Q&A Hero

Q: What is the impact of training on cognitive skills of older adults? Are the benefits transferable across domains?

Q: Identify the type of memory that helps in retention of information without conscious recollection, involving skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed.

Q: What type of memory involves the ability to remember what one needs to do in the future?

Q: Identify the concept which emphasizes that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance.

Q: Identify the leading expert who described seven major pathways that adults in their sixties take to retirement.

Q: What is the term for a potential transitional state between cognitive changes of normal aging and very early stages of Alzheimer disease and other dementias?

Q: What is the term coined by Paul Baltes that refers to the culture-based "software programs" of the mind including such things as reading and writing skills, language comprehension, and daily life skills? Cognitive pragmatics

Q: What is the term for a focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment? Sustained attention

Q: Identify the type of memory that includes a persons fields of expertise, general academic knowledge of the sort learned in school, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words, famous individuals, important places, and common things. Semantic memory

Q: Identify the language problem in which individuals have difficulty retrieving information from memory, even though they are confident that they can do so.

Q: A Pew poll found that belief in God was higher in _____ than in any other age period. A. older adults B. young adults C. adolescents D.

Q: Which of the following is a treatment for advanced Parkinson disease? A. Cholinerase inhibitors B. Electroconvulsive therapy C. Dopamine agonists D.

Q: Mr. Dalton has been complaining of irregular and involuntary movement in the right part of his body. The doctors noticed that Mr. Dalton has been showing signs of slow movement and partial facial paralysis. The chronic and progressive nature of the illness was revealed in the pathological findings. Which of the following conditions does Mr. Dalton most likely suffer from? A. Alzheimer disease B. Multi-infarct syndrome C. Lewy body dementia D.

Q: Elder maltreatment is primarily carried out by _____. A. family members B. doctors C. nurses D.

Q: Who is most likely to abuse the elderly? A. Their children B. Their spouse C. Their health care workers D.

Q: Many psychotherapists prefer not to work with older patients, labeling them as _____. A. YAVISes B. OPLAs C. QUOIDs D.

Q: One study reported by Gillum and others revealed that religious attendance at least weekly compared with never was linked to a: A. higher risk of mortality. B. lower risk of mortality. C. lower risk of Alzheimer disease. D.

Q: Which of the following is a similarity between Alzheimer and Parkinson disease? A. Both are triggered by a deficiency of the important brain messenger chemical acetylcholine. B. Both are progressive in nature. C. Both affect only the elderly. D.

Q: _____ is triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. A. Parkinson disease B. Alzheimer disease C. Huntington's disease D.

Q: Which of the following is the main treatment for Parkinson in the earlier stages? A. Dopamine agonists B. L-dopa C. Cholinerase inhibitors D.

Q: Which of the following is a drug that is used in the treatment of Parkinson disease? A. ACE inhibitors B. Cholinerase inhibitors C. L-dopa D.

Q: According to a recent study by De Meyer and others, every one of the older adults with mild cognitive impairment who had _____ in their spinal fluid developed Alzheimer disease within five years. A. the amyloid beta B. acetylcholine C. the apolipoprotein D.

Q: Which of the following is a drug used to treat Alzheimer disease? A. Ritalin B. L-dopa C. ACE inhibitors D.

Q: Which of the following is the effect of the drug treatment given to patients with Alzheimer disease? A. It increases the amount of amyloid beta in spinal fluid. B. It treats mild cognitive impairment. C. It increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain. D.

Q: Which of the following statements is NOT true about the cholinerase inhibitor drugs used to treat Alzheimer disease? A. They slow down the progression of the disease. B. They reverse the effects of the disease. C. They have not yet been approved by the Federal Drug Administration for the treatment of MCI. D.

Q: _____ refer to services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly. A. Respite care B. Hospice care C. Palliative care D.

Q: All of the following are risk factors associated with Alzheimer disease EXCEPT: A. cardiovascular disease. B. clinical depression. C. genetics. D.

Q: The transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias is called: A. confusion. B. mild cognitive impairment. C. attention deficit disorder. D.

