Q&A Hero

Q: _______________theories describe what people ought to do whereas ______________theories describe what people actually do. a.Normative ; descriptive b. Descriptive ; normative c.Decision-making ; goal-oriented. d. Goal-oriented ; decision-making.

Q: People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants were asked to figure out a way to clean a floor when there are no towels. Which of the following statements would be associated with frontal lobe patients and not controls? a.The floor is dirty. b. Just take your blouse off and clean it with that. c.We can clean the floor with the soles of our shoes. d. We need a cloth or paper to clean the floor.

Q: Prediction error is NOT correlated with which of the following: a.the difference between what is expected and what is obtained b. changes in dopamine activity c.updating of valuation of information and learning d. the unconditioned stimulus

Q: You encounter a bear that triggers an emotional response. Which of the following areas would not show increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway? a.amygdala b. hippocampus c.anterior cingulate cortex d. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Q: Ventromedialprefrontalcortexinvolves____________valuationwhereasdorsolateralprefrontalcortexinvolvesmore______________valuation. a.controlled ; automatic b. automatic ; controlled c.long-term ; short-term d. short-term ; long-term

Q: Primary reinforcers involve___________whereas secondary reinforcers do not. a.acquired value b. no value c.some value d. survival value

Q: One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000), which could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area is that a.one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task-relevant. b. separate regions within the prefrontal cortex are specialized for these different functions. c.the prefrontal cortex is not directly involved in memory but is a relay station for information processing that occurs in the temporal lobes. d. information in the prefrontal cortex is temporarily represented in other neural sites, including the basal ganglia, during working memory.

Q: Imagine that a frontal lobe patient meets a very good friend and his family doctor. Which of the two would this patient be able to engage more easily in a short conversation? a.the very good friend b. the family doctor c.both would be equally easy d. both would be equally difficult

Q: Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997, 1998) conducted an experiment in which participants generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun. They found that the processing of nounssuchasrope, which have many semantically associated verbs, elicited_________activity in the inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors, which do not. This result supports the________hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function. a.greater ; working memory retrieval b.greater ; selection c.less ; working memory retrieval d.less ; selection

Q: An experiment that requires participants to respond based on one goal, such as naming digits, on some trials and another goal, such as naming letters, on other trials is an example of a(n)__________ paradigm. a.error-monitoring b. task-switching c.Stroop d. contention-scheduling

Q: In the task-switching experiment between a digit task and a letter task, a digit or letter response was indicated by a word or by a color. Which of these conditions was particularly problematic when switching between digits and letters for frontal lobe patients? a.letters indicated by words b. digits indicated by colors c.digits indicated by words d. none of the above

Q: In a delayed response task, participants were asked to look at faces or scenes or engage in passive viewing. Which of the following results distinguished older adults from young adults when viewing faces relative to passive viewing? a.The older adults showed reduced activation in the fusiform face area. b. The older adults showed reduced activation in the parahippocampal place area. c.The young adults showed reduced activation in the fusiform face area. d. The young adults showed reduced activation in the parahippocampal place area.

Q: The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky(1995), who found that patients with prefrontal lesions Produced____________in response to ignored tones during a listening task b. larger evoked potentials c.evoked potentials that were longer in duration d. evoked potentials that were briefer in duration

Q: In a stop-signal task, participants are asked to a.choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so. b. identify the color (red, yellow, or green) in which color words have been written. c.sort cards into piles but change the sorting rule when the stop signal appears. d. drive a virtual car through crowded London streets, obeying all traffic signals.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a situation that you would expect to engage the supervisory attentional system? a.one that engages a specific schema control unit b. one that requires planning or decision making c.one that requires error detection d. one that is difficult

Q: For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response, which type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action? a.the somatic marker hypothesis b. utilization behavior c.the supervisory attentional system d. source encoding

Q: At any given time, many different schema control units may be activated. However, we can rarely carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action. The units are mutually inhibitory, and only the most activated one wins the competition for expression. This type of selection mechanism is called a.the supervisory attentional system. b. contention scheduling. c.the somatic marker hypothesis. d. utilization behavior.

Q: Schema control units are a.mental representations of semantic networks. b. stored autobiographical information. c.stored information about the temporal order of events. d. mental representations of possible responses.

