs early in perceptual processing. c. there is a separate cognitive system for name recognition. d. recognition of familiar stimuli does not require attention.

Q: The ability to direct attention independently of gaze or eye fixation is called a. overt attention. b. covert attention. c. the attentional spotlight. d. visual search.

Q: You are sitting in a coffee shop talking to your best friend while everyone around you talks and music is playing in the background. The fact that you can attend to your friend and ignore the other sounds around you is best described by which of the following items? a. dichotic listening b. vigilance c. the cocktail party effect d. endogenous cuing

Q: During a particularly boring lecture, you carefully note the time on a clock that is mounted on the side wall of the classroom while keeping your eyes fixated on the professors face. This is an example of a. covert attention. b. inhibition of return. c. extinction. d. conjunction search.

Q: In one of the earliest studies of visual attention, Helmholtz (1894) constructed a screen on which letters were painted at various distances from the center. Following a brief illumination, he found that a. he could perceive letters located within the focus of his attention better than letters outside, even when his eyes remained at the center of the screen. b. although he was unable to remember all the letters on the screen, he could be cued to attend to the top, middle, or bottom row by a tone played just before the illumination. c. he could perceive letters located within the focus of his attention better than letters outside, but only if he moved his eyes to bring the letters to the center of his visual field. d. he could remember all the letters on the screen, demonstrating that visual iconic memory increases in capacity with attentional focus.

Q: Patients with neglect have deficits in ___________ attention and those with Balints syndrome have deficits in ___________ attention. a. object-based ; scene-based b. scene-based ; object-based c. visual ; kinesthetic d. kinesthetic ; visual

Q: When Bisiach and Luzzatti (1978) asked patients with the neglect syndrome to describe their own mental images of the Italian city in which they lived, the researchers found that a. these patients demonstrated a deficit in moving attention from one location in their mental images to another. b. patients had great difficulty in generating mental images in general. c. there was no evidence of neglect for internally generated mental images. d. the patients also neglected the contralesional side of their own mental images.

Q: The observation that extinction is worse when identical, rather than different, stimuli are simultaneously presented to the ipsilesional and contralesional sides of the visual field indicates that a. neglected stimuli do not undergo perceptual processing in the absence of focused attention. b. neglected stimuli undergo perceptual processing in the absence of focused attention. c. neglected stimuli can capture attention involuntarily. d. neglected stimuli are often confused with stimuli that are successfully attended.

Q: The primary functional problem that results from damage to the attentional network and that produces neglect syndrome is that patients a. fail to process sensory information from the ipsilesional side of space. b. fail to process sensory information from the contralesional side of space. c. cannot disengage attention from information in the ipsilesional side of space. d. cannot disengage attention from information in the contralesional side of space.

Q: The involuntary failure to attend to sensory stimuli presented on the side of space opposite to the site of brain injury (in the absence of sensory problems) is called __________ syndrome. a. agnosia b. neglect c. blindsight d. hemianopia

Q: Patients with extinction are unable to detect a visual stimulus presented on the contralesional side of space if a. the stimulus is presented alone in the visual field. b. this stimulus is presented at the same time as a stimulus on the ipsilesional side of the visual field. c. there is no cue that precedes the stimulus. d. the stimulus is presented with another at a more lateral position in the contralesional visual field.

Q: Joan is a patient who had a stroke in her right parietal lobe and has extinction as a result of her injury. When placed in a driving simulator she would be most likely to miss which stimulus when stopped at a virtual crosswalk and staring straight ahead? (Note: For this question, assume drivers sit on the left side of the car.) a. a pedestrian on the driver side b. a pedestrian on the passenger side c. a pedestrian on the driver side when a second pedestrian is on the passenger side at the same time d. a pedestrian on the passenger side when a second pedestrian is on the driver side at the same time

Q: Injury to which brain structure results in a deficit in moving focused attention from a particular location in the visual field to another? a. the posterior parietal lobe b. the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus c. the superior colliculus d. the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Q: Which component of attention is associated with the pulvinar? a. the ability to engage visual attention at a particular location in the visual field b. the capacity to move the focus of visual attention from one location to another c. the ability to disengage attention from a particular location in the visual field d. the ability to locate a conjunction target that is embedded in a field of distracters

Q: Attention can be divided into two broad categories: a. neglect and extinction. b. voluntary and reflexive. c. cortical and subcortical. d. conscious and unconscious.

