Q&A Hero

Q: Sarah and Kent have always had a very traditional family structure. Kent worked outside the home and Sarah was a homemaker. When Kent retires, which of the following situations is most likely to arise? A. Sarah will have difficulty keeping up with housework. B. Sarah will help more with yard work. C. Sarah will be delighted to have someone help her, so she can spend increasing amounts of time away from home. D.

Q: According to studies by Price & Nesteruk (2010), retirement brings the greatest changes to _____ families. A. modern B. egalitarian C. minority D.

Q: In 2010, _____ percent of older adults were cohabiting. A. 4 B. 1 C. 3 D.

Q: Which of the following statements about the living arrangements of older adults is true? A. More than two-thirds of older women 75 years and older live alone. B. The older people become, the greater are their odds for living alone. C. Less than half of older adults live with family members. D.

Q: _____ percent of women 75 years and older live alone. A. Fifty B. Thirty C. Seventy D.

Q: The majority of older adults living alone are widowed, encompassing _____ times as many women as men. A. two B. three C. four D.

Q: Which living arrangement is the most common for elderly adults? A. Living in a nursing home B. Living in their own home alone C. Living with a family member D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of Internet usage among older adults? A. Older adults are less likely to have a computer in their home. B. Older adults are less likely to use the Internet than younger adults. C. Older adults are the fastest-growing segment of Internet users. D.

Q: What percentage of elderly African American women lived in poverty in 2010? A. 65 percent B. 40 percent C. 50 percent D.

Q: What percentage of elderly Latinas lived in poverty in 2010? A. 22 percent B. 51 percent C. 41 percent D.

Q: The _____ are the age subgroup of older adults most likely to be living in poverty. A. young-old B. middle-old C. old D.

Q: In 2010, _____ percent of older adults in the United States were living in poverty. A. 9 B. 12 C. 23 D.

Q: In 2010, _____ percent of single, divorced, or widowed women 65 years and older lived in poverty. A. 19 B. 8 C. 22 D.

Q: _____ illness often follows a pattern of an acute period that may require hospitalization, followed by a longer period of remission, and then repetitions of this pattern. A. Acute B. Chronic C. Terminal D.

Q: Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt. A. home care service B. emergency care C. eldercare D.

Q: _____ refers to the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving an inequitably large allocation of resources. A. Social justice B. Reverse ageism C. Economic justice D.

Q: The _____ issue raises questions about whether the young should be required to pay for the old. A. ageist culture B. generational equity C. social justice D.

Q: Which of the following observations about poverty and old age is NOT true? A. Poverty in late adulthood is linked to an increase in physical and mental health problems. B. Poverty is linked to lower levels of physical and cognitive fitness in older adults. C. Low SES has no impact on the risk of earlier death in older adults. D.

Q: Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as _____. A. ageism B. adultism C. racism D.

Q: Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of: A. eldercare. B. ageism. C. generational inequity. D.

Q: Which of the following is the most frequent form of ageism? A. Assumptions about frailty of older adults B. Assumptions about ailments caused by age C. Disrespect for older adults D.

Q: Approximately _____ of the total health bill of the United States is for the care of adults 65 and over, who comprise only 12 percent of the population. A. one-fifth B. one-fourth C. half D.

Q: Considering the fact that many of the health problems of older adults are chronic rather than acute, which of the following is likely to be a concern about the medical system? A. Medicare does not have special provisions for chronic illnesses. B. Costs of prescription drugs are still not subsidized for the elderly. C. The medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model. D.

Q: _____ illness is long-term, often lifelong, and requires long-term, if not life-term, management. A. Acute B. Chronic C. Terminal D.

Q: Older adults in _____ reported the highest perceptions of control over their lives in their sixties and seventies. A. Japan B. Australia C. Denmark D.

Q: In a cross-sectional study of persons ranging in age from 13 to 90, researchers found that self-control was lowest in the _____ domain for individuals who were 60 to 90 years old. A. physical B. social C. emotional D.

Q: In a cross-sectional study of persons ranging in age from 13 to 90, researchers found that self-control was lowest in the _____ domain for individuals who were 13 to 18 years old. A. physical B. social C. emotional D.

