Q&A Hero

Q: What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress? A. Younger people have a slower restorative process after a stressful episode. B. Younger people have better coping strategies for dealing with stress. C. The process of aging increases the pituitary gland's response to stress, making it work harder. D.

Q: Researchers have found that _____ reduces the oxidative damage created by free radicals. A. hormone replacement therapy B. moderate intake of red wine C. a diet restricted in calories D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a biological theory explaining aging? A. Cellular clock theory B. Free-radical theory C. Mitochondrial theory D.

Q: The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair are known as: A. Lewy bodies. B. ribosomes. C. chromosomes. D.

Q: The _____ theory states that aging is due to the decay of _____. A. free-radical; oxygen molecules B. mitochondrial; mitochondria C. stress; nutrients D.

Q: According to the mitochondrial theory, which of the following steps is NOT part of the damage caused by free radicals? A. Oxidative damage impairs mitochondrial function. B. Generation of even greater amounts of free radicals. C. The affected mitochondria become inefficient in generating energy for cellular needs. D.

Q: Based on the ways cells divide, Hayflick places the upper limit of the human life-span potential at about _____ years of age. A. 90 to 100 B. 100 to 110 C. 120 to 125 D.

Q: _____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes. A. Free radicals B. Polymers C. Telomeres D.

Q: According to the cellular clock theory, after about 70 or 80 replications, the cell no longer can reproduce and the _____ are dramatically reduced. A. mitochondria B. telomeres C. chromosomes D.

Q: Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by: A. removing the cap of the DNA molecule. B. injecting it with telomerase. C. rearranging the DNA sequences. D.

Q: Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the _____ process, providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging. A. hormone production B. antibody proliferation C. free radical regeneration D.

Q: Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules? A. Cellular clock theory B. Free-radical theory C. Telomerase-injection theory D.

Q: The majority of older adults aged 80 and over: A. continue to live in the community. B. are institutionalized. C. report that their health is excellent or good. D.

Q: According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to _____, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood. A. reproductive fitness B. neurogenesis C. cognitive and perceptual fitness D.

Q: According to evolutionary theory, which of the following is the reason Alzheimer disease not been eliminated by evolution? A. It appears only in adolescence or early adulthood. B. It is a genetic disorder. C. It is caused by improper diet and inadequate physical activity. D.

Q: According to the cellular clock theory of aging, cells can divide a maximum of: A. 50 to 60 times. B. 65 to 70 times. C. 75 to 80 times. D.

Q: _____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing. A. Evolutionary B. Cellular clock C. Free-radical D.

Q: The oldest-old are individuals who are _____ years and older. A. 85 B. 80 C. 75 D.

Q: Calvin has just turned 90 years old. He would be considered among the: A. young-old. B. middle-old. C. old-old. D.

Q: Uncle Roger tells you that he is a member of the "oldest-old" club, when asked about age. Without knowing his exact age, you would know that Uncle Roger is at least _____ years old. A. 70 B. 75 C. 80 D.

Q: The oldest-old today are mostly: A. male. B. institutionalized. C. married. D.

Q: In the New England Centenarian Study, _____ percent of the individuals 100 years and older were living independently at home. A. 20 B. 15 C. 40 D.

Q: 6 years

Q: 4 years

Q: 2 years

Q: Each of the following explanations has been given to explain the longevity of persons living in Okinawa EXCEPT: A. eating a diet that is heavy on grains and vegetables. B. retiring early from jobs. C. a high inclination toward spirituality among the elderly. D.

Q: The young-old are people who are between: A. 40 to 50 years of age. B. 50 to 65 years of age. C. 65 to 84 years of age. D.

Q: Maria is 80 years old. She is considered _____. A. youngest-old B. young-old C. oldest-old D.

Q: Statistics reveal that the profile for most centenarians (people aged 100 and older) looks unusual as compared with other older adults. What is the difference? A. These centenarians never married. B. These centenarians had a low rate of age-associated diseases. C. These centenarians were married more than once. D.

