Q&A Hero

Q: All of the following are aspects of metacognition, except: A. conserving mental resources B. thinking about thinking C. appraising comprehension D. managing thinking

Q: Fifteen-year-old Maya's parents are worried about her. Maya seems to be sleepy all the time. She sometimes falls asleep at the kitchen table when she gets home from school, but stays up late at night, past 11 p.m., when her parents go to sleep. Maya also seems to be irritable a lot of the time. On weekends, Maya usually sleeps until noon, even though her parents have asked her to get up earlier to help with chores. Maya's parents insist that she never had any problems like this when she was younger. How would you explain the changes in Maya's behavior (particularly her sleep changes) to her parents?

Q: Imagine that your friend has told you that she recently heard that scientists can use a person's DNA to determine exactly when that person will go through puberty. Do you agree with her? What evidence supports your decision?

Q: Current efforts aimed at encouraging healthy behaviors among adolescents involve all of the following, except: A. changing the contexts in which adolescents live. B. increasing adolescents' knowledge and understanding of health enhancing behaviors. C. encouraging adolescents to sign contracts promising to abstain from unhealthy behaviors. D. encouraging health care professionals to do more screening for risky health practices.

Q: Which adolescent is at highest risk for suicide? A. Black males B. Hispanic females C. White females D. American Indian/Alaskan Native males

Q: According to the textbook, the prevalence of adolescent smoking is a direct function of: A. the number of retail outlets selling tobacco in their immediate neighborhood. B. the amount of people smoking in the neighborhood. C. whether biological parents smoke. D. being an early-maturing male and living in a single-parent household.

Q: Almost half of all teenage deaths in the United States are a result of: A. car accidents and other unintentional injuries. B. suicide. C. homicide. D. sexually transmitted infections.

Q: Graduated driver-licensing programs were designed to: A. place restrictions on when teenagers can drive. B. place restrictions on with whom teenagers can drive. C. reduce automobile fatalities. D. All of the above.

Q: Based on information presented in the textbook, in the United States today, which of the following strategies would be the least efficient way to promote adolescent health? A. increasing adolescents' knowledge and understanding of health-promoting behaviors B. changing an aspect of the context in which adolescents live C. ensuring that school bathrooms are sanitary D. parental encouragement of adolescent exercise

Q: According to the textbook, what was the most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking? A. school-wide assemblies with presentations from police officers and doctors B. on-campus law enforcement personnel who enforce school rules that prohibit smoking C. advertisements on TV shows relevant to teens, such as MTV D. raising the price of cigarettes

Q: Of the following, the biggest threat to adolescents' health is: A. infectious disease. B. chronic illness. C. cardiovascular disease. D. risky behaviors.

Q: Which of the following is not associated with the "new morbidity and mortality" of adolescence? A. accidents B. suicide C. homicide D. cancer

Q: Which of the following statements about health in adolescence is not true? A. Adolescents have low rates of disabling or chronic illness. B. Adolescents have high rates of accidents, homicide, and suicide. C. The majority of health problems during adolescence are preventable. D. The new approach to adolescent health care is a return to traditional medicine.

Q: The most virulent threats to adolescent health come from all of the following, except: A. unhealthy behaviors, such as drug use. B. chronic disabilities, such as cancer. C. violence inflicted by themselves or by others. D. risky activities, such as unprotected sexual intercourse.

Q: According to the textbook, in general, the amount of time individuals spend in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: A. increases from childhood to adolescence. B. decreases from childhood to adolescence. C. remains the same from childhood to adolescence. D. is directly related to socioeconomic status.

Q: Rosy believes that "fat is beautiful" and has a steady diet of fried chicken, French fries, and cheeseburgers. Tanya believes that "thin is in" and uses vomiting and laxatives as a way to keep her weight down. Both girls exhibit what psychologists call: A. disordered eating. B. bulimia. C. anorexia nervosa. D. normal adolescent eating patterns.

Q: Which of the following is not associated with disordered eating in the United States? A. poor interpersonal relationships B. depression C. alcohol and tobacco use D. All of the following are associated with disordered eating.

Q: Theresa has been known to go on eating binges and then purge immediately afterward. Theresa is probably suffering from: A. anorexia nervosa. B. bulimia. C. binge eating disorder D. obesity.

Q: Karen has been known to exercise excessively, count calories, and diet obsessively. She is currently depriving herself of food even though she is 20 pounds underweight. Karen is probably suffering from: A. anorexia nervosa. B. bulimia. C. binge eating disorder. D. deprivation syndrome.

Q: The potentially fatal disorder in which young women actually starve themselves is called: A. bulimia. B. anorexia nervosa. C. obesity nervosa. D. purging.

