Q&A Hero

Q: According to research, which of the following is most likely to be rated as the LEAST important characteristic that women look for in men? A. Kindness B. Good looks C. Earning prospects D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the important characteristics men look for in women? A. Good looks B. Cooking skills C. Frugality D.

Q: The matching hypothesis says that we choose partners: A. who have similar values. B. who are close to our level of physical attractiveness. C. on the basis of proximity. D.

Q: Which of the following BEST exemplifies the psychological concept of consensual validation? A. Complimenting someone on the positive changes made in his or her life B. Being curious about someone whose native culture differs considerably from your own C. Being comfortable with someone who values the same things that you do D.

Q: "Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie. "I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation, we can expect that Julie: A. thinks that Amelia is also a geek. B. is an intellectual and charitable person. C. believes that Amelia is not influenced by her friend's opinions. D.

Q: Apart from consensual validation, what is the other reason that similarity matters in relationships? A. Similar attitudes tend to negatively influence relationships in the long run. B. It is more socially acceptable to have a partner who is similar. C. People tend to shy away from the unknown. D.

Q: According to Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, _____ individuals have the ability to control their emotions, are optimistic, and are resilient. A. attachment-avoidant B. attachment-secure C. attachment-repellant D.

Q: According to Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, when adults who are _____ face stress and adversity, they activate cognitive representations of security, are mindful of what is happening around them, and mobilize effective coping strategies. A. avoidant B. securely detached C. insecurely attached D.

Q: According to recent studies, which of the following individuals showed lower levels of depressive symptoms? A. Attachment-anxious adults B. Attachment-secure adults C. Attachment-avoidant adults D.

Q: Individuals with a(n) _____ attachment style were less resistant to the temptations of infidelity, which was linked to their lower level of relationship commitment. A. disorganized B. anxious C. secure D.

Q: According to recent studies, which of the following adults had higher level of sexual satisfaction? A. Attachment-secure adults B. Attachment-avoidant adults C. Attachment-anxious adults D.

Q: According to leading experts Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, individuals who _____ have a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. A. have an attachment-avoidant style B. are insecurely attached C. are securely attached D.

Q: _____ adults describe themselves as securely attached. A. A majority of B. Less than half of C. Very few D.

Q: Which of the following is true of the preferences of adults regarding the attachment styles of their partners? A. Securely attached adults show a preference for individuals with an anxious attachment style. B. Individuals with an anxious attachment style mostly seem to prefer a partner with an anxious attachment style. C. Adults prefer to have an avoidant adult as a partner. D.

Q: Which of the following attachment styles is characterized by more satisfaction in close relationships? A. Secure attachment style B. Avoidant attachment style C. Anxious attachment style D.

Q: Which of the following attachment styles is more likely to be characterized by trust, commitment, and longevity? A. Disorganized attachment style B. Avoidant attachment style C. Anxious attachment style D.

Q: Recent studies confirmed that _____ individuals showed strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner. A. Attachment-anxious B. Securely attached C. Attachment-avoidant D.

Q: A national survey indicated that _____ in adults was associated with the development of disease and chronic illness, especially cardiovascular system problems such as high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. A. secure attachment B. easy temperament C. insecure attachment D.

Q: _____ individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner. A. Disorganized B. Anxious C. Securely attached D.

Q: In her meeting with a counselor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him. It seems likely that Dalton has a(n) _____ attachment style. A. secure B. anxious C. conflicted D.

Q: Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told that she was loved and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) _____ attachment style. A. secure B. anxious C. conflicted D.

Q: Individuals with an anxious attachment style: A. are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships, but are committed once they are in one. B. demand closeness in relationships and are more emotional. C. are less likely than others to have one-night stands. D.

Q: Securely attached adults: A. are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships, but are committed once they are in one. B. demand closeness in relationships and are more emotional. C. are less likely than others to have one-night stands. D.

Q: Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with: A. higher academic achievement in college. B. stronger sibling relationships in adulthood. C. secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood. D.

Q: Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were _____ by stressful and disruptive experiences. A. not impacted by B. lessened C. facilitated D.

