Q&A Hero

Q: kohlberg and piaget both believed that moral understanding a)continues to evolve over the course of the lifespan. b)could be reached by adhering closely to parental and cultural directives. c)was gained by actively grappling with moral issues and perspective taking. d)could lead to close-mindedness and intolerance if it was not grounded in a religious faith.

Q: kohlbergs moral stages correspond to a)selmans perspective-taking stages. b)eriksons psychosocial theory. c)freuds psychosexual stages. d)vygotskys sociocultural theory.

Q: according to kohlberg, which is the most important factor in determining the maturity of responses to moral dilemmas? a)the reasoning behind the answer b)whether the child considers anyone elses perspective c)how the child uses emotion in determining the answer d)whether the child answers like other children his age

Q: the heinz dilemma is a(n) a)classic example of an adolescent in moratorium, deliberating between two career choices. b)narrative used to assess adolescents understanding of social conventions. c)example of an everyday moral conflict that young people encounter. d)story that presents a genuine conflict between two moral values.

Q: noelle is an african-american teenager who has explored and adopted the values from her own culture, as well as from the dominant caucasian-american culture. noelle has formed a ________ identity. a)weak b)diffused c)foreclosed d)bicultural

Q: psychological distress resulting from conflict between the minority and host culture is called a)cognitive dissonance. b)a culture war. c)acculturative stress. d)xenophobia.

Q: adolescents who immigrate with their family to the united states from a collectivist culture demonstrate ________ the longer their family has been in the united states. a)increased rejection of mainstream u.s. values b)increased commitment to fulfilling family obligations and learning about their collectivist culture c)decreased ability to fit in with mainstream u.s. culture d)decreased commitment to obeying their parents and fulfilling family obligations

Q: for teenagers who are members of minority groups, a sense of ethnic-group membership a)is central to the quest for identity. b)often leads to distancing from the majority culture. c)is less important than a secure identity. d)can interfere with identity development.

Q: maria feels a strong sense of ethnic-group membership and has attitudes and feelings associated with that membership. maria is displaying a)a bicultural identity. b)an ethnic identity. c)identity foreclosure. d)identity confusion.

Q: which of the following statements regarding schools and identity development is true? a)over the past 20 years, schools have had an increasingly negative impact on identity development. b)schools foster identity development by promoting high-level thinking. c)schools often interfere with identity development by emphasizing competition over learning. d)in school settings, boys tend to receive more encouragement than girls to develop a secure identity.

Q: hannah has warm, trusting peer ties. recent research suggests that hannah will also be a)more involved in exploring relationship issues. b)less involved in career exploration. c)higher in identity diffusion. d)foreclosed.

Q: the lowest levels of warm, open communication at home are reported by adolescents who are a)foreclosed. b)identity diffused. c)in a state of moratorium. d)identity achieved.

Q: tates father wants to support his identity development. he should a)limit tates participation in extracurricular activities so he has more time to spend at home. b)discourage tate from talking to others about identity concerns, as this will be confusing in his own identity search. c)encourage him to avoid vocational training programs during adolescence because this makes teens feel locked in to a certain career choice. d)collaborate with tate when solving problems and allow tate to voice his own opinions.

Q: adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be a)foreclosed. b)identity diffused. c)in a state of moratorium. d)identity achieved.

Q: what can happen to identity formation when either an individual or a context changes? a)there is a possibility for identity reformulation. b)identity formation is interrupted. c)identity formation is damaged. d)individual and contextual changes have no impact on identity formation.

Q: which of the following teenagers is at highest risk for peer pressure and drug abuse? a)hayden, who has adopted his parents values without question b)danica, who entrusts her fate to luck but has a sense of hopelessness about the future c)deon, who is actively exploring various belief systems but has not yet settled on one that fits d)makenna, who has committed to a particular religious faith after considering several alternatives

Q: which identity status is associated with a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style? a)diffusion b)foreclosure c)achievement d)moratorium

Q: compared to the other identity statuses, young people who are identity achieved or actively exploring a)have lower self-esteem. b)report a larger discrepancy between their ideal selves and their real selves. c)are more self-conscious and self-focused. d)are more advanced in moral reasoning.

