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Q:
High-frequency sounds primarily activate hair cells at the __________ frequency sounds, whereas low- of the cochlea primarily activate hair cells at the __________ of the cochlea. a. base (thicker end) ; apex (thinner end) b. apex (thinner end) ; base (thicker end) c. superior end ; inferior end d. inferior end ; superior end
Q:
In the auditory system, the basilar membrane is located within the a. cochlea. b. eardrum. c. pinna. d. middle ear.
Q:
After modeling the quick habituation found in the olfactory system, Sobels fMRI research suggested that a.the primary olfactory cortex is related to sniffing, and the orbitofrontal cortex is related to smell. b. the orbitofrontal cortex is related to sniffing, and the primary olfactory cortex is related to smell. c.the orbitofrontal cortex is related to sniffing and smell, whereas the primary olfactory cortex is related to smell but not sniffing. d. the primary olfactory cortex is related to sniffing and smell, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex is related to smell but not sniffing.
Q:
Neurons in the olfactory bulb demonstrate an extensive amount of convergence and divergence. This means that neurons in this system a.sometimes fire synchronously and asynchronously with respect to each other. b. project to, and receive input from, a large number of other neurons. c.synapse onto their own presynaptic neurons, creating feedback loops. d. send output to regions of the brain both near and far from the olfactory epithelium.
Q:
The orbitofrontal cortex is considered a secondary cortical area for which of the following senses? a. proprioception b. vision c. olfaction d. audition
Q:
The primary olfactory cortex is located at the junction of the__________ and__________ lobes. a.frontal ; temporal b. frontal ; parietal c.temporal ; occipital d. parietal ; occipital
Q:
How many types of receptors are there in the olfactory epithelium? a.two b. four c.five d. Olfaction
Q:
Information about which of the following senses does NOT pass through the thalamus on the way to the cortex? a.audition b. olfaction c. gustation d. somatosensation
Q:
Konishi's model of spartial hearing in the barn owl posits that interaural time is computed using , whereas interaural intensity differences are computed using __________ . a. relative rate of firing ; coincidence detectors b. coincidence detectors ; relative rate of firing c. unimodal processing ; multimodal integration d. multimodal integration ; unimodal processing
Q:
Which of the following is a documented asymmetry in the olfactory system? a.The number of receptor types in the left olfactory epithelium is 10 times greater than in the right olfactory epithelium. b. The cortical volume of the primary olfactory cortex is larger on the right side than on the left in right-handed people. c.The nasal passage in one nostril is larger than the other nostril, and this switches back and forth every few hours. d. Although the left nostril projects to both the left and right cerebral hemispheres, the right nostril projects only to the right hemisphere.
Q:
The primary visual pathway is best described as a.retina optic nerve hypothalamus superior colliculus occipital lobe. b.retina cochlea optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe. c.retina optic nerve optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe. d.retina hippocampus thalamus superior colliculus occipital lobe.
Q:
Which area of the body has the greatest amount of representation in the human primary somatosensory cortex? a.hands b. feet c.gums d. trunk
Q:
Information about the left hand is processed a.in the left hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. b. in the right hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. c.in the left hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex. d. in the right hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a type of corpuscle used for somatosensation? a.Merkel b. Calvert c.Meissner d. Pacinian
Q:
In which of the following brain areas might you expect an expert taster such as a chef or sommelier to have unique patterns of neural connectivity? a.the superior temporal gyrus b. area MT c.the orbitofrontal cortex d. the basal ganglia
Q:
The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses? a. somatosensation and vision b. vision and audition c. olfaction and gustation d. somatosensation and proprioception
Q:
The primary gustatory cortex is located in the a. thalamus and hypothalamus. b. hippocampus and amygdala. c. pons and medulla. d. insula and operculum.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tastes? a.Acid b. Bitter c.Sweet d. Umami
Q:
The basic taste umami is experienced when eating foods rich in a. fat. b. protein. c. carbohydrates. d. minerals.
Q:
Of the following choices, the strongest evidence for a link between the sense of smell and the triggering of memories is the observation that a.the olfactory cortex has direct connectivity to the limbic cortex. b. the olfactory cortex has direct connectivity to area MT. c.people with damage to the basal ganglia have compromised odor recognition. d. people with damage to the cerebellum have compromised odor recognition.
Q:
A patient has an injury to the optic nerves, such that the branches of each optic nerve that normally cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm are severed. The remaining branches, which do not cross to the other side of the brain, are intact. Which of the following best describes the effect of this injury on his vision? a. He can now see only by using his right eye; his left eye is functionally blind. b. Only information from the left visual field can enter his brain for processing. c. Only the signal for half the visual field of each eye is processed by the brain. d. His brain now receives visual information only from the medial half of each retina.