Q: Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex? a.A waiter walks over to your table at a restaurant and holds an open menu in front of you. b. You walk into the elevator of your apartment building and press the button for your floor. c.You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat. d. A good friend asks you to remind him of your telephone number.

Q: In general, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT a.the task requires planning and decision making. b. the task involves well-learned or automatic responses. c.the task is likely to require error correction. d. the task requires a response that competes with another strong habitual response.

Q: The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

Q: The supervisory attentional system, which seems to be localized to the________in the brain,becomes active during the Stroop task because this task requires___________. a.orbitofrontal cortex ; a response (vocalizing a perceived color) that competes with a strong habitual response (reading) b. orbitofrontal cortex ; a response (reading) that competes with a strong habitual response (vocalizing a perceived color) c.anterior cingulate cortex ; a response (reading) that competes with a strong habitual response (vocalizing a perceived color) d. anterior cingulate cortex ; a response (vocalizing a perceived color) that competes with a strong habitual response (reading)

Q: Although the prefrontal cortex is not essential for working memory, it is particularly important for the storage of associative knowledge.

Q: Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.

Q: Dynamic filtering is one view of the prefrontal cortex, in which this area is a repository of representations and selects information most relevant to the current task.

Q: Switching tasks requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory.

Q: Knowledge about the context in which previous learning took place is referred to as recency memory.

Q: People with frontal lobe lesions are often impaired in organizing and segregating events in memory.

Q: Prefrontal areas likely are a temporary repository for representations accessed from other neural sites.

Q: A traumatic brain injury in which impact causes the brain to bounce against the back of the skull and then rebound is known as a___________injury. a.coup de foudre b. coup de main c.coup-contra-coup d. coup doeil

Q: Which brain region is the most susceptible to coup-contra-coup injury? a.the occipital cortex b. the parietal cortex c.the temporal cortex d. the orbitofrontal cortex

Q: The error-related negativity (ERN) has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.

Q: The key function of the inferior temporal lobe is to evaluate response conflict.

Q: What were the circumstances under which Phineas Gage sustained his brain injury? a.a 20-foot fall during construction of the Eiffel Tower that resulted in coup-contra-coup injury b. a gunshot wound during the Battle of Gettysburg that penetrated his skull c.an explosion while laying a Vermont railway that sent a tamping iron through his head d. a shipwreck off the coast of Australia that deprived his brain of oxygen for 10 minutes

Q: The most salient symptom in people who have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex is a.inappropriate social behavior. b. aphasia. c.profound mental retardation. d. agnosia.

Q: Phineas Gage, who suffered injury to the orbitofrontal cortex, experienced changes in all of the following areas as a result of his injury EXCEPT a.inhibition of inappropriate social behavior. b. performance on cognitive tests. c.planning of complex behaviors. d. personality and temperament.

Q: Which of the following resulted in the significant personality changes observed in Phineas Gage? a.Parkinsons disease b. temporal lobe epilepsy c.orbitofrontal damage d. limbic damage

Q: Which of the following are as is least involved in social cognition? a.ventromedial prefrontal cortex b.inferior frontal gyrus c.anterior cingulate gyrus d.dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Q: The self-referent effect refers to the phenomenon that a.social judgments about oneself tend to be biased. b.social judgments about oneself tend to be highly accurate. c.information processed in relation to the self is distorted in memory. d.information processed in relation to the self is enhanced in memory.

Q: Which term describes the deficits associated with autism? a.change blindness b. faceblindness c.blindsight d. mindblindness

Q: In what way might the self-referent effect and the depth-of-processing effect be related? a.Information processed in relation to the self may benefit from the wealth of information about the self in memory. b. Information processed in relation to the self may be skewed by our biased representations of our own personalities and traits. c.The self is a special cognitive structure with unique mnemonic or organizational elements. d. The self has elements that promote processing in a way that is distinct from other cognitive systems.

Q: In an experiment by William Kelley and colleagues, participants judged personality adjectives in relation to either themselves or the US president. The results suggested that memory for words processedinrelationtotheselfwas____________ than that for words processed in relation to the US president, and that the former condition resulted in greater neural activity in the________ cortex. a. better ; dorsolateral prefrontal b. worse ; dorsolateral prefrontal c.better ; medial prefrontal d. worse ; medial prefrontal

Q: Functional MRI and ERP studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in tasks requiring a.hierarchical processing. b. self-referential processing. c.emotional memory. d. perceptual memory.