Q: ________ is seen as a psychologically healthy route to a mature identity. a)diffusion b)foreclosure c)moratorium d)conventionalism

Q: recent research on gender differences in identity development reveals that girls a)focus on intimacy development before they become concerned with establishing an identity. b)show less sophisticated reasoning about identity issues related to intimacy than do boys. c)are fairly similar to boys in that they typically make progress on identity concerns before experiencing genuine intimacy in relationships. d)are more identity diffused than boys and, therefore, experience intimacy in relationships before boys.

Q: after high school, tom entered college while his brother jay went to work. which of the following is true? a)jay will probably settle on a self-definition before tom. b)jay is unlikely to reach identity achievement. c)tom is at greater risk for identity diffusion than jay. d)tom and jay are unlikely to differ in their paths to identity.

Q: which of the following is true? a)once adolescents enter an identity status, they tend to remain in that status until early adulthood. b)most adolescents start out as foreclosed or diffused, but by late adolescence they move toward moratorium and identity achievement. c)most adolescents start out in moratorium, but by late adolescence they move toward foreclosure and diffusion. d)most adolescents start out in foreclosure, but by late adolescence they move toward diffusion and identity achievement.

Q: a diffused adolescent would most likely say that she a)shares the political perspective of her parents because it works for them. b)is currently considering several different political perspectives. c)does not really care about politics and is not interested in exploring alternative viewpoints. d)has considered various viewpoints and has decided to commit to a particular political party.

Q: when asked about his career plans, rodney responds, havent thought about it. doesnt make too much difference to me what i do. what identity status characterizes rodney? a)identity achievement b)moratorium c)identity foreclosure d)identity diffusion

Q: heather is a foreclosed teenager. which of the following statements is heather likely to make? a)i dont care about finding a so-called value system. what does it matter anyway? b)i believe what my parents have taught me and have no reason to doubt that they are right. c)ive explored many options and have settled on the value system that makes the most sense to me. d)im still exploring my options for the future.

Q: katy accepts her familys political and religious beliefs without question. which identity status characterizes katy? a)identity achievement b)moratorium c)identity foreclosure d)identity diffusion

Q: suzanne questions her parents religious beliefs and has begun to visit other churches to find out about alternatives. what identity status characterizes suzanne? a)identity achievement b)identity moratorium c)identity foreclosure d)identity diffusion

Q: tony has thought long and hard about music as a career. when asked if he would change his mind if something better came along, he replied, i doubt it. which identity status characterizes tony? a)identity achievement b)moratorium c)identity foreclosure d)identity diffusion

Q: hillary, an african-american adolescent, would have higher self-esteem a)if she was the only african-american girl in an otherwise all-white school. b)in a school with just a few other african-american students. c)in a school with many other african-american students. d)if she was home schooled by a female relative.

Q: which of the following statements is true? a)caucasian-american adolescents have higher self-esteem than african-american adolescents. b)warm, extended families and a strong sense of ethnic pride lead to more positive self-esteem for african-american adolescents than for caucasian-american adolescents. c)caucasian-american girls are more satisfied with their peer relationships than african-american girls. d)there are no significant ses or ethnic differences in adolescent self-esteem.

Q: lous parents give him feedback that is primarily negative or inconsistent. the chances are high that lou a)will become increasingly resilient with age. b)will rely more on adults than peers to affirm his self-esteem. c)has a relatively stable, if negative, self-worth. d)is in need of constant reassurance.

Q: which of the following teenagers will probably experience weekly self-esteem shifts? a)sally, who is overly dependent on peer social approval b)donald, who is somewhat dependent on peer social approval c)anne, who does not depend on peer social approval at all d)lisa, who actively despises peer approval

Q: fifteen-year-old tyson feels poorly about his academic abilities and family relationships. tyson is a)probably an early maturer. b)at risk for adjustment difficulties. c)probably experimenting with different identities. d)a typical teenager.

