Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following young people is at greatest risk for suicide? a)jennifer, who is hispanic b)claire, who is african american c)alyssia, who is native american d)leah, who is caucasian american

Q: which of the following is true? a)the adolescent suicide rate is 3 to 4 times higher among boys than girls. b)boys attempt suicide more often than girls. c)compared to boys, girls are more likely to use suicide methods that lead to instant death. d)the adolescent suicide rate is about the same for boys and girls.

Q: of the following, suicide rates are highest in a)canada. b)japan. c)the united states. d)finland.

Q: the suicide rate a)is highest during the adolescent years. b)increases over the lifespan but jumps sharply at adolescence. c)remains steady over the lifespan. d)declines slightly in adolescence.

Q: rates of adolescent depression are similar for males and females in a)developing countries. b)industrialized nations. c)adolescence, but not in adulthood. d)inner-cities.

Q: depression is more likely to occur in a)adolescents who experience learned helplessness. b)fraternal twins than in identical twins. c)high-ses adolescent boys. d)adolescents with a masculine gender identity.

Q: genes can induce depression by affecting a)quality and quantity of sleep. b)the overall quantity of neurotransmitters in the brain. c)the development of brain regions involved in inhibiting negative emotion. d)the development of social skills.

Q: which of the following statements is true? a)adolescent girls experience depressive symptoms more often than adolescent boys, but this difference disappears in early adulthood. b)in most cultures, there are no gender differences in the frequency of depressive symptoms. c)adolescent girls experience depressive symptoms more often than adolescent boys, and this difference is sustained throughout the lifespan. d)adolescent boys experience depressive symptoms more often than adolescent girls, and this difference is sustained throughout the lifespan.

Q: in industrialized nations, depression a)occurs at the same rate in adolescence as it did in middle childhood. b)symptoms increase sharply between the ages of 12 and 16. c)occurs equally as often in girls as in boys. d)does not seem to affect identity development.

Q: derek is chronically depressed, which means that he a)experiences mild to moderate feelings of depression. b)is gloomy and self-critical for many months and sometimes even years. c)bounces back after short periods of depression. d)is experiencing an incurable and lifelong condition.

Q: which of the following is the most common psychological problem of the teenage years? a)anorexia nervosa b)drug abuse c)depression d)social anxiety

Q: as stan progresses through adolescence, his parents will probably find that they have the greatest influence on his a)educational plans. b)friends. c)grooming. d)dating.

Q: which of the following is true about peer conformity? a)most teenagers blindly do what their peers ask, regardless of their age or relationship with parents. b)adolescents feel most pressured to conform to obvious aspects of peer culture, such as grooming and participation in social activities. c)peer pressure to engage in antisocial acts is greater than peer pressure to engage in proadult behavior. d)authoritarian child rearing is related to adolescents resisting peer pressure.

Q: the short duration of high school romances is probably a)exaggerated; first romances are usually long-lasting. b)due to competition and jealousy from friends. c)due to difficulties caused by one partner moving away for college or work. d)a result of young people still forming their identities.

Q: thirteen-year-old donna, whose family life is marked by abuse, has already started dating. there is a strong potential for donna to a)practice sexual abstinence. b)become more popular among her peers. c)engage in unhealthy eating behaviors. d)experience dating violence.

Q: early and frequent dating is associated with a)mature behavior. b)high academic achievement. c)drug use and delinquency. d)intimacy.

Q: during adolescence, intimacy in dating relationships typically ________ intimacy in same-sex friendships. a)is advanced compared to b)lags behind c)appears at about the same time as d)substitutes for

Q: when asked about her reason for wanting to date, 14-year-old kayla is most likely to say she wants to a)gain status with her peers. b)share interesting activities with someone. c)please her parents. d)find someone who would make a good permanent partner.

Q: the crowd offers adolescents a)a place for trying out roles in the absence of adult monitoring. b)a situation for experimenting with values. c)a context for acquiring new social skills. d)the security of a temporary identity as they separate from the family.

Q: as young people progress through the adolescent years, a)crowd membership becomes more important. b)mixed-sex cliques gain importance. c)deviant crowds lose members. d)deviant crowds gain members.

Q: one benefit of ________ is that they provide a supportive context for boys and girls to get to know one another and offer models for how to interact with the other sex without having to be intimate. a)same-sex cliques b)mixed-sex cliques c)crowds d)groups

Q: the positive impact of having competent and self-controlled peers is greatest for teenagers whose own parents are a)authoritative. b)authoritarian. c)permissive. d)uninvolved.