Q:
Before entering the brain, each optic nerve splits into two branches so that information from__________ half of each retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain. a. nasal (medial) b. temporal (lateral) c. left (dorsal) d. right (ventral)
Q:
The highest density of , or color-sensitive photoreceptors, can be found in the__________of the retina. a. cones ; fovea b. cones ; periphery c. rods ; fovea d. rods ; periphery
Q:
Due to a defect in one type of photoreceptor, Susan has poor vision at night, when light levels are relatively low. Which type of photoreceptor is defective? a.ganglion cell b. cone c. rod d. cornea
Q:
If you were to conduct a single-cell recording from a neuron in the MT region of the extrastriate visual cortex, you would probably find that the cell fires most vigorously to a a. bar of light that alternates in color between red and green. b. bar of light tilted at a 15 angle in the center of the cells receptive field. c.corner-shaped region of light on a dark background. d. bar of light that moves across the cells receptive field.
Q:
Simple cells in the primary visual cortex selectively respond to visual stimuli based on a. direction of stimulus motion. b. stimulus color. c. stimulus orientation. d. distance of the stimulus from the viewer.
Q:
The finding that V1, but not V2 or V3, has an fMRI fingerprint for a presented but not perceived orientation suggests that a.higher visual areas track awareness. b. lower visual areas track awareness. c.higher visual areas track sensation but not necessarily perception. d. lower visual areas track neither sensation nor perception.
Q:
How are differences in individuals perception of the Ebbinghaus illusion reflected in brain anatomy? a.A larger illusion is found in people with a larger V1. b. A smaller illusion is found in people with a larger V1. c.A larger illusion is found in people with a larger V2/V3. d. A smaller illusion is found in people with a larger V2/V3.
Q:
A patient with progressive supranuclear palsy is suffering from gradual deterioration of his superior colliculus. Which of the following statements best describes the result of this disease? a.The patient has intact acuity and shape perception, but he can no longer recognize visual objects. b. The patient demonstrates the phenomenon of blindsight. c.The patient is cortically blind. d. The patient is unable to initiate eye movements.
Q:
A scotoma that involves one entire side of the visual field is called a.topographic map. b. homunculus. c.receptive field. d. hemianopia.
Q:
Injury to all of the following brain areas EXCEPT__________ will result in a scotoma. a.MT b. V1 c. LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) d. Brodmann area 17
Q:
Using single-cell recording, you isolate a neuron in area MT that selectively responds to moving stimuli. What other response property would you expect from this cell? a.It is selective for stimulus color. b. It is selective for stimulus shape. c. It is selective for stimulus hue. d. It is selective for stimulus velocity.
Q:
A patient who has a focal brain injury to the human analog of area MT would demonstrate all of the following for visually presented stimuli EXCEPT a.accurate shape discrimination. b. accurate velocity discrimination. c.accurate hue discrimination. d. accurate object recognition.
Q:
A selective loss of motion perception is called a. achromatopsia. b. anomia. c. akinetopsia. d. agnosia.
Q:
Achromatopsia is due to a. the absence of the photopigment sensitive to long wavelengths. b. the absence of the photopigment sensitive to short wavelengths. c. cortical lesions in area V4. d. cortical lesions in area MT.
Q:
Which of the following is the best example of cortical plasticity? a.the processing of tactile information by blind people in cortical regions that process visual information in sighted people b. the ability of the barn owl to localize XOAects in space based on auditory and not visual information c.the integration of information about olfaction and gustation in the orbitofrontal cortex d. the activation of the superior colliculus by visual information in patients exhibiting blindsight
Q:
Studies of cortical organization in blind people have shown that, compared to sighted people, a.blind people show increased activity in the occipital cortex when sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces and when given tactile discrimination tasks. b. blind people show increased activity in the occipital cortex when given tactile discrimination tasks but not when sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces. c.blind people show decreased activity in the occipital cortex when sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces and when given tactile discrimination tasks. d. blind people show decreased activity in the occipital cortex when given tactile discrimination tasks but not when sweeping their fingers over rough surfaces.
Q:
Which of the following results would be expected for an individual experiencing the most common form of synesthesia? a.Their visual cortices have been shown to be sensitive to tactile discrimination. b. They show interference effects when asked to identify the colors of letters if the colors are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences. c.Their somatosensory cortices have been shown to be sensitive to visual information. d. They show interference effects when asked to identify sung letters if the pitches are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences.
Q:
Which term is used to describe an idiosyncratic union between or within sensory modalities, such as experiencing the color red whenever seeing the letter A? a.achromatopsia b. akinetopsia c.synesthesia d. agnosia
Q:
Which subcortical region is known to maintain multimodal maps of the environment and is involved in the control and orienting of movements? a.the pons b. the cerebellum c. the medulla d. the superior colliculus
Q:
Why is it difficult to investigate the conscious experience of perception using monkeys? a.Monkeys do not have conscious experiences. b. We cannot infer a conscious experience from monkeys behavior. c.Human visual regions do not correspond perfectly to monkey visual regions. d. Visual illusions do not affect nonhuman animals.
Q:
Unlike the visual system, auditory information does not pass through the thalamus on the way to the cortex.
Q:
The two ears of the barn owl are positioned asymmetrically on the head, improving sound localization in the vertical direction.
Q:
During audition, sound vibrations are encoded as neural signals in the basilar membrane of the cochlea.