Q: __________ refers to the ability to choose certain sensory inputs for further information processing while ignoring others. a. Vigilance b. Arousal c. Visual search d. Selective attention

Q: The term __________ refers to the operations involved when we select for further processing a limited subset of information from the total information available to us from our sensory systems and stored mental representations. a. arousal b. vigilance c. attention d. cuing

Q: The main deficit in Balints syndrome is that patients can focus attention on only a. contralesional objects. b. ipsilesional objects. c. one object at a time. d. the foveal part of the visual field.

Q: An encoding model of brain activity predicts brain activity from a given stimulus.

Q: Three primary localized regions include face, place, and clothes areas.

Q: The fusiform face area is part of the dorsal stream.

Q: Synesthesia is a deficit in the ability to recognize faces that cannot be directly attributed to deterioration in intellectual function.

Q: Category-specific deficits may be an emergent property of the fact that different kinds of information are needed to recognize living and nonliving objects.

Q: Patients with associative agnosia can typically describe the functions of objects if they are given the names of the objects verbally.

Q: A major distinction in the study of visual agnosia is that between apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia.

Q: The results of most single-cell studies of temporal lobe neurons support the gnostic unit hypothesis.

Q: The dorsal visual pathway is associated with the parietal lobe.

Q: Selective damage to the primary visual cortex typically leads to visual agnosia.

Q: When patients in vegetative states show typical brain activity after being asked to imagine something, how do we know this is not automatic priming? a. The patients eyes are open. b. These patients do not show priming. c. The patient responded with volition. d. The patients brain would not be active if automatic priming was occurring.

Q: Which characteristic of brain activity is promising for the potential to decode dreams in the future? a. Activity patterns during perception resemble those generated when people imagine the same object. b. Activity levels during perception resemble those generated when people imagine the same object. c. Activity patterns in V1 resemble patterns in the temporal lobe. d. Activity levels in V1 resemble levels in the temporal lobe.

Q: To create an effective encoding model of the brains visual activity, what properties should be used to model V1 voxel activity? a. semantic properties b. receptive field properties c. face properties d. place properties

Q: Which of the following factors does NOT restrict our ability to decode information from the brain? a. the spatial resolution of our equipment b. the duration of the thought to be decoded c. the accuracy of the model for how the brain encodes information d. the BOLD signal being small for single events

Q: A researcher wishes to investigate the visual processing of bodies in the human brain using TMS. Where should he or she stimulate? a. on the border of the occipital and temporal lobes b. on the border of the occipital and parietal lobes c. on the border of the temporal and parietal lobes d. on the border of the parietal and frontal lobes

Q: Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an outdoor scene? a. the fusiform place area (FPA) b. the parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. the fusiform face area (FFA) d. the parahippocampal face area (PFA)

Q: Prosopagnosia is to alexia as __________ is to __________. a. face recognition ; reading b. reading ; face recognition c. writing ; reading d. reading ; writing

Q: When a person who has learned to read proficiently subsequently develops reading problems as a result of brain injury, this deficit is called a. acquired agraphia. b. apperceptive agnosia. c. acquired alexia. d. apperceptive ataxia.

Q: A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special brain region in humans is that the candidate region a. is used to process a variety of perceptual stimuli in nonhuman primates. b. is also involved in processing highly familiar places. c. is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli. d. varies significantly in location from person to person.

Q: Patients with prosopagnosia typically have difficulty recognizing a. the faces of famous people but not those of their family. b. the faces of their family but not those of their friends. c. the faces of their friends but not those of famous people. d. the faces of both their friends and famous people.

Q: Why do people fail to notice when the mouth and eyes of an inverted face remain upright? a. Humans do not perceive eyes or mouths in faces. b. The overall configuration remains the same. c. They have apperceptive agnosia. d. They have prosopagnosia.

Q: __________ is to __________ as face recognition is to object recognition. a. Agnosia ; prosopagnosia b. Prosopagnosia ; agnosia c. Alexia ; agnosia d. Agnosia ; alexia

Q: A person with apperceptive visual agnosia has difficulty in recognizing drawings of familiar objects, such as an apple. If she were asked to imagine an apple rather than to inspect a picture of an apple, you would expect to find that a. she can generate visual images normally because agnosia does not affect internally generated information. b. she has great difficulty in generating visual images as well as visual perception because the two skills share common brain regions. c. she can generate visual images correctly and easily, but she cannot recognize them because of a memory deficit. d. she has great difficulty with generating images of faces but not other kinds of objects.