Q: a study of self-esteem in 13 industrialized countries showed that the majority of teenagers had a)low self-esteem. b)a negative attitude toward school and work. c)a pessimistic outlook on life. d)confidence in their ability to cope with lifes problems.

Q: as milee transitions from childhood to adolescence, she will likely add several new dimensions of self-evaluations a)athletic skill, academic competence, and moral understanding. b)identity, autonomy, and initiative. c)close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence. d)popularity, future aspirations, and spirituality.

Q: during the adolescent years, self-esteem generally a)rises. b)declines. c)fluctuates a great deal. d)remains stable.

Q: ________ is/are a key theme in older adolescents self-concepts. a)being smart b)wearing the right clothes c)personal possessions d)personal and moral standards

Q: compared to school-age children, adolescents place more emphasis on ________ in their self-descriptions. a)physical appearance b)favorite activities c)social virtues d)school performance

Q: lauren first described herself as attractive. a moment later she said she was sort of plain. these contradictory assertions suggest lauren is about ____ years of age. a)10 b)13 c)16 d)18

Q: according to erikson, an identity crisis involves a)questioning the values of ones society and culture. b)experimenting with alternatives before deciding on values and goals. c)rejecting previous identities in favor of a new vision of the self. d)limiting ones choices and desires.

Q: erin has no real interests or hobbies, and she cannot stay committed to an activity, a part-time job, or her school work. some of her peers have called her shallow, and her aunt complains that she is directionless. erikson would say that erin a)is currently in the commitment phase of identity development. b)is experiencing role confusion. c)has successfully resolved the intimacy stage of identity development. d)is having trouble with her sense of industry.

Q: current theorists believe that the typical adolescents approach to forming a mature identity starts with ________ and is then followed by ________. a)industry; autonomy b)trust; initiative c)exploration; commitment d)confusion; calm

Q: according to erikson, a temporary period of confusion and distress as adolescents experiment with alternatives before settling on a set of values is known as a)diffusion. b)a critical period. c)identity formation. d)an identity crisis.

Q: kelly has reached adolescence and experiences difficulty having faith in ideals, such as truth, freedom, and honesty. according to erikson, kelly a)has a weak sense of trust. b)has poor initiative. c)lacks a sense of industry. d)recently overcome an identity crisis.

Q: according to erikson, the psychological conflict of adolescence is identity versus a)autonomy. b)role confusion. c)exploration. d)commitment.

Q: according to erikson, resolution of the adolescent psychological conflict requires a)successful outcomes at earlier stages. b)an above-average iq. c)a variety of sexual partners. d)permissive parenting.

Q: identity can be described as an explicit theory of oneself as a(n) a)complex unit with varying personalities and desires. b)rational agent who acts on the basis of reason and takes responsibility for those actions. c)interpersonal being whose decisions are made within a wider social context. d)entity who must explain its randomly occurring behavior.

Q: defining who you are, what you value, and the directions you choose to pursue in life is part of a)constructing an identity. b)moral development. c)gender intensification. d)commitment.

Q: eriksons theory recognizes ________ as the major personality achievement of adolescence. a)autonomy b)identity c)guilt d)diffusion

Q: jos, age 16, thinks, what am i really like? who will i become? these remarks a)are signs of identity development. b)indicate that jos lacks self-confidence. c)reveal that jos has a serious adjustment problem. d)indicate that jos is ready for eriksons intimacy stage.

Q: describe the german apprenticeship system. what are the challenges to implementing a similar system in the united states?

Q: doug has decided to find a job and not to attend college. what problem is doug likely to face? suggest ways to minimize or alleviate these problems.

Q: ashley has just graduated from sixth grade; in the fall, she will be starting junior high school. based on what you have learned about the impact of school transitions, what can you predict about ashleys adjustment at her new school? suggest ways to minimize the stress of these changes.

Q: do sex differences in mental abilities exist during childhood and adolescence? explain.

Q: explain why teenagers have difficulty with decision making.

Q: tija has noticed that her adolescent daughter is very self-conscious. explain why this is so, and be sure to use the terms imaginary audience and personal fable in your explanation.