Q: On an assessment of attachment styles modeled on Hazan and Shaver's questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me". Alicia seems to have a(n): A. avoidant attachment style. B. secure attachment style. C. anxious attachment style. D.

Q: _____ adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships. A. Securely attached B. Attachment-anxious C. Attachment-avoidant D.

Q: Amy is not overly stressed out about her relationship with her boyfriend Danny. She trusts him and is sure that if there are any problems, they can talk it through and come to an understanding. Which of the following BEST describes Amy's attachment style? A. Disorganized attachment style B. Anxious attachment style C. Avoidant attachment style D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about role of temperament among children and adults? A. Children are likely to be well adjusted as adults regardless of their temperament during childhood. B. Individuals who had an inhibited temperament in childhood more likely than other adults to delay entering a stable job track. C. Children with an easy temperament are less likely to be well adjusted as young adults. D.

Q: Which of the following scenarios will most likely increase the tendency of a child' to become an introvert and create more emotional problems as an adult? A. Admitting the child to peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests. B. Having caregivers who are sensitive and accepting, and allowing the child to set his own pace. C. Presence of defensible shelters that the child can retreat to when there is too much stimulation in the physical environment. D.

Q: Which of the following scenarios will most likely aid an child to be outgoing, sociable, and emotionally stable as an adult? A. Peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests, so the child feels accepted B. Child continuously encounters noisy, chaotic environments that allow no escape from stimulation C. Caregivers who use inappropriate low-level control and attempt to force the child into new situations D.

Q: In one longitudinal study, when 3-year-old children showed good control of their emotions and were resilient in the face of stress, they were: A. likely to continue to handle emotions effectively as adults. B. less likely as adults to be assertive. C. likely to be aggressive in their relationships in later adulthood. D.

Q: Theodore Wachs proposed ways that linkages between temperament in childhood and personality in adulthood might vary depending on the: A. genetic makeup of the individual. B. intervening contexts in individuals' experience. C. age at which the child exhibited the personality trait. D.

Q: _____ infants are defined as those who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. A. Securely detached B. Avoidant attached C. Insecurely attached D.

Q: Describe the good-enoughs divorce group. The good-enoughs are the largest group of divorced individuals, and they were described as average people coping with divorce. They showed some strengths and some weaknesses, some successes and some failures. When they experienced a problem, they tried to solve it. Many of them attended night classes, found new friends, developed active social lives, and were motivated to get higher-paying jobs. However, they were not as good at planning and were less persistent than the enhancers. Good-enough women usually married men who educationally and economically were similar to their first husbands, often going into a new marriage that was not much of an improvement over the first one.

Q: If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability? A. When measured at the age of 10 and then again at the age of 30. B. When measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30. C. When measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 40. D.

Q: _____ is an individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses. A. Attitude B. Temper C. Disposition D.

Q: Research relating to individual temperaments has indicated that children with easy temperaments at age 3 to 5: A. are more likely to have learning disabilities in adolescence. B. largely do not carry that temperament into adulthood. C. are less likely than other adults to be assertive. D.

Q: What are some of the advantages of having children later in life? Some of the advantages to having children later (in the thirties) are:

Q: Briefly describe the three major types of love?

Q: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being single in early adulthood. Some of the advantages of being single include having time to make decisions about one's life course, time to develop personal resources to meet goals, freedom to make autonomous decisions and pursue one's own schedule and interests, opportunities to explore new places and try out new things, and privacy. Common problems of single adults may include forming intimate relationships with other adults, confronting loneliness, and finding a niche in a society that is marriage-oriented.

Q: Does cohabitation influence marital satisfaction? Discuss the possible reasons for this. The majority of studies have found lower rates of marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce in couples who lived together before getting married. A recent study revealed that the timing of cohabitation is an important factor in marital satisfaction. It was found that couples who cohabited before getting engaged reported lower marital satisfaction, dedication, and confidence, as well as increased likelihood of divorce, than couples who cohabited only after becoming engaged. The most frequently given explanation why cohabiting is linked with divorce is that the less traditional lifestyle of cohabitation may attract less conventional individuals who are not great believers in marriage in the first place. An alternative explanation is that the experience of cohabiting changes people's attitudes and habits in ways that increase their likelihood of divorce.