Q: _____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. A. Mild cognitive impairment B. Low cholesterol C. Major depression D.

Q: Estimates indicate that as many as _____ percent of individuals 65 years of age and older have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A. 40 to 50 B. 30 to 40 C. 10 to 20 D.

Q: A recent study reported by De Meyer and others revealed that _____, which is a protein fragment that forms plaques in the brain, was present in the spinal fluid of approximately 75 percent of the individuals with mild cognitive impairment. A. apolipoprotein E B. amyloid beta C. acetylcholine D.

Q: Alzheimer disease involves a deficiency in an important brain messenger chemical _____. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. acetylcholine D.

Q: The brain messenger chemical _____ plays an important role in memory. A. serotonin B. acetylcholine C. noradrenaline D.

Q: Which of the following changes in the brain has NOT been associated with Alzheimer disease? A. Shrinkage of the brain B. Formation of amyloid plaques C. A series of mini-strokes D.

Q: Which of the following constitute dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels? A. Cholinerase inhibitors B. Neurofibrillary tangles C. Amyloid plaques D.

Q: A gene called _____ is linked to increasing presence of plaques and tangles in the brain. A. ApoB B. ApoE C. ApoC D.

Q: What is an allele? A. An alternative form of a gene B. The specific location of a gene on the chromosome C. A particular chromosome in the human genome D.

Q: _____ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function. A. Huntington's disease B. Parkinson disease C. Alzheimer disease D.

Q: In 2012, an estimated _____ adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease.

Q: 6 million

Q: 2 million

Q: 8 million

Q: As many as _____ of older adults with depressive symptoms receive no treatment at all. A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 60 percent D.

Q: Nearly _____ of individuals who commit suicide in the United States are 65 years of age or older. A. 2 percent B. 10 percent C. 25 percent D.

Q: _____ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning. A. Paranoia B. Dementia C. Schizophrenia D.

Q: It is estimated that _____ of women 85 years and older are at risk for developing dementia. A. 23 percent B. 17 percent C. 31 percent D.

Q: It is estimated that _____ of men 85 years and older are at risk for developing dementia. A. 23 percent B. 55 percent C. 31 percent D.

Q: Alzheimer disease is a form of: A. major depression. B. a purely psychological decline in old age. C. paranoia. D.

Q: Which of the following is called the "common cold" of mental disorders? A. Schizophrenia B. Alzheimer disease C. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon D.

Q: Lower frequency of depressive symptoms in older adults compared with middle-aged adults was linked to all of the following EXCEPT: A. better geriatric care. B. fewer economic hardships. C. fewer negative social interchanges. D.

Q: According to a longitudinal study by Barefoot and others, which of the following statements about gender differences in depression among adults is true? A. In the childhood, adolescent, and early adulthood years, males show greater depression than females do. B. The study found greater depression in men than women at 50 and 60 years of age, but not at 80 years of age. C. Men showed increases in depressive symptoms from 60 to 80. D.

Q: The most common predictors of depression in older adults include all of the following EXCEPT: A. poor health. B. lack of disability. C. low social support. D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for depression? A. Overlooking insomnia B. Increase in social support C. Increase in self-critical thinking D.

Q: In a study conducted in 2006 of older adults who had returned to work after retirement, about _____ reported that they had done so by choice (it made them happy), and about _____ reported that they had to return to work in order to meet financial needs. A. two-thirds; one-third B. one-third; two-thirds C. three-quarters; one-quarter D.

Q: Which of the following statements about retirement is true? A. Men spend less time planning for retirement than women do. B. Older adults with a long work history adjust to retirement more easily than those who have been in the workforce for a shorter period of time. C. Higher levels of financial assets and job satisfaction were more strongly linked to men's higher psychological well-being in retirement. D.

Q: The cost of caring for older adults with mental health disorders is estimated to be more than _____ per year in the United States. A. $100 billion B. $40 billion C. $100 million D.

Q: A person with _____ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated. A. obsessive compulsive disorder B. schizophrenia C. dementia D.

Q: All of the following are symptoms of major depression EXCEPT: A. boredom. B. lack of motivation. C. paranoia. D.

