Q&A Hero

Q: According to Wenglinsky, NAEP Tests a. Promote a basic skills approach to learning b. Are currently being used as part of NCLB/Race to the Top c. Is easier and cheaper to teach to than other tests used for accountability in NCLB/Race to the Top d. None of the above

Q: Which of the following is true about textbooks in the past? a. They have been used to teach the importance of what it is to be an American b. They have omitted or distorted the contributions of minority groups c. They have always been nonpartisan and nonsectarian d. A and B only e. All of the above

Q: Because of the way ethnocentric knowledge would work, which country portrays U.S. involvement in World War II as decisive in ending the war: a. None of the above b. Japan c. England d. Sweden

Q: The American Legion believed that: a. History repeats itself b. History should include the accomplishments of minorities c. The Bible is an appropriate textbook for teaching history d. History is too important to be left to historians

Q: Cultural pluralism refers to: a. The practice of looking at knowledge from a select viewpoint. b. The use in multiple writers to author textbooks c. The use of the majority viewpoint to appeal to the greatest number of readers d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Because textbook publishers are private companies, a. Textbooks must appeal to those with political power b. Textbooks must not alienate any majority group c. Textbooks must appeal to consumers d. None of the above e. All of the above

Q: The Knights of Columbus lobbied for books that would: a. Exclude racial minority influence from history books b. Include contributions of immigrants in history books c. Highlight contributions by women in history books d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Using the Bible as a textbook was most upsetting to which group? a. Atheists b. Democrats c. Minorities d. Protestants e. Catholics

Q: Progressive attempts to make educational success more widely available to disadvantaged groups through progressive 'culturalist' reforms often are seen as: a. Lowering of standards and the undermining of traditional values. b. Leveling the playing fields between different ethnic groups c. Being elitist in nature d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Public education curriculum tends to favor: a. Middle-class b. Lower-class c. Women d. None of the above e. All of the above

Q: ___________________ includes the taste, confidence, and familiarity that allows the culturally advantaged to reap a higher return on cultural investments than those with less. a. Economic capital b. Social capital c. Cultural capital d. Human capital e. None of the above

Q: Which of the following statements is false: a. Gatekeepers within science can keep major discoveries from being shared with others. b. Individuals with cultural capital can manipulate and mold knowledge as we know it. c. Persons who work with knowledge, such as civil engineers who build bridges, have more knowledge than those who create the knowledge such as college professors d. None of the above

Q: Knowledge is created in societies by individuals with a. Power b. Authority c. Cultural capital d. A and B above e. All of the above

Q: How have textbooks changed over time?

Q: Is knowledge the same as truth? Why or why not? If not, then what is truth?

Q: Describe the role of informal knowledge in schools from both a functionalist and conflict perspective?

Q: How does power affect knowledge? Use two different theoretical frameworks from Chapter 1 in your answer.

Q: Discuss how knowledge is created from a sociological standpoint. Where does knowledge from? Who gets to define it and why?

Q: Describe the ways in which media might influence the structure of knowledge.

Q: According to Rumberger, when a student drops out, it also means they cannot graduate. a. True b. False

Q: High school is the most critical time for intervention against low-level violence. a. True b. False

Q: Bullying can have negative effects on those who witness it. a. True b. False

Q: Communal schools typically create emotionally stable students who do not feel the need to connect closely with each other. a. True b. False

Q: Researchers from the schools-as-communities perspective also state that attachment to different actors at school and the school itself impedes school deviancy. a. True b. False

Q: Dworkin and Tobe find that as efforts to improve school discipline increase, teacher burnout drops. a. True b. False

Q: The various waves of school reform have contributed positively to teacher morale because they brought change to schools. a. True b. False

Q: According to prestige of occupations is something that is impossible to measure. a. True b. False

Q: Lortie argues that the public tends to view principals have having limited time because of the important tasks they do. a. True b. False

Q: Principals listed the evaluation and supervision of teachers as the second most difficult task they faced in Lortie's study. a. True b. False

