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Q:
False-belief tasks require participants to direct their attention away from invalid information to answer questions about another persons mental states.
Q:
Research suggests that the brain regions that are active during mentalizing tasks and during attentional cuing are functionally distinct from one another.
Q:
Neuroimaging studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex activates more relative to a baseline when people make self-referential judgments than when they make other kinds of judgments.
Q:
Simulation theory suggests that theory of mind is based on an ability to put ourselves in the shoes of another person, using our own minds to simulate what might be going on in the mind of someone else.
Q:
Neuroeconomics is the field of philosophy that discusses the rights and wrongs of the treatment or enhancement of the human brain.
Q:
Patients in a vegetative state are evidence for which of the following statements? a.Wakefulness depends on consciousness. b. Wakefulness does not depend on consciousness. c.Consciousness depends on wakefulness. d. Consciousness is the same as wakefulness.
Q:
Which of the following of Damasios categories is most associated with the brainstem?
a.core consciousness
b.core awareness
c.extended consciousness
d.extended awareness
Q:
Core consciousness is turned off by lesioning which intralaminar nuclei (ILN) of the thalamus? a.left b. right c.both d. neither
Q:
Which of the following would NOT result from damage to the pons?
a.blindsight
b.locked-in syndrome
c.vegetative state
d.death
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a form of unconscious processing?
a.autonomic responses
b. motor control
c.language processing
d.short-term memory
Q:
How would theorists who follow Pinkers perspective label your subjective experience of viewing the colors of this book? a.qualia b. sentience c.self-knowledge d. access to information
Q:
A neural event occurs at 1:00 p.m. Libets backward referral hypothesis suggests that awareness is assigned to what time? a.500 milliseconds before 1:00 p.m. b. Exactly 1:00 p.m. c.500 milliseconds after 1:00 p.m. d. 10 seconds before 1:00 p.m.
Q:
Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness? a.thalamus b. brainstem c.cerebral cortex d. cerebellum
Q:
Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework? a.scaffolding b. storage c.both scaffolding and storage d. neither scaffolding nor storage
Q:
Compared to a novice, a chess grandmaster is more likely to be using their_____when playing chess a.left cortical hemisphere b. right cortical hemisphere c.left cerebellum d. right cerebellum when playing
Q:
Employing subliminal perception by quickly flashing an angry face before an image of someone could a.improve the participants attitude about the person. b. not change the participants attitude about the person. c.worsen the participants attitude about the person. d. remove the participants attitude about the person.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT thought to be an evolutionary pressure that gave rise to access- consciousness? a.cost of space b. cost of time c.cost of resources d. cost of prey
Q:
The scaffolding to storage framework was proposed to account for the movement from____to_________. a. conscious ; unconscious b. unconscious ; conscious c.conscious ; awareness d. awareness ; conscious
Q:
Which of the following hypothetical experimental results would support the idea that the two hemispheres have different conscious experiences?
a.A split-brain patients right hemisphere accesses close lexical associates of match and
paper.
b. A split-brain patients left hemisphere can access close lexical associates of match and
paper.
c.A split-brain patients right hemisphere cannot infer that match and paper can lead to fire.
d. A split-brain patients left hemisphere cannot infer that match and paper can lead to fire.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the interpreter system? a.It is cortically based. b. It works largely outside of awareness. c.It creates a running narrative. d. It processes emotion.
Q:
You meet a Capgras syndrome patient who insists their spouse is an imposter. Why do they think this? a.They recognize their spouse but feel no emotion toward them. b. They feel emotion to their spouse but do not recognize them. c.Their face identification module is providing false information. d. Their face identification module is not providing any information.
Q:
For people with blind sight,blind can be considered_________,with sight reflecting_______. a.perception ; sensation
b.sensation ; perception
c.visual field ; neglect
d.neglect ; visual field
Q:
Which statement below is both true and suggestive that chimpanzees and bonobos might have a conscious state? a.They share a common ancestor with humans. b. Their brains are split into hemispheres. c.They can develop Capgras syndrome. d. The scaffolding to storage framework proposes these species have a conscious state.
Q:
What is the earliest age at which humans can typically succeed at mirror self-recognition (MSR)? a.from birth b. 2 years c.5 years d. 10 years
Q:
The theory of bidirectional causation in conscious thought suggests that phenomenal awareness
_____________
a. does not exist.
b. exists within layers.
c.exists from interactions between layers.
d. is irrelevant to conscious thought.
Q:
What do perceiving visual illusions and experiencing a unified self have in common? a.Both are based in the occipital lobe. b. Both require free will. c.Both remain despite having an understanding that they are artificial. d. Both are required to succeed at the MSR test.