Q: Humphreys and Riddoch (1994) described a patient with a syndrome they called integrative agnosia, which was characterized by difficulty in a. linking visual percepts to long-term knowledge about objects. b. combining parts of objects into coherent whole percepts. c. drawing and copying pictures of objects. d. matching different views of an object as representing the same item.

Q: Which of the following statements does NOT explain why some patients are visually agnosic for living (animate) things versus nonliving (inanimate) things? a. Knowledge about different categories of objects may be represented in different parts of the brain. b. Inanimate objects may activate kinesthetic representations that animate objects do not. c. Animate objects may share more visual features than inanimate objects. d. There are more familiar animate objects in the environment than inanimate objects.

Q: A patient who has difficulty matching pictures of the same object taken from different vantage points may be showing which dysfunction? a. anomia b. alexia c. apperceptive agnosia d. associative agnosia

Q: According to Warringtons model, patients with left posterior lesions should be particularly impaired in a. recognizing the visually invariant properties of objects. b. linking functionally associated visual inputs. c. matching different views of an object as representing the same item. d. segmenting a complex drawing into its component parts.

Q: Generally, in anatomical studies of object recognition deficits, __________ posterior lesions are associated with __________ agnosia. a. left hemisphere ; apperceptive b. left hemisphere ; associative c. right hemisphere ; apperceptive d. right hemisphere ; associative

Q: Warrington (1985) proposed an anatomical model of the cognitive operations necessary to explain object recognition. The first stage in this model involves the detection and categorization of visually invariant information, which occurs in the __________ hemisphere; the second stage involves the semantic categorization of visual input, which occurs in __________ hemisphere(s). a. left ; the right b. left ; both the left and right c. right ; the left d. right ; both the left and right

Q: After suffering from a focal brain injury, a patient has difficulty in recognizing visually presented objects, despite normal acuity and color perception. Notably, she has severe difficulty in judging whether two pictures, each showing a different view, represent the same object. What is the most probable diagnosis? a. apperceptive agnosia b. associative agnosia c. synesthesia d. prosopagnosia

Q: Which of the following visual object properties best illustrates the concept of a visually invariant property? a. the context in which an object appears b. shading on an objects surface c. the major and minor axes of an object d. the spatial orientation of an object

Q: The term associative agnosia is reserved for patients who a. have perceptual impairments due to problems with the ventral stream. b. cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations. c. have perceptual impairments due to problems with the dorsal stream. d. cannot recognize objects due to compromised perceptual representations.

Q: A patient like G.S. who had visual object agnosia would have difficulty in identifying an object unless a. the object had been familiar to him prior to his brain injury. b. he was asked to describe the objects use rather than its specific name. c. he was permitted to touch the object before making a response. d. the object was presented in the contralesional side of the visual field.

Q: When her telephone rings, a patient who has been diagnosed with visual object agnosia immediately picks up the receiver and answers it correctly. Why doesnt this person show any signs of an object recognition deficit in this scenario? a. The patient can still recognize extremely familiar objects, such as her own belongings. b. The patient is impaired only in the recognition of faces, not other classes of objects. c. The patient can use the sound of the ringing telephone to cue its recognition. d. The patient can recognize objects as long as they remain stationary.

Q: When a picture of a hammer is placed in front of Patient H, she is unable to identify it. How can you determine if her difficulty is in recognizing the object or in simply remembering its name? a. Ask her to demonstrate its use rather than identifying it. b. Ask her to close her eyes before attempting to name it. c. Ask her to copy the picture of the object instead of naming it. d. Ask her to trace the outline of the object instead of naming it.

Q: Anatomical outputs from the occipital lobe follow two major axon bundles that terminate in the __________ and __________. a. anterior parietal lobe ; posterior frontal lobe b. posterior frontal lobe ; inferior temporal lobe c. inferior temporal lobe ; posterior parietal lobe d. posterior parietal lobe ; anterior parietal lobe

Q: The what versus where distinction is supported by single-cell recording studies showing that neurons in the __________ lobes have receptive fields that are almost always located in the fovea, where high-acuity vision takes place. a. anterior occipital b. inferior temporal c. posterior parietal d. superior temporal

Q: With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, __________ is to __________ as dorsal is to ventral. a. where ; what b. what ; where c. who ; what d. what ; who

Q: During a single-cell recording study, you locate a neuron in one of the two main output pathways from the occipital cortex that has a large receptive field in the central part of the visual field. The cell probably lies inside the __________ pathway and is specialized for __________. a. dorsal ; object recognition b. ventral ; spatial layout c. parietal ; spatial layout d. temporal ; object recognition

Q: Eliminating a gnostic unit would a. slightly disrupt recognition of a region of space. b. slightly disrupt recognition of a complex object. c. completely disrupt recognition of a region of space. d. completely disrupt recognition of a complex object.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a problem with the idea that single neurons encode the mental representations for all possible complex visual stimuli? a. Loss of any single visual recognition neuron would have too great an impact on perception. b. These single neurons would have to adapt as the objects they respond to change over time. c. There is no neurophysiological evidence that visual cells respond to specific types of stimuli. d. This approach cannot explain how we recognize novel objects.