Q: List a few reasons why remarried adults often find it difficult to stay remarried. Some of the reasons why remarried adults find it difficult to stay remarried are:

Q: Discuss the misconceptions about gay and lesbian couples. There are a number of misconceptions about gay male and lesbian couples. Contrary to stereotypes, one partner is masculine and the other feminine in only a small percentage of gay male and lesbian couples. Only a small segment of the gay male population has a large number of sexual partners, and this is uncommon among lesbians. Furthermore, researchers have found that gay males and lesbians prefer long-term, committed relationships. About half of committed gay male couples do have an open relationship that allows the possibility of sex (but not affectionate love) outside the relationship. Lesbian couples usually do not have this open relationship.

Q: In E. Mavis Hetheringtons research, which individuals made up only about 10 percent of the divorced group? The competent loners

Q: What is temperament? What is its connection to personality? Temperament is an individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses. In early adulthood, most individuals show fewer emotional mood swings than they did in adolescence, and they become more responsible and engage in less risk-taking behavior. Along with these signs of a general change in temperament, researchers also find links between some dimensions of childhood temperament and adult personality. Studies reveal some continuity between certain aspects of temperament in childhood and adjustment in early adulthood. It is also argued that linkages between temperament in childhood and personality in adulthood might vary depending on the intervening contexts in individuals' experience.

Q: Describe the three adult attachment styles and include behavioral examples of each.

Q: Briefly describe Eriksons stage of intimacy versus isolation.

Q: Explain consensual validation and the matching hypothesis. Give an example of the matching hypothesis in the real world. Consensual validation provides an explanation of why people are attracted to others who are similar to them. The attitudes and behaviors of others that are similar to ours validate us. The matching hypothesis states that even though we may prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness.

Q: Compare women's and men's friendship patterns. Compared with men, women have more close friends and their friendships involve more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual support. Women are more likely to listen at length to what a friend has to say and be sympathetic, and women have been labeled as "talking companions" because talk is so central to their relationship. Women's friendships tend to be characterized not only by depth but also by breadth: Women share many aspects of their experiences, thoughts, and feelings. Male friends are more likely to engage in activities, especially outdoors. Thus, the adult male pattern of friendship often involves keeping one's distance while sharing useful information. Men are less likely than women to talk about their weaknesses with their friends, and men want practical solutions to their problems rather than sympathy. Also, adult male friendships are more competitive than those of women.

Q: What is the term used to describe the group of divorced people who initially spend more time in singles bars and engaging in casual sex but who sought a more stable, less sensation-seeking lifestyle by the end of the first year post divorce? The libertines

Q: According to E. Mavis Hetherington, some of these individuals had problems before their divorce, and these problems increased after the breakup when "the added stress of a failed marriage was more than they could handle. Others had difficulty coping because divorce cost them a spouse who had supported them, or in the case of a drinking problem, restricted them." What is the term that best describes these individuals? The defeated

Q: What is the term that refers to problems that can be worked out and may include such things as not helping each other reduce daily stresses and not being verbally affectionate?

Q: Which hypothesis states that although one may prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world one ends up choosing someone who is close to ones own level of attractiveness?

Q: Which theorist has been studying married couples' lives since the 1970s and has found that seven main principles determine whether a marriage will work?

Q: Which of the following is a difference between the enhancers and the good-enoughs? A. The enhancers make the largest group of divorced individuals, whereas the good-enoughs form the smallest group of the divorced individuals. B. The enhancers are usually better at planning and are more persistent in comparison with the good-enoughs. C. The good-enoughs are competent in multiple areas of life, whereas the enhancers are poor in various aspects of life. D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about perpetual problems? A. They are such problems that can be worked out. B. They are problems of such nature where the partners are not being verbally affectionate. C. They are the type that do not go away and may include disagreements about whether to have children. D.

Q: Identify the theorists studied attachment styles in young adults and developed an assessment tool to measure attachment style.

Q: What is the term that refers to the validation of attitudes and thoughts by others which are similar between individuals?

Q: Which theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love?

Q: According to the triarchic theory of love, which type of love includes passion and commitment, but does not include (or is low on) intimacy?