Q: When deciding whether an adjective describes ______________, we rely on ____________ a.others ; memories of specific behaviors b. ourselves ; memories of specific behaviors c.others ; more global perceptions d. Bothb andc aretrue.

Q: Stanley Klein and colleagues found that after rating a personality adjective for self-descriptiveness, participants were_________ to recall a time in which they exhibited the characteristic, suggesting that self-characteristics____________linked to recall of specific past behaviors. a.faster ; are b. slower ; are not c.equally fast ; are d. equally fast ; are not

Q: One concern with interpreting fMRI studies employing a resting state for comparison with cognitive activities of interest is that a.the brain uses considerably more blood and oxygen when it is at rest. b. many processes are engaged at rest, including self-referential processes. c.participants in experiments are particularly prone to movement artifacts when at rest. d. there is too little blood flow in the brain at rest for accurate measurements.

Q: Studies using fMRI have found that neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex__________when people make self-referential judgments compared to other judgments, suggesting that when we are at rest we are engaging in a number of self-referential processes. a.increases more b. increases less c.decreases more d. decreases less

Q: People with retrograde and anterogradeamnesia are_________ to maintain a sense of self because our judgments about self-characteristics are____________ recall of specific past behaviors. a.able ; dependent on b. able ; not linked to c.not able ; dependent on d. not able ; not linked to

Q: Most children who are asked to sort a set of facial pictures will likelysort on the basis of________, whereas autistic children will likely sort on the basis of___________. a.emotional expression ; physical features b. physical features ; emotional expression c.eye gaze ; emotional expression d. emotional expression;eyegaze

Q: People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex tend to be__________of their social mistakes in the moment,___________become embarrassed by them if they view a video of themselves after the fact. a.aware ; and they also b. aware ; but they do not c.unaware ; but they do d. unaware ; and they do not

Q: Which brain area seems to be the most important for selectively attending to positive self-relevant information, as opposed to negative self-relevant information? a.the anterior cingulate cortex b. the medial prefrontal cortex c.the orbitofrontal cortex d. the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Q: Tasks involving thinking about mental states often engage which region of the brain, in comparison to thinking about social background or life events? a.the left inferior frontal lobe b. the left precentral gyrus c.the right temporoparietal junction d. the right anterior cingulate

Q: Single-cell recording studies in monkeys and human neuroimaging studies support the idea that the____________is important for interpreting eye gaze in relation to mental states. a.temporoparietal junction b. superior temporal sulcus c.orbitofrontal cortex d. medial frontal cortex

Q: The term theory of mind refers to a.the philosophical position that the mind is not reducible to the brain. b.our ability to make inferences about the mental states of other people. c.the argument that only humans experience self-awareness. d.the notion that human cognition is deeply rooted in mental representation.

Q: The Sally-Anne task is used to test whether someone a.understands that people can have different mental states. b.possesses unconscious biases against women. c.follows social conventions for appropriate behavior. d.can form new declarative memories accurately.

Q: When reading a series of statements such as “At the party, he was the first to start dancing on the table,” the_____________ is more active when making a personality inference as opposed to remembering the order of the statements. a.anterior insula cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c.anterior cingulate cortex d. medial prefrontal cortex

Q: To engage in joint attention, a child will pay attention to a.the direction of your eye gaze. b. the content of your speech. c.your hand gestures. d. your body language.

Q: What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks? a.Both tasks have strong social cognition components. b. Both tasks strongly engage the right anterior cingulate. c.Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information. d. Both b and c are true.

Q: What did Ami Klin find when autistic people watched the film Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? a.They failed to understand the sarcasm in the dialogue. b. They began to refer to an imaginary child like the characters in the movie. c.They did not pay attention to the faces and eyes of the characters. d. They mimicked the lines spoken by Martha but not George.

Q: Studies of the neural bases of autism have found that people with autism a.have less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus when performing theory of mind tasks. b. have smaller amygdalae in comparison to nonautistic people. c.do not significantly deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex when performing non-self- referential tasks. d. All of the above are true.

