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Q:
The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
A.
self-awareness
B.
recognition
C.
mind
D.
Q:
Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because:
A.
at her age, she has no long-term memories.
B.
her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.
C.
she is more likely to embellish her memories.
D.
Q:
In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how:
A.
the peer group plays a part in short-term memory.
B.
older children rehearse the digits from the test more than younger children do.
C.
elementary schools practice scaffolding.
D.
Q:
Research with the memory-span task suggests that:
A.
short-term memory increases during early childhood.
B.
long-term memory reaches maturation by early childhood.
C.
memory span depends on one's ethnic origin.
D.
Q:
Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means:
A.
preparing for a memory-span test.
B.
doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp.
C.
repeating information after it has been presented.
D.
Q:
Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers that she is asked to repeat in the right order. Irene is having her _____ memory tested.
A.
recognition
B.
implicit
C.
procedural
D.
Q:
In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no rehearsal of the information.
A.
30 seconds
B.
15 minutes
C.
5 hours
D.
Q:
In Central European countries, such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in exercises designed to improve their _____. An eye-contact exercise in which the teacher sits in the center of a circle of children and each child is required to catch the teacher's eye before being permitted to leave the group is an example of this type of exercise.
A.
hand-eye coordination
B.
attention
C.
social skills
D.
Q:
When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:
A.
conservation.
B.
attention to the salient.
C.
centration.
D.
Q:
After the age of _____, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant.
A.
3 or 4
B.
4 or 5
C.
6 or 7
D.
Q:
A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and many jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents about all the safety rules the officer discussed. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____.
A.
salient
B.
relevant
C.
habituated
D.
Q:
A police officer visits Ben and Heather's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and many jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer presented. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was _____.
A.
salient
B.
relevant
C.
habituated
D.
Q:
_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
A.
Salient
B.
Relevant
C.
Executive
D.
Q:
_____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
A.
Salient
B.
Relevant
C.
Executive
D.
Q:
Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?
A.
Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals.
B.
Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.
C.
Vygotsky particularly described how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development, which is highly subjective.
D.
Q:
Tale is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him to plan his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Tale then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called:
A.
model drawing.
B.
scaffolding writing.
C.
word visualizing.
D.
Q:
In a Tools of the Mind classroom, _____ has a central role.
A.
nutrition
B.
didactic lecture
C.
dramatic play
D.
Q:
Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive development.
A.
Vygotsky's
B.
Erikson's
C.
Sternberg's
D.
Q:
Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:
A.
self-discovery.
B.
social interaction.
C.
reorganization of existing knowledge.
D.
Q:
In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from:
A.
the individual to collaboration.
B.
collaboration to sociocultural activity.
C.
construction to discovery.
D.
Q:
Vygotsky's view of the importance of _____ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
A.
autonomy
B.
sociocultural influences
C.
economic status of teachers
D.
Q:
Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be incorporated in classrooms?
A.
Making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support
B.
Formal, standardized tests to assess children's learning
C.
Discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk
D.
Q:
Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioral development?
A.
A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students must complete on their own.
B.
An instructor helps students with laboratory work showing them how to do things the students cannot yet do.
C.
A teacher waits patiently for students to come up with good answers and assesses their learning capabilities.
D.
Q:
Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's educational applications?
A.
IQ should be assessed to test a child's learning capabilities.
B.
A child should learn on his or her own to realize his or her capabilities.
C.
A child's use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism.
D.
Q:
3-year-old Amy walks by her grandmother's collection of glass animals and says "Those are a 'no-no'; don't touch." It would appear that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own behavior.
A.
mindstream
B.
intuitive reasoning
C.
private speech
D.
Q:
4-year-old Michelle talks to herself frequently and especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is:
A.
engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
B.
likely to be socially competent.
C.
functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
D.
Q:
In the development of language and thought, _____.
A.
internal speech precedes private speech
B.
internal and external speech develop simultaneously
C.
external speech precedes internal speech
D.
