Q&A Hero

Q: According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests; but also let others do the same? A. Social contract or utility and individual rights B. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange C. Punishment and obedience orientation D.

Q: Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others, so that others are nice to them. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Clarissa is currently in which of the following levels? A. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange B. Social contract or utility and individual rights C. Punishment and obedience orientation D.

Q: Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country which prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning? A. Postconventional B. Conventional C. Preconventional D.

Q: Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called: A. industry versus inferiority. B. trust versus mistrust. C. integrity versus despair. D.

Q: Julio, 12, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erik Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of: A. stagnation. B. inferiority. C. shame and doubt. D.

Q: Keith is trying to help his son, Judd, deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless. Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings. A strategy that Keith should NOT implement is to: A. allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event. B. encourage his son to talk about his nightmares. C. allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy. D.

Q: Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by: A. identifying the personality type related to high and low self-esteem in children. B. presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas. C. observing children interact with each other, when they were in conflict. D.

Q: Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging. A. high self-efficacy B. high self-awareness C. low self-efficacy D.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy? A. They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks. B. They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness. C. They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy. D.

Q: The increased capacity for self-regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in the: A. brain's hypothalamus. B. hippocampus. C. brain's prefrontal cortex. D.

Q: Darren is an active 12-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions? A. Low self-esteem B. Self-regulation C. High self-esteem D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of self-regulation? A. It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex. B. It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior. C. It leads to increased social competence and achievement. D.

Q: Children have the highest self-esteem when: A. they are competent in all tasks that are given to them. B. they perform competently in domains that are important to them. C. they are extrinsically rewarded by role models. D.

Q: The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called _____. A. self-concept B. self-confidence C. self-efficacy D.

Q: _____ is the belief that "I can"; helplessness is the belief that "I cannot". A. Self-esteem B. Self-awareness C. Self-concept D.

Q: Students with _____ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity". A. high self-efficacy B. high self-esteem C. low self-efficacy D.

Q: Albert Bandura states that _____ is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve. A. self-efficacy B. self-confidence C. self-esteem D.

Q: Children with high self-esteem typically: A. become bullies as they grow up. B. are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. C. tend to be insecurely attached to their parents. D.

Q: Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice? A. They tend to undervalue the rewards that aggression can bring. B. The increased self-esteem produces better school performance. C. They are increasingly prone to develop antisocial actions. D.

Q: Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's _____. A. self-control B. self-concept C. self-efficacy D.

Q: When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair", it reflects Robert's _____. A. self-control B. self-concept C. self-efficacy D.

Q: The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is: A. very low. B. moderate. C. high. D.

Q: In terms of _____ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need. A. aggressive B. antisocial C. atypical D.

Q: Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart". Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident? A. Children 67 years of age are likely to reject Trey's self-report. B. Children 1011 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. C. Children 56 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. D.

Q: Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self? A. Self-concept B. Self-esteem C. Self-awareness D.

Q: _____ refers to global evaluations of the self. A. Self-control B. Self-concept C. Self-esteem D.

Q: _____ is also called self-worth or self-image. A. Self-control B. Self-esteem C. Self-efficacy D.

Q: _____ refers to a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say almost anything that comes to mind. A. Elaboration B. Metacognition C. Brainstorming D.

Q: Which of the following is a way to get children to be more creative? A. Discourage intellectual risk-taking. B. Exercise strict control over a child's ideas. C. Guide children to be persistent and delay gratification. D.

Q: During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT: A. psychological characteristics. B. social comparison. C. social aspects. D.

Q: In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to: A. compare themselves with others. B. refrain from social comparison. C. use physical characteristics to describe themselves. D.

Q: _____ is at work in perspective taking. A. Transitivity B. Gender typing C. Executive functioning D.

Q: Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true? A. In middle and late childhood, children show a decrease in perspective-taking. B. In middle and late childhood, children show an increase in perspective-taking. C. Perspective taking has been linked to both prosocial and antisocial behaviors. D.

Q: "What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters _____ thinking. A. divergent B. convergent C. critical D.

Q: From the following, identify an important difference between the reasoning of children and the reasoning of scientists. A. Children tend to bias the experiments in favor of whatever hypothesis they began with. B. Children fail to place enough emphasis on causal mechanisms. C. Children intuitively design experiments that can distinguish among alternative causes. D.

Q: Emily has the ability to think about things in novel and unusual ways; this allows her to come up with unique solutions to problems. This ability is called _____. A. logical thinking B. analytical thinking C. critical thinking D.

Q: _____ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence. A. Convergent B. Creative C. Divergent D.

Q: The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called: A. divergent thinking. B. convergent thinking. C. oblique thinking. D.

Q: Which of the following is NOT an effective memory strategy? A. Encourage elaboration, or more extensive processing B. Encourage the use of mental imagery C. Encourage memorization rather than understanding of information D.

Q: At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use _____ more and, according to the fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children. A. verbatim traces B. elaboration C. verbal traces D.

Q: According to the fuzzy trace theory, the _____ consists of the precise details of the information. A. gist B. verbatim memory trace C. fuzzy trace D.