Q: Which of the following is true of the possible selves of older adults? A. Acceptance of ideal selves increases B. Acceptance of future selves increases C. Acceptance of past selves increases D.

Q: A survey across a range of 21 developed and developing countries revealed that a majority of adults in their sixties and seventies reported: A. being in control of their lives. B. experiencing a severe lack of self-control. C. having very low self-esteem. D.

Q: Older adults characterized by _____ do not live as long as those who display _____. A. empathy; sympathy B. materialism; spiritualism C. negative affect; positive affect D.

Q: According to the cross-sectional study on self-esteem conducted by Robins and others (2002), which age group has the highest self-esteem? A. Adolescents B. Young adults C. Middle-aged adults D.

Q: Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT true? A. Self-esteem dropped significantly in the seventies and eighties. B. Self-esteem of males was higher than females through most of the adult years. C. Negative societal attitudes toward older adults could lead to lower self-esteem. D.

Q: Which of the following factors has been associated with low self-esteem in late adulthood? A. Lowered cognitive skills B. Empty nest syndrome C. Fear of retirement D.

Q: Which of the following is most likely to result in a heightened self-esteem in older adults? A. Being accepted by others and being told that they are nice B. Having a low religious allegiance C. Being widowed or institutionalized D.

Q: A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for participants 85 to 105 years old, _____ became the most important personal investment. A. work B. health C. family D.

Q: According to the cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, _____ showed up for the first time on the most important list for those who were 85 to 105 years old. A. spending time with friends B. concerns about work C. thinking about cognitive fitness D.

Q: Identify the two personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality that are associated with severe depression in older adults. A. Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism B. Low religiosity and high materialism C. High agreeableness and low neuroticism D.

Q: According to new studies, which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to increased risk of older adults developing Alzheimer across a six-year time frame? A. High level of openness to experience B. Moderate to high level of conscientiousness C. Low to moderate level of agreeableness D.

Q: Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong? A. Openness to experience B. Neuroticism C. Agreeableness D.

Q: A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of _____ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D.

Q: According to the cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, which of the following is the most important investment for adults between 25 to 34 years of age? A. Work B. Family C. Friends D.

Q: A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 35 to 54 years of age, _____ became most important in terms of personal investment. A. work B. independence C. friends D.

Q: A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 55 to 65 years of age, _____ became most important in terms of personal investment. A. work B. independence C. family D.

Q: Which of the following is a compensation strategy suggested by Baltes and his colleagues? A. Focus on the most important goal at a particular time. B. To reach a particular goal, you may need to abandon other goals. C. Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal. D.

Q: According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective optimization strategy? A. To reach a particular goal, you may need to abandon other goals. B. Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal. C. When things do not go as well as in the past, keep trying other ways until you can achieve results that are similar to what you accomplished earlier in your life. D.

Q: The late Arthur Rubinstein, during his old age, maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies. One of those was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect? A. Selection B. Organization C. Optimization D.

Q: When he was interviewed at 80 years of age, Arthur Rubinstein said that he spent more time at practice than earlier in his life. This helped to maintain his status as an admired concert pianist. This reflects which aspect of Baltes' theory? A. Selection B. Organization C. Optimization D.

Q: In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist, the late Arthur Rubinstein during his old age, used special strategies, such as slowing down before fast segments, thus creating the image of faster playing. Which factor of Baltes' theory does this reflect? A. Selection B. Optimization C. Organization D.

Q: According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective selection strategy? A. Keep working on what you have planned until you are successful. B. Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal. C. Focus on the most important goal at a particular time. D.

Q: Which of the following, suggested by Baltes and colleagues, is a selection strategy for older adults? A. To achieve something, you may need to be patient until the right moment arrives. B. Think about what you want in life and commit yourself to one or two major goals. C. When things do not go the way they used to, search for other ways to achieve what you want. D.

Q: Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors: A. assortment, enhancement, and remuneration. B. reorganization, compensation, and optimization. C. selection, optimization, and compensation. D.

Q: _____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master. A. Activity B. Selective optimization with compensation C. Socioemotional selectivity D.

Q: The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that, in old age, there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life? A. Selection B. Optimization C. Compensation D.