Q:
A research participant fails the mirror self-recognition (MSR) test. Which of the following questions should be asked before concluding that this person lacks self-awareness? a.Have you ever been imitated? b. Do you understand the concept of self-awareness? c.Are you under the age of sixteen? d. Do you have prosopagnosia?
Q:
Imagine you develop a technique to introduce language processing into a split-brain patients right hemisphere. How would this likely change the right hemispheres ability to make inferences? a.Its inference abilities would improve. b. Its inference abilities would worsen. c.Its inference abilities would disappear. d. Its inferences abilities would not change.
Q:
How did Newton add to the notion that we are not in control of our actions? a.by developing a theory of gravity b. by concluding that all physical matter operates on fixed and knowable laws c.by reaching this conclusion underneath an apple tree d. by developing quantum mechanics
Q:
Which of the following properties would indicate dynamic instability? a.A slight change in initial conditions has little impact on a system. b. A slight change in initial conditions has a significant impact on a system. c.A slight change in final conditions has little impact on a system. d. A slight change in final conditions has a significant impact on a system.
Q:
Which of the following abilities do chimpanzees NOT possess? a.gaze-following b. sharing intentionality c.deceiving others d. learning from others
Q:
If conscious thought is emergent, how can we use neuronal firing to fully understand it? a.We must measure neuronal firing across many different conscious states. b. We must model neuronal firing. c.We must measure the neuronal firing underlying various beliefs. d. We cannot use neuronal firing to fully understand it.
Q:
Why is the inclusion of brain scan results in court cases problematic for explaining behavior? a.The set of active brain regions can vary across multiple assessments. b. Brain activity is not influenced by substances, such as drugs. c.Most people do not find brain images credible. d. The temporal resolution of imaging techniques is not sufficient.
Q:
Why are we not able to perfectly predict chaotic systems?
a.the butterfly effect
b.poor measurement sensitivity
c.the three-body problem
d.free will
Q:
As a complex system,neurons are to the brain as__________is/areto.
________________
a.ants ; an ant colony
b.an ant colony ; ants
c.an ant ; another ant
d.another ant ; an ant
Q:
If the human brain follows the reductionist principles of the lobster gut, a certain behavior can be driven by a.one set of cellular and synaptic properties. b. many sets of cellular and synaptic properties. c.no sets of cellular and synaptic properties. d. any set of cellular and synaptic properties.
Q:
When a disturbed ball at the top of a hill could move in any direction,the system is said to be
a.symmetry breaking.
b.asymmetry breaking.
c.asymmetry producing.
d.symmetry producing.
Q:
Many biologists have not accepted a.reductionism. b.determinism. c.multiple realizability. d.consciousness.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT assumed by the United States legal system? a.a brain produces a practical reasoner b. behavior is deterministic c.a brain leads to personal responsibility d. damage to a brain can reduce responsibility
Q:
The dramatic shift in voter support away from California’s three-strikes law represented a shift from__________to___________
a.utilitarian ; restorative
b. restorative ; utilitarian
c.retributivist ; utilitarian
d. utilitarian ; retributivist
Q:
A determinist judge may follow either a_______ or___________ approach to justice
a.restorative ; utilitarian
b. retributivist ; utilitarian
c.restorative ; retributivist
d. restorative ; intuitive
Q:
Toddlers are often surprised when seeing members of different groups
a.negotiating
b.not negotiating
c. not sharing
d.sharing
Q:
The emotional reactivity hypothesis suggests that humans may have undergone self-domestication by selecting a.for control over emotional reactivity. b. against control over emotional reactivity. c.for emotional reactivity. d. for reactions to emotions.
Q:
When assigning a hypothetical punishment, most people request information in a waythat is consistent with a__________perspective. a.retributive
b. utilitarian
c.restorative
d. consequentialist
Q:
A toddler sees two members of their social group sharing. The toddler will likely
a.be surprised
b. be unsurprised
c.protest vocally
d.protest nonvocally
Q:
What typically drives people to employ retributivist policies in practice despite endorsing utilitarian policies in the abstract? a.experience b. innate tendencies c.the American legal system d. false memories
Q:
A switch from conceiving of crimes as being against the state to being against a person is most aligned withtheprinciplesof________justice.
a.retributive
b. utilitarian
c.restorative
d. consequentialist
Q:
Why might a persons recalled information change during an interview? a.The person tells their story without interruption. b. Misinformation is included in a question. c.The person is a determinist. d. The situation is subject to multiple realizability.