Q: Which of the following statements about obesity is not true? A. Adolescent obesity epidemic will cost the United States more than $250 billion. B. Adolescent obesity has been especially dramatic among Black females. C. Adolescent obesity is limited to the United States. D. Obesity is the most serious health problem of American adolescents.

Q: Who of the following is likely to gain excess weight during adolescence? A. Mary, who gets inadequate sleep on school nights but sleeps in on the weekends B. Kevin, who gets insufficient physical inactivity, but lives near recreational facilities C. Tony whose friends are relatively overweight D. All of these adolescents are likely to gain excessive weight during puberty.

Q: Non-White adolescents are relatively more likely than White adolescents to experience all of the following, except: A. to be murdered. B. to be physically inactive. C. suffer from chronic illness. D. anorexia nervosa.

Q: Who most closely resembles the profile of someone who has binge eating disorder? A. Steve, a wrestler who nearly starves himself so he can stay in his weight bracket B. Carla, a gymnast who binges on junk food but makes herself vomit after each meal C. Howard, a football player who believes he is overweight and exercises twice a day, seven days a week D. Sherri, a volleyball player who binges on junk food but does not engage in any other weight loss behaviors

Q: Which of the following is true about obesity? A. To be considered obese, a person's body mass index must fall at or above the 95th percentile for their age and gender. B. Forty percent of American adolescents are obese. C. The rate of obesity has quadrupled worldwide since 2005. D. Obesity is solely caused by a low basal metabolic rate.

Q: Which group is most at risk for obesity? A. late-maturing Black girls B. early-maturing Black girls C. early-maturing White boys D. early-maturing White girls

Q: During puberty, individuals who mature early are likely to experience which of the following? A. more intellectual curiosity B. less frequent temper tantrums C. less depression D. more frequent and more intense temper tantrums

Q: Which of the following characteristics is not typically associated with being an early-maturing girl? A. feelings of awkwardness and self-consciousness B. being less popular, especially with boys C. being more likely to become involved in juvenile delinquency D. being less likely to pursue advanced education and a demanding career

Q: In America, early-maturing girls are more likely than their late-maturing peers to: A. be unpopular. B. have a more negative self-image. C. succeed in school. D. perceive themselves as attractive.

Q: Which of the following was not offered by the textbook as an explanation for the sex differences in the impact of early and late maturation? A. the cultural desirability of thin body types B. the developmental readiness hypothesis C. the maturational deviance hypothesis D. genetic makeup

Q: Nadia is an early-maturing girl. Compared to her late-maturing peers, which of the following statements is most likely to be true for Nadia? A. Nadia is less likely to suffer from social anxiety. B. Nadia is less likely to be popular with girls. C. Nadia is more likely to be popular with the boys. D. Nadia is less likely to be the victim of rumors and gossip.

Q: The impact of early maturation on problem behaviors or depression is worse when: A. adolescents have many stressful life events. B. have harsh or inconsistent parents. C. live in disadvantaged neighborhoods. D. All of the above.

Q: Generalizing from the textbook, the children who are most likely to think of themselves as being "off schedule" with respect to their physical development are girls who mature _____ and boys who mature _____. A. late; early B. early; late C. late; late D. early; early

Q: Follow-up studies of Swedish women who had been early maturers found that as adults they were: A. unable to develop coping skills. B. less likely to continue their education beyond high school. C. more likely to continue their education beyond high school. D. indistinguishable from those who had been late maturers.

Q: The _____ is the minimal amount of energy one uses when resting. A. basal metabolism rate B. delayed phase preference C. secular trend D. feedback loop

Q: Which of the following statements about the secular trend is true? A. There is currently no evidence that boys have followed the secular trend. B. Evidence for the secular trend in boys can be found in reports from European children's choirs. C. Experts agree that the secular trend (for boys and girls) has indeed continued in recent years. D. Scientists believe that the secular trend is caused by chemicals in the food supply.

Q: When adolescents in the United States begin to experience specific pubertal events, which of the following is most likely to occur? A. A girl's mother will be the first person the girl tells that she has begun to menstruate. B. A girl's best friend will be the first person the girl tells that she has begun to menstruate. C. A girl is likely not to tell anyone that she is menstruating for the first several months after she begins. D. A boy will tell his friends about his first ejaculation soon after it occurs.

Q: Suzanne and Greg are the first members of their class to begin the pubertal transition. Based on what you know about early-maturing adolescents, Suzanne and Greg are more likely to: A. become involved in illegal activities. B. do better in school. C. be ostracized by their classmates. D. get along with their parents.