Q: According to Baltes, _____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential. A. selection B. organization C. optimization D.

Q: According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies? A. Selection B. Compensation C. Optimization D.

Q: In which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious? A. Reminiscing on life's regrets B. Watching soaps on TV C. Being bedridden due to illness D.

Q: Which of the following is cited as one of the main reasons for the changing trajectories in knowledge-related and emotion-related goals of older adults compared with younger adults? A. Perception of time B. State of health C. Self-esteem and self-respect D.

Q: When time is perceived as _____, as it is when individuals are younger, people are more strongly motivated to pursue information, even at the cost of emotional satisfaction. A. fluid B. limited C. open-ended D.

Q: Recent studies have led researchers to conclude that the emotional life of older adults is more _____ than once thought. A. negative B. positive C. depressed D.

Q: According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals declines during: A. middle and late adulthood. B. adolescence and early adulthood. C. early childhood. D.

Q: According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the emotion trajectory is high during: A. early adulthood. B. adolescence. C. middle childhood. D.

Q: Which of the following theories challenges the notion that older adults are in despair because of social isolation? A. Socioemotional selectivity theory B. Activity theory C. Disengagement theory D.

Q: Now that Benita is in late adulthood, the socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will: A. become more socially withdrawn as she prepares for death. B. continue to actively make new friends. C. spend most of her time with familiar friends. D.

Q: According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by two types of goalsemotional and _____. A. spiritual B. practical C. relational D.

Q: The _____ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life. A. selective optimization with compensation B. activity C. socioemotional selectivity D.

Q: According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peak in: A. middle and late adulthood. B. adolescence and early adulthood. C. early childhood. D.

Q: Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of: A. socioemotional selectivity theory. B. selective optimization with compensation theory. C. activity theory. D.

Q: Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family? A. Activity theory B. Socioemotional selectivity theory C. Social discontinuity theory D.

Q: Which of the following is most likely to be the reason why, according to the socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults deliberately increase the time spent with close friends and family members? A. They crave financial security B. They want to maximize emotional risks C. They cannot communicate effectively with new individuals D.

Q: Joaquin believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. He is a proponent of _____. A. activity B. selective optimization with compensation C. socioemotional selectivity D.

Q: According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction _____ as individuals get older. A. minimizes health-related complications. B. minimizes emotional risks. C. maximizes social isolation. D.

Q: Stacy is a director of a senior center. Every week she leads a group where the elders discuss past activities and experiences. The members of the group are encouraged to share anecdotes, old pictures, and other family memorabilia that remind them of significant events in their past. Stacy's group is a form of: A. cognitive behavioral therapy. B. past life regression therapy. C. reminiscence therapy. D.

Q: A recent meta-analysis of 128 studies found that through reminiscence therapy, clients attained a: A. lower sense of intimacy. B. lower sense of generativity. C. higher sense of despair. D.

Q: Olivia believes that the more dynamic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus she believes in: A. activity theory. B. Erikson's theory of integrity versus despair. C. socioemotional selectivity theory. D.

Q: Which of the following is true of activity theory? A. It suggests that by examining not only the positive aspects of ones life, but also what one has repented doing (or not doing), a more accurate vision of the complexity of ones life and possibly increased life satisfaction will be attained. B. It states that older adults become more selective about their social networks and because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships. C. It involves identifying and reflecting on not only the positive aspects of ones life but also on regrets as part of developing mature levels of wisdom and self-understanding. D.

Q: When working with older clients, some clinicians use _____ therapy. Rita is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group. A. gestalt B. reminiscence C. schema D.

Q: According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of intimacy vs. isolation culminates in: A. acceptance of the cycle of life. B. a merger of sensory, logical, and aesthetic perception. C. acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes. D.

Q: According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of identity vs. confusion culminates in: A. a sense of complexity of life. B. a merger of sensory, logical, and aesthetic perception. C. acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes. D.

Q: According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in appreciation of interdependence and relatedness in old age? A. Generativity vs. stagnation B. Basic trust vs. mistrust C. Integrity vs. despair D.

Q: According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates an acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes in old age? A. Generativity vs. stagnation B. Basic trust vs. mistrust C. Industry vs. inferiority D.