Q: One factor that has contributed to the survival of centenarians is: A. their ability to cope effectively with stress. B. the lack of stressful events in their lives. C. the years of marriage. D.

Q: Which of the following places has the highest ratio of centenarians? A. New York, US B. Okinawa, Japan C. London, England D.

Q: What is the life expectancy in Okinawa, Japan?

Q: 2 years

Q: Which of the following countries had the lowest estimated life expectancy in 2011? A. South Africa B. Singapore C. Japan D.

Q: If born today in the United States, which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy? A. Jerome who is an African American male B. Larry who is a non-Latino White male C. Miranda who is an African American female D.

Q: Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases? A. Estrogen production and the additional X chromosome B. Lower cholesterol levels and improved lung function C. Postmenopausal hormone levels and increased body water D.

Q: In industrialized countries, the number of individuals 100 years and older is increasing at the rate of approximately _____ percent each year. A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D.

Q: According to current projections, what is the expected number of centenarians by the year 2050? A. 19,000 B. 77,000 C. 212,000 D.

Q: Which of the following countries has the highest number of centenarians? A. England B. United States C. China D.

Q: 3 years

Q: 3 years

Q: 3 years

Q: 7 years

Q: In 2011, which of the following countries had the highest estimated life expectancy? A. United States B. Japan C. Monaco D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about cultural contexts of adulthood? A. In many cultures, especially nonindustrialized cultures, the concept of middle age is not very clear, or in some cases is absent. B. In nonindustrialized societies, individuals are always aptly identified and described as middle-aged unlike in industrialized societies. C. Every culture in the world has words for adolescent and young adult. D.

Q: It is common in nonindustrialized societies to: A. describe individuals as young or old but not as middle-aged. B. describe individuals as middle-aged. C. not have any words for old or young. D.

Q: Stages of adulthood in the Gusii culture of Kenya are defined by: A. a person's age. B. events in a person's life. C. the evaluations of the elders within a culture. D.

Q: _____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live. A. Life expectancy B. Life span C. Longevity D.

Q: What is the average life expectancy of individuals born today in the United States?

Q: Which of the following is a significant observation by Neugarten regarding social clocks? A. Social clocks are more rigid than they were before. B. Individuals whose lives are synchronized with the social clocks are less stressed. C. Younger adults below 25 years are excluded from the social clock age bracket. D.

Q: Sandra's mother is concerned about Sandra's lack of interest in marrying and having children. She told Sandra, "When I was your age, I had already found a good husband and settled down." Sandra and her mother: A. have different social clocks. B. have different coping styles. C. have different commitment levels. D.

Q: According to the Mitchell and Helson study, conditions that distinguished the lives of women in their early fifties from those of women in other age periods included all of the following EXCEPT: A. more "empty nests." B. lower health. C. higher income. D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the stage theories of adult development? A. Critics have regularly observed that the stage theories of adult development have a female bias. B. The central focus of stage theories have been predominantly away from career choice or work achievement. C. The stage theories adequately address womens concerns about relationships, interdependence, and caring. D.

Q: In the context of gender, which of the following statements about the midlife period? A. Middle-aged men have more interpersonal stressors. B. Middle-aged women have more self-focused stressors. C. The adult stage theories place heavy importance on childbearing and child rearing. D.

Q: When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a: A. composed manner. B. fight-or-flight manner. C. stagnant manner. D.

Q: When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in: A. a tend-and-befriend pattern. B. an aggressive behavior. C. a fight-or-flight response. D.

Q: Which theory is similar to the contemporary life-events approach in highlighting the importance of complex setting of peoples lives? A. Bronfenbrenner's theory B. Freud's psychoanalytic theory C. Erikson's psychosocial theory D.