Q: Which of the following characteristics is not associated with being an early-maturing boy? A. fewer problem behaviors B. greater popularity C. a more positive self-concept D. greater confidence in one's self

Q: Mike, an early maturer, is more likely to __________ than Bob, a late maturer. A. experience pseudomaturity B. suffer greater consequences if bullied by peers C. experiment with drugs and alcohol D. All of the above

Q: Early-maturing boys are: A. likely to have low self-esteem. B. often expected to be more mature than they are. C. better prepared to deal with changes of adolescence. D. more childish than their later-maturing peers.

Q: Avram is considered a late-maturing boy. A year after pubertal onset, we would expect Avram to show all of the following advantages over his early-maturing peers, except: A. greater athletic ability. B. more intellectual curiosity. C. greater exploratory behavior. D. higher levels of social initiative.

Q: Which of the following statements about puberty's impact on family relationships is true? A. Puberty appears to increase distance between parents and children. B. Other species do not experience distance during the pubertal transition. C. Distancing effect of puberty on adolescent-parent relationships is consistently observed in minority families. D. Puberty does not interfere with family relations.

Q: According to the textbook, when compared to their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are: A. less likely to have problems with their parents. B. more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as going out on dates. C. more likely to have platonic relationships with opposite sex peers. D. less likely to be depressed.

Q: Which of the following girls will experience the greatest menstrual discomfort? A. Sarita, who is prepared for the physical changes B. Alison, who is a late maturer C. Loryn, who has a negative attitude toward menarche D. Janet, who is unpopular among her classmates

Q: Studies have shown that prepubertal girls who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable report: A. milder menstrual symptoms than their peers. B. more severe menstrual symptoms than their peers. C. about the same level of menstrual symptoms as their peers. D. experiencing menarche sooner than their peers.

Q: Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce the most favorable and easiest adjustment to menarche? A. when the girl's mother prepares her by describing the unpleasant aspects of menarche B. when the girl reaches menarche early C. when menarche occurs before the girl has been told about the physical changes which will occur D. when the girl knows the facts about the physical changes her body will undergo

Q: Dr. Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study? A. longitudinal B. cross-sectional C. cross-sequential D. secular

Q: A research design in which subjects of different ages are assessed simultaneously is called a: A. longitudinal study. B. cross-sectional study. C. cross-sequential study. D. correlational study.

Q: Which of the following statements about hormonal changes of puberty is true? A. Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that increase adolescents' desire for sensation-seeking activities. B. Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescent more risk averse. C. Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescents more introverted. D. Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that decrease adolescents' desire for rewarding activities.

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescent mood swings is false? A. The effect of hormones on adolescent mood swings is strongest early in puberty. B. Adolescents' moods fluctuate during the course of the day more than the moods of adults. C. Adolescent mood swings parallel their changes in activities. D. Hormones play a greater role in the development of depression than do stressful life events.

Q: Which of the following plays the greatest role in the development of depression? A. rapid increases in hormones B. early maturation C. stressful life events D. the delayed phase preference

Q: Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in: A. hormone levels. B. family relationships. C. nutrition. D. activities.

Q: Which of the following statements about the impact of hormones on behavior is false? A. Adolescents' moods fluctuate more during than day than the moods of adults. B. The direct relation between adolescent moodiness and hormonal changes of puberty is extremely strong. C. The relation between hormonal changes and adolescent mood is strongest during early puberty. D. Rapid increase in hormones may be associated with increased irritability, impulsivity, aggression, and depression.

Q: Given a choice, Mike would prefer to stay up until 1:00 a.m. and sleep until 10:00 a.m. This pattern is called the: A. secular trend. B. delayed phase preference. C. longitudinal design. D. adolescent growth spurt.

Q: Which of the following does not contribute to changes in sleep patterns during adolescence? A. later secretion of melatonin B. mood fluctuations throughout the day C. television, computers, and artificial light sources D. early school starting times

Q: The delayed phase preference suggests that: A. adolescents should not be taught sex education until high school. B. school should be held year-round. C. school should begin later in the morning. D. school should begin earlier in the morning.

Q: Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns: A. adolescents today are getting more sleep than adolescents 30 years ago. B. the reason that high schools begin classes earlier than middle schools or junior high schools is that adolescents are more alert during the morning hours than later in the day. C. getting inadequate sleep is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents. D. although most adolescents do not get sufficient sleep during the week, they are able to make up for the deficit by sleeping later on weekends.

Q: The biological changes that take place during puberty can cause changes in adolescents' behavior in all of the following ways, except: A. directly. B. by affecting the adolescent's self-image. C. by affecting the reactions of others to the adolescent. D. All of these are ways in which biological changes occurring in puberty can cause changes in adolescents' behavior.