Q: Studies of people with autism have suggested that they do not significantly deactivate the______when performing non-self-referential tasks. This is consistent with the observation that many people with autism have an unusual focus on_________rather than__________ a. medial prefrontal cortex ; the external world ; internal states b. internal states ; the external world c.temporoparietal junction ; their own mental states ; the mental states of others d. temporoparietal junction ; the mental states of others ; their own mental states

Q: Baron-Cohen has proposed that people with __________ have impaired theory-of-mind abilities, coining the term mindblindness. a.aphasia b. agnosia c.agraphia d. autism

Q: Autistic children are likely to report that_______when performing the Sally-Annetask. a.Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble b. Sally will look in the location where she originally put the marble c.Sally will move the marble back to its original location d. Sally will prefer to focus on her own thoughts and not look for the marble

Q: Neuroeconomic functional MRI studies have suggested that trational decision making is associated with the___________, and emotion-driven decision making is associated with the__________ a. orbitofrontal cortex ; cingulate b. orbitofrontal cortex ; amygdala c.dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ; cingulated d. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ; amygdala

Q: Neuroeconomic studies have shown that humans a.make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses. b. make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses, unless they have suffered damage to the amygdala. c.do not always make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses. d. do not always make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses, unless they have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Q: Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that a.similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others. b. similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others, if they are close. c.similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about others, regardless of whether they are close. d. three distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self, close others, and acquaintances.

Q: In a social faux pas experiment, participants are presented with a scenario in which one character accidentally says something impolite to another character. When people with orbitofrontal damage perform this task a.they fail to understand that anything impolite has been said. b. they understand that something impolite has been said but that it wasnt intended. c.they believe that the impolite comment was intentional. d. they begin to imitate the impolite comments, not realizing this is inappropriate.

Q: In a teasing experiment, people with orbitofrontal injuries and control participants were asked to make up nicknames for an experimenter whom they did not know well. What were the results? a.The control participants chose flattering nicknames, whereas the people with orbitofrontal injuries chose unflattering ones. b. The people with orbitofrontal injuries chose flattering nicknames, whereas the control participants chose unflattering ones. c.The control participants refused to perform the task, finding the idea socially inappropriate. d. The people with orbitofrontal injuries refused to perform the task, finding the idea socially inappropriate.

Q: Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that_________decisions recruit working memory processes, whereas________decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes. a. personal ; impersonal b. impersonal ; personal c.moral ; ethical b. impersonal ; personal d. ethical ; moral

Q: In the experimental economics task known as the Ultimatum Game, one participant must choose how to split a sum of money with another player. The second player can choose to accept the offeror to reject it, upon which neither player receives anything. Consideration of unfair offers is associated with activity in the__________, an area that has been associated with disgust. a. superior temporal sulcus b. orbitofrontal cortex c.cingulate cortex d. insula

Q: The trolley problem and footbridge problem are ethical thought experiments involving life-or-death situations. Which of the following is true? a.Both situations involve sacrificing one life to save multiple other lives. b. The death in the trolley problem has greater perceived personal involvement. c.Most people agree that it is unacceptable to act in either dilemma. d. Thinking about the trolley problem results in greater emotional processing.

Q: Raine (2002) has argued that_______factors play a role in determining whether someone exhibits violent behavior a.genetic b. environmental c.both genetic and environmental d.neither genetic nor environmental

Q: Phineas Gage was a famous neurological patient who suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Q: Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered than that which is processed in relation to others.

Q: Research suggests that self-description judgments rely on recall of specific autobiographical episodes.

Q: Which of the following is true of the prefrontal cortex, schizophrenia, and depression? a.Both schizophrenia and depression are associated with hypermetabolism in the prefrontal cortex. b. Both schizophrenia and depression are associated with hypometabolism in the prefrontal cortex. c.Whereas schizophrenia is associated with hypermetabolism in the prefrontal cortex, depression is associated with hypometabolism in the prefrontal cortex. d. Whereas schizophrenia is associated with hypometabolism in the prefrontal cortex, depression is associated with hypermetabolism in the prefrontal cortex.

Q: The anterior cingulate cortex is important for distinguishing positive self-relevant information from negative self-relevant information.

Q: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a strong role in forming impressions about the internal states of other people.

Q: The infamous procedure known as the frontal lobotomy was associated most closely with which of the following periods? a.18701890 b. 18901910 c.19101930 d. 19301950

Q: The most common method for performing frontal lobotomies involved a.pounding an ice pick through the eye sockets with a small hammer. b.administering a severe electric shock that was strong enough to damage the sensitive frontal cortex. c.injecting the person with a strong dose of L-dopa. d.deliberate damage to the posterior brain areas that were believed to be overactive.