Q: Lorenzo was born during the depression era in the U.S. Now he and others who were born at about the same time show greater cognitive decline than people born at later times. This illustrates that cohort effects are differences based on: A. gender. B. historical contexts. C. genetic traits. D.

Q: Cohorts refer to: A. groups of individuals born in the same year or time period. B. groups of individuals who have the same socioeconomic status. C. individuals of the same gender. D.

Q: The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career is known as the _____. A. interval measure B. life-event calendar C. circadian rhythm D.

Q: According to the Almeida and Horn study, which of the following is the difference in the experience of stressors between young adults and middle-aged adults? A. Unlike middle-aged adults, young adults experienced daily stressors less frequently. B. Unlike young adults, middle-aged adults experienced lesser multiple stressors than older adults. C. Unlike middle-aged adults, young adults were less physically reactive to work stressors. D.

Q: Which of the following is one of the ten most frequent daily hassles for adults in middle age? A. Concerns about being lonely B. Concerns about meeting high standards C. Concerns about weight D.

Q: According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____ and then declines. A. early adulthood B. midlife C. adolescence D.

Q: Which of the following aspects of life do middle-aged adults feel they have less control over? A. Finances B. Sex life C. Work D.

Q: Middle-aged adults feel they have less control over their: A. marriage. B. finances. C. work. D.

Q: Critics of the daily hassles approach argue that: A. it does not tell how individuals perceive or cope with hassles. B. it emphasizes the male experience. C. it does not have much impact on adult development. D.

Q: According to Lachman, researchers have found that in _____ of the cases in which individuals have reported going through a midlife crisis, the "crisis is triggered by life events such as a job loss, financial problems, or illness." A. one-fourth B. half C. two-thirds D.

Q: The _____ life-events approach emphasized the manner in which life events that influence an individual's development depends not only on these events but also on mediating factors. A. contemporary B. standard C. cognitive D.

Q: According to the contemporary life-events approach, the influence of life events also depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT the _____. A. individual's cognitive capacity B. individual's adaptation C. life-stage context D.

Q: The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it: A. placed too much emphasis on change. B. ignored the developmental stages adults go through. C. did not consider the female experience. D.

Q: Mr. Chang works at a boring but tense job. Stress from his job keeps him up late on most nights. Mr. Chang is experiencing the stress of: A. a major life event. B. a daily hassle. C. a middle-age development crisis. D.

Q: George Vaillant concludes that the _____ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years. A. forties B. fifties C. sixties D.

Q: Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's view on midlife? A. Unlike Valliant, according to Levinson, only males experience midlife crisis. B. Unlike Levinson, Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience midlife as a crisis. C. Levinson maintains that the transition period to midlife is six years, while Valliant holds it to be eight years. D.

Q: Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises: A. have been validated. B. have been exaggerated. C. have no cross-cultural validity. D.

Q: Which of the following acts as the focus of stage theories trying to explain midlife? A. Universals of adult personality development B. Gender differences in adult personality development C. Individual variations in adult development D.

Q: Which of the following is a shortcoming of stage theories of adult development? A. They do not adequately address universals of adult personality development. B. They do not adequately address individual variations in adult development. C. They place far too much importance on cultural variations in adult development. D.

Q: _____ percent of the men Levinson interviewed found the midlife transition tumultuous and psychologically painful, as many aspects of their lives came into question. A. 50 to 60 B. 40 to 50 C. 70 to 80 D.

Q: According to Levinson, the _____ rests on how effectively an individual reduces the polarities and accepts each of them as an integral part of his or her being. A. failure of adolescent transition B. success of the midlife transition C. success of transition into early adulthood D.

Q: Daniel Levinson's studies suggest that most adults feel that middle age is a time of: A. crisis. B. reconsolidation. C. peace and tranquility. D.

Q: What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition? A. Women have significantly less distress during this process. B. Women face the midlife transition earlier and with greater difficulty than do men. C. Levinson maintained that women who have had children experience an easier time during midlife than those who have not had children. D.