Q: Which of the following female sex characteristics is usually the last to develop? A. menarche B. regular ovulation C. development of the nipples of the breasts D. growth of pubic hair

Q: Which of the following statements about puberty in girls is false? A. Regular ovulation and the ability to carry a baby to term usually follow menarche by several years. B. The development of the areola and nipple are far better indicators of sexual maturation than is breast size. C. Menarche occurs very early in the process of sexual development. D. The changes in the nipple and areola occur regardless of the size to which the breast finally develops.

Q: Which of the following statements about the timing and tempo of sexual maturation is true? A. In the United States, and in all other countries, menarche typically occurs around age 12. B. The duration of puberty varies widely, from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys. C. Adolescents who begin puberty early are also those who complete it early. D. Adolescents who begin puberty earlier usually grow to be taller adults.

Q: Sarah is a junior high student anticipating and preparing for puberty. She wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until she looks and is considered an adult. What would you tell her? A. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly variable and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. B. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly predictive. She will begin the puberty process around 12.5 years of age and it will take four years until it is completed. C. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly controllable. D. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is predetermined by your DNA.

Q: Based on research addressing ethnic differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which American girl would be expected to be the earliest to mature? A. Brandy, a middle-income Black adolescent B. Miranda, a middle-income Mexican adolescent C. Emily, a middle-income White adolescent D. Kimberly, a middle-income Asian adolescent

Q: Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty? A. stress B. nutritional deficiencies C. excessive exercise D. All of the above

Q: Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment are largely caused by: A. hormonal factors. B. genetic factors. C. environmental factors. D. None of the above

Q: Which of the following factors have not been found to influence the onset of maturation? A. father absence B. good nutrition C. family conflict D. peer pressure

Q: According to the textbook, Julie, a seventeen-year-old living in a college dormitory, has noticed that her menstrual periods have begun to synchronize with _____, which is compelling evidence that social relationships can affect biological functioning. A. the time her female roommate menstruates B. her most stressful days of the month C. days she feels most sexually aroused D. her biological sister living in a different city

Q: Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the: A. cross-sectional trend. B. endocrine trend. C. menarche trend. D. secular trend.

Q: Puberty began for Nancy when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11 years. For her grandmother, the onset was at 13 years of age. These changes in the age of onset of puberty over time are referred to as: A. cross-sectional trend. B. secular trend. C. longitudinal trend. D. physiologic trend.

Q: Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. Which of the following is she likely to determine has the smallest role in determining group differences in pubertal maturation? A. nutrition. B. sanitation. C. infectious diseases. D. genetics.

Q: The first ejaculation of seminal fluid that occurs is: A. biologically predetermined. B. genetically inherited. C. often determined culturally. D. a major embarrassment for most boys.

Q: The first sign of puberty in girls is generally: A. growth of breasts. B. underarm hair. C. menarche. D. acne.

Q: Molly's breasts are beginning to develop, she is beginning to grow pubic hair, her skin is becoming more oily, and her body is growing rapidly. These changes are brought about by the secretion of _____ by the _____. A. estrogen only; testes B. androgens only; ovaries C. estrogen and androgens; ovaries D. estrogen and androgens; testes

Q: One reason for the difference in the body shapes of the sexes is: A. the timing of the growth spurt. B. that females tend to be more "left-brained" and males more "right-brained." C. differences in the size of the hypothalamus. D. the difference in the amount and distribution of body fat.

Q: Although both sexes experience changes in muscle tissue and body fat, the ratio of muscle to body fat is: A. greater in boys than girls. B. greater in girls than boys. C. about the same in both genders. D. greater in early-maturing girls than in late-maturing boys.

Q: Which of the following girls would probably be least susceptible to feelings of body dissatisfaction due to the rapid increase in body fat in early adolescence? A. Suzy, an early maturer B. Lilly, someone who began dating early C. Diane, someone from a relatively affluent family D. Beth, a Black adolescent girl

Q: The rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience: A. leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily. B. leads to an increase in healthy eating patterns among adolescent girls. C. increases vulnerability to feelings of body dissatisfaction for Black adolescent girls. D. is seen by the Centers for Disease Control as a major risk factor for obesity among adolescent girls.

Q: According to the textbook, the sex difference in athletic performance during early adolescence results from all of the following except: A. self-confidence. B. body fat. C. hormones. D. diet and exercise.

Q: All of the following are reasons that males have greater gains in strength than females during early adolescence, except: A. increased production of androgens among females. B. strong societal pressures on girls to decrease their physical activity in adolescence. C. inadequate nutrition among adolescent girls. D. sex differences in body fat.