Q:
Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?
A.
Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate.
B.
Thought depends on language, so they are merged throughout development.
C.
Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
D.
Q:
When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this:
A.
mindstream.
B.
drawling.
C.
lisping.
D.
Q:
Over the past week, Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Walter is better at it, she only guides him verbally. Which of the following is this an example of?
A.
How heredity shapes cognitive development
B.
Intuitive reasoning
C.
Scaffolding
D.
Q:
Which of the following refers to teachers' adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student?
A.
Accommodation
B.
Regulation
C.
Scaffolding
D.
Q:
When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw the support. This shows the adults' involvement in the children's:
A.
zone of proximal development.
B.
development of conservational abilities.
C.
enhancement of intuitive reasoning.
D.
Q:
Which of the following did Vygotsky call the "buds" or "flowers" of development?
A.
Tasks a child can accomplish independently
B.
Intuitive thinking and rational thinking
C.
A child's cognitive skills in the process of maturing
D.
Q:
Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?
A.
Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles
B.
Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzles on her own
C.
Sharon helping her 2-year-old brother with 4-piece puzzles
D.
Q:
Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support. He can walk into the middle of a room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking?
A.
Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself
B.
Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself
C.
Kevin walking alone by holding onto a piece of furniture with his hands
D.
Q:
A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:
A.
the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary.
B.
parents or teachers do not interfere.
C.
the task is too difficult for the child to accomplish on his own.
D.
Q:
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for:
A.
a young adult's cognitive development achieved through interaction with children.
B.
the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development.
C.
how the environment and a child's genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period.
D.
Q:
According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation.
A.
the age of a child
B.
heredity
C.
attention
D.
Q:
In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:
A.
that a child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
B.
that a child is unable to think fluidly.
C.
centration.
D.
Q:
In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:
A.
do not change an object's basic properties.
B.
affect an object's inherent features.
C.
determine the total volume needed for a given task.
D.
Q:
Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from:
A.
focusing only on one feature.
B.
considering combinations of features.
C.
having a perspective that is different from one's own.
D.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?
A.
Conservation requires centration.
B.
Centration is due to lack of conservation.
C.
Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.
D.
Q:
Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:
A.
constancy.
B.
conservation.
C.
intuition.
D.
Q:
Piaget called the second substage in preoperational thought intuitive because of the absence of the use of _____ by children in this stage.
A.
symbolic function
B.
primitive reasoning
C.
centration
D.
Q:
4-year-old Ethan reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are turning on their flashlights. Ethan's primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of:
A.
symbolic function.
B.
intuitive thought.
C.
egocentrism.
D.
Q:
The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of:
A.
reversible mental actions.
B.
egocentric views.
C.
primitive reasoning.
D.
Q:
"My computer doesn't like me. It keeps eating my pictures" says 3-year-old Kimberly. This is an example of:
A.
animism.
B.
intuitive thinking.
C.
conservation.
D.
Q:
A young child might be heard saying "That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as _____.
A.
egocentrism
B.
conservation
C.
animism
D.
Q:
While talking to his grandmother on the phone, five-year-old Danny suddenly exclaims "Oh, look at that pretty bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of:
A.
animism.
B.
egocentrism.
C.
intuitive thought.
D.
Q:
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _____.
A.
animism
B.
empathy
C.
egocentrism
D.
Q:
Three-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. "It is a boat in the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!" she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain?
A.
Animism
B.
Conservation
C.
Intuitive thought
D.
Q:
Three-year-old Betty's favorite pastime is scribbling designs that represent her parents, cat, bicycle, and home. This indicates that Betty is in the _____ substage of Piaget's preoperational stage.
A.
symbolic function
B.
intuitive thought
C.
operational
D.
Q:
Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development:
A.
cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.
B.
cannot yet form stable concepts.
C.
are unable to reason.
D.
Q:
Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as "magical beliefs." Patricia is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.