Q: At the end of the first year post-divorce, which of the following are most likely to grow disillusioned with their sensation-seeking lifestyle and subsequently wanting a stable relationship? A. the seekers B. the libertines C. the competent loners D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about seekers? A. The category of seekers usually shrinks and is dominated by men after many people became more secure or satisfied in their single life. B. People in this category often spent more time in singles bars and had more casual sex than their counterparts in the other divorce categories. C. They are otherwise known as the competent loners. D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the good-enoughs? A. The good-enoughs forms about 10 percent of the divorce group category. B. Good-enough women usually married men who educationally and economically were similar to their first husbands. C. The good-enoughs rarely attend night classes and make new friends. D.

Q: Which of the following is a difference between the enhancers and the competent loners? A. The enhancers account for about 40 percent of the divorce group, whereas the competent loners account for about 10 percent of the divorce group. B. Unlike enhancers, the competent loners have little interest in sharing their lives with anyone else. C. The competent loners show a remarkable ability to bounce back from stress, whereas the enhancers succumb to stressful circumstances. D.

Q: People belonging to the _____ category often spent more time in singles bars and had more casual sex than their counterparts in the other divorce categories. A. libertine B. defeated C. seekers D.

Q: Sandra and Tom divorced after an 18-year marriage when Tom left Sandra for his colleague. Since the divorce 2 years ago, Sandra has been promoted in her job, has an active social life with her friends, and has taken up golf. However, when her friends suggest that she meet a man, Sandra tells them that she has no interest in men and that she is really quite content with her life. Sandra is a(n): A. defeated divorcee. B. competent loner. C. enhancer. D.

Q: Gayle's divorce was final last year. During the first year after the divorce, Gayle spent every evening after work in a singles bar. She had several casual affairs. Gayle can be characterized as a(n): A. enhancer. B. good-enough. C. libertine. D.

Q: In E. Mavis Hetherington's research, the _____ were individuals who made up only about 10 percent of the divorced group, and were "well-adjusted, self-sufficient, and socially skilled. A. defeated B. good-enoughs C. libertines D.

Q: According to E. Mavis Hetherington, the _____ are most likely to face difficulty coping with divorce because divorce caused them a spouse who had supported them. A. defeated B. competent loners C. enhancers D.

Q: Davis's divorce was final just last week, and already he is out looking for a new romantic relationship. Davis is a(n): A. competent loner. B. seeker. C. enhancer. D.

Q: According to E. Mavis Hetherington, the _____ were mostly females who "grew more competent, well-adjusted, and self-fulfilled" following their divorce. A. good-enoughs B. seekers C. libertines D.

Q: In E. Mavis Hetherington's research, the _____ were characterized by divorcees who were competent in multiple areas of life, showing a remarkable ability to bounce back from stressful circumstances and to create something meaningful out of problems. A. enhancers B. seekers C. libertines D.

Q: After Mildred's divorce, she went back to college, renewed old acquaintanceships, and took up ballroom dancing. After completing college, she got the job she'd always wanted and entered into a long-term relationship. Mildred chose the pathway of: A. the good-enoughs. B. the defeated. C. the seeker. D.

Q: According to E. Mavis Hetherington's research, the largest group of divorced people falls into the category of: A. the good-enoughs. B. the enhancers. C. the seekers. D.

Q: The _____ are characterized by individuals motivated to find new mates as soon as possible after their divorce. A. good-enoughs B. enhancers C. seekers D.

Q: Most parents learn parenting practices from: A. their own parents. B. parenting educators. C. their friends who are parents. D.

Q: Which of the following is an outcome of the growing trend of having fewer children? A. Institutional care is replaced by parental care. B. Women have less time for other endeavors. C. Men are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering. D.

Q: Kelly has just given birth to her first baby at age 37; her best friend, Olivia, age 26, just gave birth to her first child. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE for these new mothers? A. Kelly will have more energy to care for her child than Olivia. B. Olivia will have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth. C. Olivia will more likely build up expectations for her child. D.

Q: Which of the following is an advantage of having children early? A. Parents are more likely to build up expectations for their children. B. Planning for children's growth or education is more methodical and realistic. C. The mother is likely to have more physical energy. D.