Q: When a person thinks reflectively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence, it means that he or she is engaging in: A. critical thinking. B. metacognition. C. cognitive monitoring. D.

Q: _____ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks. A. Mindlessness B. Mindfulness C. Elasticity D.

Q: Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is _____. A. seriation B. transitivity C. transduction D.

Q: _____ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood. A. Long-term memory; short-term memory B. Short-term memory; long-term memory C. Knowledge; expertise D.

Q: Compared with novices, experts have: A. better overall memory regardless of their area of expertise. B. acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area. C. less experiences in their area of expertise. D.

Q: If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember, the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend. This is an example of _____. A. rehearsal B. organization C. inclusion D.

Q: Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills? A. Avoid repetition of the same instructional information. B. Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children. C. Motivate children to remember material by memorizing it. D.

Q: A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory? A. Sensorimotor stage B. Preoperational stage C. Formal operational stage D.

Q: Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of _____, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension. A. centration B. seriation C. reversibility D.

Q: Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called _____. A. centration B. seriation C. reversibility D.

Q: Jacob is a third-grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently Jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom. This is an instance of _____. A. transforming B. transitioning C. incorporation D.

Q: Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie: A. is given great freedom and few rules. B. is placed in as regular a classroom as possible. C. has significant input into the development of her educational goals. D.

Q: In relation to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately _____ years of age. A. 3 to 5 B. 5 to 7 C. 7 to 11 D.

Q: What causes the autism spectrum disorders? A. Improper family socialization. B. A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters. C. Damage to the prefrontal cortex of the brain. D.

Q: Boys are estimated to be _____ more likely to have autism spectrum disorders than girls are. A. two to three times B. marginally C. twice D.

Q: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that: A. all students with disabilities be brought into mainstream schools. B. parents of children with disabilities provide home-schooling for their children. C. all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education. D.

Q: A(n) _____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability. A. tailored education plan (TEP) B. individualized education plan (IEP) C. exclusive education plan (EEP) D.

Q: The _____ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated. A. ideal learning environment (ILE) B. special learning environment (SLE) C. least discriminating environment (LDE) D.

Q: From the following options identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately 8 percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification. A. Autism B. ADHD C. Emotional and behavioral disorders D.

Q: According to the Centers for Disease Control & Preventions 2012 estimates, _____ children had an autism spectrum disorder in 2008. A. 1 in 88 B. 1 in 2,500 C. 1 in 1,000 D.

Q: _____ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. A. Asperger syndrome B. ADHD C. Autistic disorder D.

Q: Three-year-old Jared was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke at all and spent all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball off a wall. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with _____. A. fragile X syndrome B. ADHD C. autistic disorder D.

Q: _____ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships. A. Asperger syndrome B. Fragile X syndrome C. Down syndrome D.

Q: A number of causes for ADHD have been proposed, including: A. high birth weight. B. poor discipline at home. C. verbal and physical abuse during childhood. D.

Q: A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD. A. in adulthood B. in infancy C. three years later D.

Q: Which of the following has been often found to be better at improving the behavior of children with ADHD? A. A combination of stimulant medication and sedatives B. Primarily stimulant medication C. Primarily behavior management D.

Q: The number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has _____ in recent decades. A. increased marginally B. increased substantially C. decreased marginally D.

Q: ADHD occurs _____ more frequently in boys than in girls. A. two to three times B. four to nine times C. ten times D.

Q: Samuel, 8, has difficulty in one or more basic numerical skills. His physician diagnosed him as suffering from a learning disability called _____, or developmental arithmetic disorder. A. dyscalculia B. dysgraphia C. dyslexia D.

Q: Research indicates that it is unlikely learning disabilities: A. reside in a single, specific brain location. B. are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions. C. are a result of subtle difficulties in brain structures. D.

Q: Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving: A. math ability. B. right and left brain functioning. C. writing skills. D.

Q: _____ is a disability in which children consistently show one or more of these characteristics over a period of time: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A. ADHD B. OCD C. PTSD D.

Q: Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with _____ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy. A. ADHD B. OCD C. PTSD D.

Q: Approximately _____ percentage of children with a learning disability have a reading problem. A. 23 B. 50 C. 80 D.

Q: Sabine has a severe impairment in reading and spelling ability. Identify the condition that Sabine has. A. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder B. Dysgraphia C. Dyslexia D.

Q: Marshall writes very slowly and his handwriting is virtually illegible. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match up sounds and letters. Marshall likely suffers from _____. A. dyspraxia B. dysgraphia C. dyslexia D.

Q: Sandra, 9, was always behind in class because she could only write very slowly, and even then her painstaking efforts would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called: A. ADHD. B. dysgraphia. C. ASD. D.

Q: Terrence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. This disability is also known as a developmental arithmetic disorder. Identify Terrence's condition. A. ADHD B. Dysgraphia C. ASD D.

Q: Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 20112012 school year? A. Students with a learning disability B. Students with speech or language impairments C. Students with intellectual disability D.