Q: adolescents who describe their parents as authoritative tend to be members of ________ crowds. a)popular b)jock c)nerd d)druggie

Q: which of the following is true about adolescent crowds? a)they promote intimate interaction with the other sex. b)they grant adolescents an identity within the larger social structure of the school. c)they encourage delinquency and antisocial behavior. d)they have little impact, either positive or negative, on social development.

Q: ella has five good friends with whom she spends most of her time. this group of girls, who resemble each other in family background, attitudes, and values, is called a a)crowd. b)clique. c)club. d)peer group.

Q: which of the following is true about adolescent friendships? a)they limit opportunities for self-exploration. b)they reduce adolescents positive feelings about school. c)they lead to daily hassles in getting along with others. d)they are related to psychological health and competence.

Q: why is building internet relationships so appealing to young people? a)it allows them to anonymously engage in antisocial behavior without fear of getting caught. b)as teens strive for autonomy and identity, the internet opens up vast alternatives beyond their immediate community. c)because teens tend to be more secretive, the internet allows them a space to maintain their private lives apart from their parents and friends. d)the internet is an emotionally safer place to develop relationships, particularly romantic relationships, than school.

Q: among boys who lack same-sex friends, friendships with girls are associated with a)increased aggression and antisocial behavior. b)a higher risk of being bullied by peers. c)increased feelings of competence. d)greater motivation in school.

Q: self-disclosure to friends is greater than self-disclosure to romantic partners a)until fifth grade. b)until late adolescence. c)until the college years. d)from childhood onward.

Q: of the following, who is most likely to have other-sex friends? a)cassidy, an average student who is not well-known b)marie, who reached puberty earlier than her classmates c)chase, who frequently plays sports with his many male friends d)gwenneth, who is neither popular nor unpopular

Q: which of the characteristics of close friendships can trigger anxiety and depression? a)loyalty b)trustworthiness c)corumination d)faithfulness

Q: research shows that compared to girls, boys a)tend to corumniate among their friends. b)focus on competition and conflict when talking with friends. c)form friendships that are more intimate. d)have fewer friends.

Q: compared to childhood friends, adolescent friends a)know each other better as personalities. b)compete more and cooperate less. c)do not have to work as hard to preserve the relationship. d)are less sensitive to one anothers needs and desires.

Q: when asked about the meaning of friendship, teenagers stress which of the following characteristics? a)attractiveness, compatibility, and loyalty b)common interests and trust c)attractiveness, similarity, and common interests d)intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty

Q: teenagers in the united states spend more time together outside the classroom than teenagers in europe or east asia. the difference is probably due to a)lower rates of maternal employment in the united states. b)less demanding academic standards in the united states. c)fewer public gathering places for adolescents in the united states. d)greater flexibility in school hours in europe and east asia.

Q: compared to childhood, adolescent sibling relationships a)become more intense. b)become less intense. c)are characterized by greater competition. d)become hostile and quarrelsome.

Q: mr. and mrs. green are financially secure and have careers that do not introduce a lot of stress into their lives. when dealing with their teenage son, the greens will probably a)engage in permissive child rearing. b)provide him with too little autonomy. c)provide him with too much autonomy. d)find it easier to grant him the appropriate amount of autonomy.

Q: throughout adolescence, what is the single most consistent predictor of a teenagers mental health? a)academic achievement b)peer group affiliation c)ses d)parent-child relationship

Q: the marinuzzis are a well-functioning family who are experiencing mild conflicts with their teenage son. they should know that these conflicts a)will facilitate identity and autonomy by helping their son learn to express and tolerate disagreement. b)will continue to escalate throughout the high school years and then will gradually decrease. c)are common among young people who are abusing alcohol or drugs. d)are unusual for most adolescents and may indicate that their son is depressed.

Q: compared to non-immigrant parents, immigrant parents a)usually grant their adolescents more freedom. b)engage in harsher, more coercive parenting. c)react more strongly to adolescent disagreements. d)actively discourage other-sex friendships.

Q: parent-child relations can be better understood if we keep in mind that a)both parents and teenagers are undergoing a major life transition. b)parents are undergoing a major life transition, but teenagers are not. c)teenagers are undergoing a major life transition, but parents are not. d)teenagers are often moody and irrational.