Q: The number one self-reported reason for dropping out of school was: a. Missed too many school days b. Thought it would be easier to get a GED c. Getting poor grades/failing school d. Did not like school e. Could not keep up with schoolwork

Q: Why does Rumberger believe that dropouts are a financial drain on society? a. Dropouts pay less money in taxes b. Dropouts have poorer health and lower life expectancy c. Dropouts have a greater dependence on public assistance programs d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: According to Dupper and Meyer-Adams, peer sexual harassment: a. Affects boys almost as much as girls b. Does not include sexual comments or jokes c. Typically occurs in high schools or colleges d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: ____________ refers to unprovoked physical or psychological abuse of an individual by one or more group of students over time to create a pattern of harassment and abuse. a. Bullying b. Cultural violence c. Child endangerment d. Truancy e. None of the above

Q: According to Demanet and Van Houtte, the schools-as-communities perspective states that: a. Emotional attachment to peers, teachers, and school decreases school misconduct b. Students who live at their school do better academically than their peers c. Peer relationships are the most important aspect of the perspective d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Which of these is an aspect of adolescent socialization? a. Connection to significant others b. Regulation of behavior c. Psychological autonomy d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Dworkin and Tobe describe school reform efforts that impacted teacher burnout as beginning with: a. No Child Left Behind b. Goals 2000 c. America 2000 d. A Nation at Risk e. None of the above

Q: Dworkin and Tobe find that burnout has _________with increasing demands on schools for more accountability. a. Decreased b. Stayed the same c. Increased d. None of the above

Q: According to Dworkin and Tobe, the concept of burnout includes: a. None of the above b. "Wearing out" or being tired c. No longer doing your job effectively d. All of the above

Q: As described in Ingersoll and Merrill, the idea that professionals can possess expertise over a specific body of knowledge and skill is known as: a. Induction b. Authority c. Specialization d. Compensation e. None of the above

Q: According to Ingersoll and Merrill, which of the following is a traditional characteristic of the professional model: a. Credentials b. Location c. Number of employees d. Job satisfaction e. None of the above

Q: Lortie found that among the mistakes principals listed, the most often cited mistake was in working with: a. Students b. Teachers c. Parents d. Higher-level administrators

Q: According to Lortie, the most complex task principals face are: a. Socialization of students b. Evaluation of teachers c. Allocation of students to classrooms d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Lortie found that principals' complaints about scarcity of time were related to: a. Rigidity of school schedules b. Collective bargaining c. interruptions d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Given the reasons given by students in Rumberger's article for dropping out, what would you propose could decrease the number of high school dropouts.

Q: Discuss the schools-as-communities perspective in relation to student misconduct. How can student misconduct be prevented? What are the limitations of preventing misconduct using the schools-as-communities perspective?

Q: What remedies would you propose to mitigate bullying in schools?

Q: List and explain three explanations of why teacher's burnout using Dworkin and Tobe and one other reading to illustrate your points?

Q: Identify three occupations. Using Ingersoll and Merrill's criteria for professionalization, determine the extent to which those occupations are professionalized.

Q: Why is the role of the principal a balancing act? Describe two challenges Lortie found in his study of principals.

Q: According to Diehl and McFarland , it's unclear why some classes are more orderly than others and why classes can even vary within the same class period.a. Trueb. False

Q: Demeaning a student's character is an effective way to ensure and maintain classroom order.a. Trueb. False

Q: Teachers are unwilling to change the expectations of a "common script" even when students are resistant to it.a. Trueb. False

Q: Gracey's example of the children discussing the "spooky house" at the zoo is an example of how teachers allow students to step outside of the student role in Kindergarten.a. Trueb. False

Q: According to Gracey, children begin learning the student role after Kindergarten.a. Trueb. False

Q: According to Resnick and Bryant, local mayors make better education decisions than school boards.a. Trueb. False

Q: When Bryk refers to "beating the odds," he is talking about students who manage to succeed despite attending substandard schools.a. Trueb. False