Q: According to ensemble theories of object recognition, it is possible to confuse similar-looking objects because a. objects that appear similar activate overlapping networks of cells. b. similar-looking objects activate the same grandmother cell. c. cells in the extrastriate cortex have large receptive fields and therefore low spatial resolution. d. object constancy prevents the visual system from encoding fine details about objects.

Q: Pohl (1973) conducted a study of the what and where pathways in brain-lesioned monkeys using two different tasks: a landmark discrimination task, which required a visuospatial judgment, and an object discrimination task, which required object recognition. He found that monkeys with temporal lobe lesions became severely impaired in learning the __________ task but not the __________ task. Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the __________ pattern of performance. a. object discrimination ; landmark discrimination ; same b. landmark discrimination ; object discrimination ; same c. object discrimination ; landmark discrimination ; opposite d. landmark discrimination ; object discrimination ; opposite

Q: The patient D.F., studied by Goodale and Milner (1982), had severe problems with object recognition. When presented with a circular block into which a slot had been cut, a. D.F. was able to insert a card into the slot when asked to do so, even though she was unable to follow the instruction to orient the card so that it would fit. b. D.F. was able to orient the card so that it would fit into the slot but was not able to insert the card into the slot when asked to do so. c. D.F. was unable to deduce that this object could be used to contain slips of paper upon touching it. d. D.F. was able to deduce that this object could be used to contain slips of paper but was unable to provide a name for the object upon touching it.

Q: A role of the dorsal visual system in computing the way in which a movement should be produced argues for a dichotomy between a. why and where. b. where and what. c. what and how. d. how and why.

Q: Optic ataxia is an inability to a. name familiar objects. b. read, acquired as an adult. c. recognize familiar visual objects. d. use visual information to guide movements.

Q: Optic ataxia is to associative visual agnosia as __________ lesions are to __________ lesions. a. posterior parietal ; superior temporal b. inferior parietal ; posterior temporal c. dorsal pathway ; ventral pathway d. ventral pathway ; dorsal pathway

Q: __________ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different contexts. a. Ensemble coding b. Object constancy c. Apperceptive agnosia d. Repetition suppression

Q: An undercover agent notices a green car parked outside her apartment building when she leaves for work at 8:00 a.m. Later she notices the same car in a store parking lot and becomes suspicious that she is being followed. The agents ability to recognize the car under these two different circumstances is an example of a. viewer-centered object recognition. b. object constancy. c. perceptual categorization. d. property-based organization.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a major reason why the visual information reflected by an object will vary over different viewings? a. Objects can be viewed from multiple orientations. b. Objects are seen in the context of other objects, and they may partially occlude one another. c. Objects are associated with view-dependent major axes. d. Objects can be viewed under different illumination conditions.

Q: The statement recognition of a visual pattern at a later time occurs only if you can match the stimulus to its exact stored representation is most consistent with which theory of pattern perception? a. view-dependent b. object-centered c. recognition-by-parts d. semantic categorization

Q: One limitation of view-dependent theories of object recognition is that a. objects can be seen without a particular view. b. separate templates must be generated and stored for each different view of a given object. c. this approach argues that recognition depends on decomposing a scene or object into its constituent parts. d. this approach is based on the idea that object recognition depends on the detection of invariant stimulus properties, such as symmetry.

Q: According to __________ theories of object recognition, when one sees an object such as a bicycle, recognition depends on the ability to detect properties that do not depend on specific viewing conditions. a. view-invariant b. viewer-centered c. feature-analysis d. perceptual-categorization

Q: In fMRI studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be __________ for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the __________. a. lower ; repetition enhancement effect b. lower ; repetition suppression effect c. higher ; repetition enhancement effect d. higher ; repetition suppression effect

Q: With regard to perception, the term feature refers to a. the most important aspect of a figure, such as its identity or name. b. a complex pattern of sensory stimulation, such as a face or word. c. any combination of elements that requires attention for processing, such as the conjunction of color and shape. d. a fundamental component of a visual pattern, such as edge orientation or color.