Q: the ________ child-rearing style is most effective in supporting cognitive and social development in adolescence. a)authoritarian b)permissive c)authoritative d)controlling

Q: during adolescence, teenagers deidealize their parents. this contributes to a)warmer sibling ties. b)a rise in parent-child conflict. c)a shift from authoritative to authoritarian child rearing. d)a decline in academic achievement.

Q: as juanita tries to develop a separate sense of self, she tries to rely less on her parents and more on herself. juanita is striving for a)moral self-relevance. b)an ideal self. c)a secure identity. d)autonomy.

Q: which of the following tends to be associated with better-than-average psychological health in adolescence, especially for girls? a)gender intensification b)a feminine gender-role identity c)an androgynous gender-role identity d)gender-typed pressures from others

Q: how does gender stereotyping change during adolescence for girls? a)gender intensification decreases among girls. b)gender intensification is stronger for girls. c)girls feel more free to experiment with other-gender activities. d)gender stereotyping inteferes with girls involvement in mixed-sex cliques.

Q: gender intensification refers to a)a cognitive distortion. b)gender-role flexibility. c)increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior. d)reduced gender-role bias by parents and teachers.

Q: opponents of kohlbergs theory argue in favor of a a)more flexable framework for moral development. b)new emphasis on social order and ideal reciprocity. c)pragmatic approach to morality. d)instrumental stage of civic responsibility.

Q: the development of a personally meaningful, religious identity a)is usually resolved by the late teens or early twenties. b)is not resolved until middle adulthood or later. c)usually begins during early childhood and is complete by adolescence. d)coincides with increased participation in religious activities during adolescence.

Q: which of the following statements about formal religious involvement during adolescence is true? a)formal religious involvement declines during adolescence. b)formal religious involvement increases during adolescence. c)nearly 70 percent of u.s. adolescents attend church on a weekly basis. d)many young people change religious denominations during high school or college.

Q: miguel spent a year volunteering in a homeless shelter. at the end of the year, miguel is likely to a)attribute homelessness to personal or individual factors. b)become overwhelmed by social injustices. c)become desensitized to social injustices. d)redefine his own identity to include a responsibility to combat the misfortunes of others.

Q: schools that have ________ promote a sense of civic responsibility. a)a democratic climate b)a diverse range of mentors c)vocational courses d)a range of extracurricular opportunities

Q: teenagers with a sense of civic responsibility are most likely to identify ________ as a cause for homelessness. a)low intelligence b)lack of job skills c)unfair government practices d)personal problems

Q: in which country do the greatest percentage of the population report being religious? a)italy b)great britain c)germany d)the united states

Q: as a teenager, john shows higher-stage thinking on kohlbergs dilemmas. compared with his peers, john is likely to a)state that people should help others, but is unlikely to do so in real life. b)help others and defend victims of injustice. c)cheat in school just as much as other teens. d)emphasize an ethic of care.

Q: collectivist cultures place moral responsibility on the entire society. this raises a question about whether kohlbergs highest stages a)represent a culturally specific rather than universal way of thinking. b)represent hypothetical constructs or real-life dilemmas. c)are limited to non-western societies. d)can be attained by young people in industrialized nations.

Q: in a study conducted in india, the most morally mature individuals a)were those who had access to a moral curriculum in high school. b)reached stage 5 or 6 during the transition to high school. . c)were females who grew up in large extended-family households. . d)explained that a moral solution should not be the burden of a single individual.

Q: in which of the following cultural environments is moral development especially advanced? a)united states cities b)tribal and village cultures c)israeli cities d)israeli kibbutzim

Q: reasoning at kohlbergs stage 4 and above depends on a)understanding the role of larger social structures in resolving moral conflict. b)understanding the content of hypothetical moral dilemmas. c)the age and gender of the respondent. d)the ability to deal with day-to-day conflict, particularly with parents.

Q: which of the following is true about the impact of peer interaction on moral reasoning? a)due to high rates of peer pressure, peer interaction in adolescence often interferes with advanced moral reasoning. b)the more time young people spend with peers, the less mature their moral reasoning. c)interaction among peers who confront and engage each other about moral issues leads to gains in moral reasoning. d)throughout adolescence, peers are more influential in moral decision making than parents.

Q: a powerful predictor of moral reasoning is a)personality type. b)religious affiliation. c)years of schooling completed. d)independence from parents.