Q: In 2011, in the United States, the average age of retirement was _____ for men and _____ for women. A. 65; 67 B. 64; 62 C. 66; 64 D.

Q: On average, today's workers in the United States will spend _____ to _____ of their lives in retirement. A. 1 percent; 5 percent B. 5 percent; 10 percent C. 10 percent; 15 percent D.

Q: Phyllis Moen described seven paths that individuals in their sixties usually follow. Which of the following is NOT one of those paths? A. Some retire from career work and take up a new and different job. B. Some go to work for the first time after being homemakers. C. Some move to a disability status due to poor health. D.

Q: Studies conducted in 2006 revealed that approximately _____ retired Americans return to work after they have retired. A. 1 million B. 7 million C. 15 million D.

Q: Which of the following statements about retirement in America is true? A. Approximately 20 million retired Americans return to work after they have retired. B. When retired adults return to the labor force, it occurs on average four years after retirement. C. A majority of former retirees report that they were forced to go back to work to meet financial needs. D.

Q: Which of the following is one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease? A. Increased irritability and aggressiveness B. Word-finding/generating difficulties C. Decrease in ability to produce well-formed sentences D.

Q: After 1995, of the adults 65 and older in the workforce, those _____ rose substantially. A. who are retiring early B. engaging in volunteer work C. engaging in part-time work D.

Q: Which of the following is one of the BEST predictors of job performance in older adults? A. Cognitive ability B. Educational attainment C. Distaste for retirement/complexity of work D.

Q: Which of the following statements about older workers is true? A. Older workers have more accidents than younger workers. B. Older workers have higher rates of absenteeism than younger workers. C. Older workers are of considerably less value to a company than younger workers. D.

Q: Which of the following can be attributed to giving Americans the option to retire? A. The Age Discrimination Act of 1967 B. The deletion of mandatory retirement in 1986 C. Establishment of the Social Security system in 1935 D.

Q: Cognitive neuroscience has uncovered some important links between aging, the brain, and cognitive functioning. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. Decline in neural circuits is linked to poorer performance by older adults on complex reasoning tasks. B. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to use both hemispheres of the brain. C. Older adults show greater activity in the frontal and parietal regions while engaging in simple tasks. D.

Q: According to Denise Park and Patricia Reuter-Lorenz, neurocognitive _____ involves the use of complementary, neural circuits to protect cognitive functioning in an aging brain. A. scaffolding B. bypassing C. extension D.

Q: Mae is 87 years old. She is most likely to have difficulty understanding a person when he or she: A. speaks slowly. B. has a face-to-face conversation with her. C. calls her on the phone. D.

Q: One of the most common language difficulties that older adults experience is: A. expressive aphasia. B. stuttering. C. making up new words that other people do not understand. D.

Q: _____ refers to extended verbal expression in speech or writing. A. Narrative B. Embellishing C. Discourse D.

Q: Which of the following statements about language skills of older adults is NOT true? A. The vocabulary of individuals often continues to increase throughout most of the adult years. B. Older adults seldom report difficulty in retrieving words to use in conversation. C. Understanding spoken language in certain contexts is a common complaint for older adults. D.

Q: The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth. A. terminal decline B. terminal slide C. cognitive shift D.

Q: The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills. A. multiple intelligence B. mind over matter C. terminal decline D.

Q: The concept of "use it or lose it" is a significant component of the _____ model of cognitive optimization that addresses strategies to buffer age-related declines in intellectual development. A. engagement B. constructivist C. peer-to-peer D.

Q: Senior Odyssey is a 20-week program: A. involving creative problem solving skills in older adults. B. aimed at improving motor-skills and general physical health in older adults. C. aimed at teaching adults to multitask. D.

Q: Senior Odyssey participants showed increased _____ that involves generating new ideas, being open to new information, and being aware of multiple perspectives. A. openness to diversity B. other-centeredness C. multitasking D.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE of decision-making and aging? A. Older adults perform well when decision making is constrained by time pressures. B. Older adults are far more inconsistent with their choices as compared to younger adults. C. Older adults perform well when decisions involve high risks. D.