A.
sensorimotor
B.
concrete operational
C.
formal operational
D.
Q:
The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage that lasts from approximately _____ years of age.
A.
1 to 3
B.
2 to 7
C.
4 to 10
D.
Q:
Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in:
A.
nutrition.
B.
sanitation.
C.
poverty.
D.
Q:
Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:
A.
in the northern hemisphere.
B.
with high rates of poverty and low levels of education.
C.
where other common children's health problems like malnutrition do not exist.
D.
Q:
The poor are the majority in nearly one of every _____ nations of the world.
A.
five
B.
ten
C.
two
D.
Q:
Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?
A.
Decreasing home/school partnerships
B.
Reducing playground hazards
C.
Reducing pool fencing
D.
Q:
Which of the following statements about parental smoking is true?
A.
Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes.
B.
Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home.
C.
Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are not more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking families.
D.
Q:
The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:
A.
heart disease.
B.
malnutrition.
C.
motor vehicle accidents.
D.
Q:
Young children from _____ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia.
A.
urban
B.
elementary
C.
nuclear
D.
Q:
Shawn's mother took him to the doctor as he frequently complained of fatigue. The doctor diagnosed his condition as _____ that results from the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables.
A.
growth hormone deficiency
B.
binge eating disorder
C.
iron deficiency anemia
D.
Q:
Which of the following helps in increasing the physical activity of preschool children?
A.
Family members watching sports on TV together
B.
Parents' perception that it is safe for their children to play outside
C.
Participating in sedentary outdoor play
D.
Q:
Guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in _____ of physical activity per day.
A.
half an hour
B.
two hours
C.
one hour
D.
Q:
Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?
A.
Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at the risk of being overweight at age 12.
B.
There is no indication that overweight children will become overweight adults.
C.
Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in children.
D.
Q:
6-year-old Gina has a BMI at the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she is:
A.
obese.
B.
overweight.
C.
at risk for being overweight.
D.
Q:
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at the 90th percentile is:
A.
obese.
B.
overweight.
C.
at risk of being overweight.
D.
Q:
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the _____ percentile are classified as obese.
A.
97th
B.
95th
C.
90th
D.
Q:
Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight?
A.
Weight
B.
Average calories consumed daily
C.
Waist-to-hip ratio
D.
Q:
Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve eating behavior of children?
A.
Competing activities
B.
A predictable schedule
C.
Parents eating healthy food
D.
Q:
Short sleep duration in children is linked with being:
A.
dyslexic.
B.
myopic.
C.
overweight.
D.
Q:
Researchers have found that children who have sleep problems:
A.
exhibit no related outcomes in adolescence.
B.
are less likely to consume alcohol in adolescence.
C.
are unlikely to show any variations in brain development.
D.
Q:
Children can experience a number of sleep problems including narcolepsy which is characterized by:
A.
extreme daytime sleepiness.
B.
difficulty in going to sleep.
C.
difficulty in staying asleep.
D.
Q:
Leopold asks his pediatrician how many hours of sleep his young child should be getting each night. He is told that _____ hours of sleep is essential for the child.
A.
8 to 9
B.
7 to 8
C.
9 to 10
D.
Q:
Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures. However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?
A.
His gross motor skills are underdeveloped.
B.
He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked.
C.
His coordination skills are not developing normally for his age.
D.
Q:
Three-year-old Ashley is putting together a jigsaw puzzle. As is typical of her age, she:
A.
places the pieces awkwardly.
B.
is focused and excels in the task.
C.
cannot identify the correct sections.
D.
Q:
Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She is always trying what her parents consider hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:
A.
1-year-olds.
B.
2-year-olds.
C.
3-year-olds.
D.
Q:
Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.
A.
jumping; writing
B.
running; swimming
C.
laughing; shouting
D.
Q:
Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, these activities will:
A.
help the boys develop their gross motor skills.
B.
stop when their brains become better myelinated.
C.
be temporary as they will not be friends for long.
D.