Q:
Which phrase best describes retributive justice? a.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. b. You cannot have your cake and eat it. c.An eye for an eye. d. We have nothing to fear but fear itself.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a type of utilitarian justice? a.restoration b. deterrence c.incapacitation d. rehabilitation
Q:
Without punishment, free riders cause cooperation to
a.expand.
b.collapse.
c.spread within groups.
d.spread across groups.
Q:
A free rider in the Public Goods game will likely
a.do poorly.
b.do well.
c.help the group.
d.pay a contribution cost.
Q:
Wild dogs developed the characteristics of domestic dogs as fear in hibition
a.increased.
b.decreased.
c.was completely removed.
d.was genetically engineered.
Q:
In a round of the Ultimatum Game, player 1 decides to split $20 by keeping $16 and offering $4 to player 2. Player 2 is most likely to a.free ride. b. accept the offer. c.reject the offer. d. accept part of the offer.
Q:
Activation of a person’s dorsal striatum as they administer punishments is consistent with the theory that punishing violations activates the_________ system. a.executive functioning
b. reward
c.motor
d. perceptual
Q:
Under conditions of uncertainty, in a dyadic interaction a persons generosity is likely to a.increase. b. decrease. c.remain constant. d. become irrelevant.
Q:
Which of the following areas has a key role in implementing fair behaviors? a.right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c.right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex d. left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
Q:
Information about color is extensively processed in visual area V5.
Q:
The term akinetopsia refers to unusual sensory unionseither between two senses, such as perceiving tastes for words, or within a single sense, such as perceiving colors for letters.
Q:
A jury is shown a defendants brain scan showing abnormal frontal lobe activity. What can a person on the jury legitimately conclude from this evidence alone? a.the defendant has diminished responsibility b. the defendant has brain damage c.both a and b d. nothing because this may not have produced a particular thought or behavior
Q:
Administering punishment is considered to be________ by our genome.
a.mandatory
b. undesirable
c.irrelevant
d. important
Q:
The term proprioception refers to the sensation of knowing the position of the body and limbs.
Q:
Different parts of the body are represented in the primary somatosensory cortex in proportion to their size.
Q:
The primary olfactory cortex is located in the parietal lobe.
Q:
The senses of olfaction and gustation are known as chemical senses because they begin with stimulation by chemicals (odorants or tastants).
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal reasons that Willis is considered one of the early figures in cognitive neuroscience? a.he named many brain parts. b. he dissected the brains of criminals within 21 miles of Oxford. c.he was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage. d. he created very accurate brain images.
Q:
Aside from saving Anne Greens life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also a.created very accurate drawings of the brain. b. came up with the names of a number of brain structures. c.took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience. d. all of the above.
Q:
Odorants from the mouth can travel back up into the nasal cavity.
Q:
The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering her newborn child, a.she survived an attempted electrocution. b. she escaped and later married Thomas Willis, a famous neurologist. c.she survived an attempted hanging. d. she escaped and later became a famous neurologist.
Q:
The discipline of phrenology was founded by a. Broca and Wernicke. b. Fritsch and Hitzig. c.Ramn y Cajal and Sherrington. d.Gall and Spurzheim.
Q:
A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities a.can be localized to particular parts of the brain. b. are determined by the shape and size of the human skull. c.are best studied using introspection or the scientific method. d. can be identified using the Golgi silver method of staining.
Q:
Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individuals cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumption that a.skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. b. certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways. c.life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certain traits, such as aggressiveness. d. the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of the soft brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions.
Q:
Localizationist is to as holistic is to . a.Wernicke ; Gall b. Gall ; Flourens c.Flourens ; Broca d. Broca ; Wernicke
Q:
Galls method for investigating phrenology was flawed because a.he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed. b. he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics. c.he ought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed. d. he used his own skull as the base model.
Q:
The view known as aggregate field theory, which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior, is most associated with a.Broca. b. Hughlings Jackson. c.Brodmann. d. Flourens.
Q:
Willis is to __________ as__________ is to Broca. a.Flourens ; Spurzheim. b. Spurzheim ; Flourens. c.Gall ; Dax. d. Dax ; Gall.
Q:
The view developed by Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as a.the neuron doctrine. b. aggregate field theory. c. rationalism. d. the law of effect.
Q:
In developing phrenology, Galls main failure was that a.he did not seek disconfirming evidence. b. he was not a scientist. c.his method was correlational. d. all of the above.
Q:
Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him? a. You are a domineering person. b. Your father was a very domineering person. c. Your brother is a domineering person. d. Your mother was a very domineering person.
Q:
John Hughlings Jackson proposed a __________organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work with people with __________. a. holistic ; aphasia b. topographic ; aphasia c. topographic ; epilepsy d. holistic ; epilepsy