Q: which adolescent is likely to experience greater gains in moral reasoning? a)bradley, who is very competitive b)brenda, who is open-minded c)brady, who is confident d)butler, who is introverted

Q: as they work to reconcile personal rights and community obligations, adolescents increasingly consider the overlap between a)preconventional morality and racial prejudice. b)moral education and role confusion. c)identity development and matters of personal choice. d)moral imperatives and social conventions.

Q: it is likely that norwegian males and females score similarly on complex reasoning about care issues because a)civic engagement is required for graduation in all norwegian high schools. b)norwegian culture induces boys and men to think deeply about interpersonal obligations. c)norwegian females are less concerned with the ethic of care than females from other cultures. d)most public schools incorporate a moral curriculum beginning in the elementary years.

Q: research shows that although the morality of males and females taps the orientations of both justice and care, females do tend to stress a)empathic perspective taking. b)justice. c)justice and care equally. d)rights.

Q: research shows that on both hypothetical and real-life moral dilemmas, a)themes of justice occur more often than caring. b)males reason at a much lower level than females. c)females actually emphasize themes of justice over caring. d)themes of justice and caring appear in the responses of both males and females.

Q: most recent studies ________ gilligans claim that kohlbergs approach underestimates the moral maturity of females. a)support b)do not support c)are inconclusive about d)have failed to test

Q: according to gilligan, a concern for others is a)a different, but no less valid, basis of morality. b)a less valid basis for morality than justice. c)highly valued in kohlbergs theory. d)limited in young women.

Q: according to gilligan, feminine morality is based on a)rights and justice. b)an ethic of care. c)irrational reasoning. d)the same principles as male morality.

Q: like piagets cognitive stages, kohlbergs moral stages a)are loosely organized and overlapping. b)facilitate concrete reasoning. c)are hypothetical. d)are universal.

Q: research on kohlbergs theory indicates that a)most young people reach stage 6 by the end of high school. b)few people move beyond stage 4. c)males are more advanced in moral reasoning than females. d)real-life moral reasoning is based on social conformity.

Q: which of the following statements is true? a)responses to moral dilemmas tend to generalize to everyday moral conflicts. b)adolescents rarely report feeling confused or tempted over real-life dilemmas. c)situational factors seem to play a very small part in peoples responses to moral dilemmas. d)real-life problems seem to elicit reasoning below a persons actual capacity.

Q: research on kohlbergs stage sequence indicates that by early adulthood, stage ____ is the typical response; few people move beyond it. a)2 b)3 c)4 d)5

Q: research on kohlbergs stage sequence a)supports the order of the stages. b)indicates that movement through the stages is quite rapid. c)confirms the existence of stage 6. d)shows that postconventional morality is common in adulthood.

Q: in response to the heinz dilemma, seth explains, if heinz doesnt do everything he can to save his wifes life, hes valuing something more than the value of life. people have a mutual duty to save one another from dying. seth is in which of kohlbergs stages? a)instrumental purpose orientation b)social-order-maintaining orientation c)social contract orientation d)universal ethical principle orientation

Q: in response to the heinz dilemma, mara explains, heinz ought to steal the drug. obeying the law in this case goes against the reason for which the law was originally created. the law should be reinterpreted to take account of heinzs right to save his wifes life. mara is in which of kohlbergs stages? a)instrumental purpose orientation b)social-order-maintaining orientation c)social contract orientation d)universal ethical principle orientation

Q: in response to the heinz dilemma, oliver explains, heinz shouldnt steal the drug because its his duty as a citizen to obey the law. if everyone started breaking the law, thered be no civilization! oliver is in which of kohlbergs stages? a)punishment and obedience orientation b)instrumental purpose orientation c)good boy-good girl orientation d)social-order-maintaining orientation

Q: in response to the heinz dilemma, jolee explains, if heinz cares at all about what his family thinks of him, he wont let his wife die. hed be a disgrace to his familys name. jolee is in which of kohlbergs stages? a)punishment and obedience orientation b)instrumental purpose orientation c)good boy-good girl orientation d)social-order-maintaining orientation

Q: at which of kohlbergs stages would a child reason, you do this for me, and ill do this for you? the ________ orientation. a)punishment and obedience b)instrumental purpose c)good boy-good girl d)social-order-maintaining

Q: at which of kohlbergs levels is morality externally controlled? a)preconventional b)conventional c)postconventional d)autonomous