Q: Bryk made his conclusions about what factors are important for school improvement by a study of two schools in Chicago, both of which made considerable improvements in students' success.a. Trueb. False

Q: According to Barr and Dreeben, textbooks are productive resources only in classrooms, but have meaning at all levels of the hierarchy of schools.a. Trueb. False

Q: What really happens in classrooms is part of the formal organization of schools.a. Trueb. False

Q: A hierarchy of offices, such that some people have more power in decision making than others, is an example of the informal structure of schools.a. Trueb. False

Q: Diehl and Daniel found that:a. There's a strong relationship between temporality and classroom orderb. Most of the variance in stability and concord occur within classroom contextsc. Activities often dictate the overall levels of stability and concordd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: When looking at interactional order as a situated phenomenon, the biggest threats to order are:a. Instability in activity structure and challenges to concordb. Students with oppositional defiance disorderc. Miscommunications and slips in conversational dynamicsd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: According to Diehl and Daniel, the best way to maintain classroom order is by focusing on:a. Centralized, Instructor led activitiesb. Student-centered activitiesc. A mix of centralized and student-centered activitiesd. None of the above

Q: Gracey describes the instances of teachers reinforcing school routines as providing ________________a. Training for lifeb. A sense of discipline and controlc. An understanding of one's position it the worldd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: According to Gracey, Kindergarten is generally seen as a time when students learn:a. Basics such as pre-reading and pre-mathb. Early fundamental skills such as reading and elementary mathc. Socialization and discipline skillsd. Day caree. None of the above

Q: Why do Resnick and Bryant feel that school boards are necessary?a. They are the only ones that can decide how to spend tax dollarsb. They are made up of parents that have interest in what happens to their childrenc. They see things from the viewpoint of school staff, teachers, and administratorsd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: According to Resnick and Bryant, the chronically weak performance of several high-profile urban districts has led to:a. Shutdown of local schoolsb. Mass turnover of school administratorsc. Mayoral takeover of educational leadershipd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: For schools to improve, Bryk describes the dynamics of improvement as:a. integratedb. meaningfulc. school centered, rather than student centeredd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: In his article on "Organizing Schools for Improvement," Bryk argues that schools cannot succeed in educating children if they lack adequate:a. Moneyb. Books and other resourcesc. Leadershipd. All of abovee. None of the above

Q: According to Barr and Dreeben,:a. Teachers operate outside the hierarchy and are not influenced by other levelsb. The classroom is the lowest level in the hierarchy and there are no other levels below it.c. The hierarchy in elementary schools is much steeper and more differentiatedd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: A key point in Barr and Dreeben's argument about how schools work is that:a. Each level in the school hierarchy has different responsibilitiesb. What happens at one level in the school hierarchy affects what happens at other levelsc. Each level in the school hierarchy has its own productive agendad. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: According to Barr and Dreeben, labor in school systems is:a. Dividedb. Differentiated by taskc. Hierarchicald. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: An example of informal systems in schools is:a. The levels of organization in schools described by Barr and Dreebenb. The way in which teachers carried out the "common script" in the schools Metz studiedc. The reorganization of an instructional guidance system suggested by Brykd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: An example of an informal goal for schools is:a. Hierarchy of officesb. Criteria for membershipc. Sharing of interestsd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Q: Explain the roles of routine and ritual as they relate to classroom order.

Q: How does Gracey's argument relate to sociological theories discussed in Chapter 1? Select one theory that best fits with the description of kindergarten that Gracey describes.

Q: Discuss the choices for decision making responsibilities in schools. Examine the arguments from Resnick and Bryant. What do they see as the threats to school boards? Why do they believe they are still important? Who should serve on school boards?

Q: Compare the five essential supports for school improvement recommended by Bryk to the Open Systems Model in the introduction to this book. What does this tell you about where efforts for successful change must be focused in the larger context of schooling?

Q: Describe the difference between the formal and informal aspects of schools giving two examples of each from your readings in Chapter 4.

Q: Describe the ways in which the various levels of the school organization might be connected to form one coherent production process for the school?