Q: compared to school-age children, adolescents show improved ability to think scientifically. what factors contribute to this improvement?

Q: twelve-year-old tamika is a formal operational thinker. what are the major characteristics of her thought processes?

Q: one challenge that germanys apprenticeship program still faces is a)preventing low-ses youths from being concentrated in the lowest-skilled apprenticeship placements. b)lack of participation due to minimal public awareness about the program. c)enrollment numbers that are too high to ensure quality apprenticeships for each student. d)low enrollments due to increased interest in college preparatory programs.

Q: which of the following statements about germanys work-study apprenticeship system is true? a)government regulations require that businesses carry the entire costs of the program. b)businesses provide financial support because they know that the program guarantees a competent, dedicated work force. c)the german government provides the full funding for the program, because it guarantees a competent, dedicated work force. d)the program is funded entirely through philanthropic donations.

Q: high-quality vocational preparation programs in high schools a)have resulted in improved academic achievement and reduced delinquency. b)are widespread in both the united states and canada. c)are typically available in north american schools, but only for industrial occupations and manual trades. d)have shown no influence on attitudes or vocational outcomes for high school students.

Q: high school work-study programs are related to a)positive school and work attitudes. b)good teacher and peer relations. c)poor achievement. d)high dropout rates among low-income youths.

Q: american high school students who work many hours a week and hold a heavy commitment to their job a)usually have stimulating, well-paid jobs. b)do better in school than their unemployed counterparts. c)tend to be depressed and disliked by peers. d)earn lower grades and report more drug and alcohol use.

Q: which of the following statements about teenage employment is true? a)most teenagers work to receive vocational training or to prepare for the transition to college. b)most teenagers plan to continue in the same vocational area as their afterschool job once they graduate. c)the more teenagers work, the poorer their school attendance and the less likely they are to participate in extracurricular activities. d)middle- and high-income young people make up the majority of the teenage workforce.

Q: janetta and four friends chose a vocational track in high school, similar to those chosen by their parents. none of these students was interested in going to college. they will a)probably end up working in technical or medical fields. b)have more work opportunities available to them than their parents did. c)have fewer work opportunities than their parents did several decades ago. d)probably receive a lot of vocational counseling and job placement services as they transition from school to work.

Q: based on the 2010 u.s. census bureaus statistics on women in various professions, which of the following professions do women dominate most? a)teacher b)lawyer c)business executive d)doctor

Q: the gender gap in career attainment is partially accounted for by a)the fact that boys grades are higher than girls grades. b)boys superior efforts. c)innate ability. d)girls underestimation of their own achievement.

Q: womens progress entering and excelling at male-dominated professions has been a)slow. b)moderate. c)rapid. d)nonexistent.

Q: nicole is in high school. which of the following people is especially likely to help her foster high career aspirations? a)her high school principal b)her friends c)people at her after-school job d)her high school teachers

Q: which of the following statements is true? a)adolescents career choices are largely a matter of chance. b)teachers play a powerful role in adolescents career decisions. c)family background has little to do with vocational choice. d)peers have a major impact on vocational choice.

Q: which of the following is a behavior displayed by lower-ses parents that influences career choices of their children? a)engaging in a wide range of strategies to promote a childs progress b)gathering information on colleges and areas of study c)emphasizing conformity and obedience d)identifying knowledgeable professionals who can help children make vocational decisions

Q: tys dad is a doctor and his mom is an engineer. to which of the following occupations is ty most likely to aspire? a)construction worker b)lawyer c)painter d)flight attendant

Q: cynthia is adventurous and exciting. because of her strong leadership skills and persuasive personality, people are drawn to her. cynthia displays personality characteristics of a(n) ________ person. a)enterprising b)investigative c)social d)conventional

Q: meredith likes well-structured tasks, values material possessions, and is concerned about her social status. meredith demonstrates personality traits associated with a(n) ________ person. a)enterprising b)realistic c)conventional d)antisocial

Q: the artistic person is likely to select which of the following occupations? a)engineer b)teacher c)surveyor d)writer

Q: kyle enjoys construction and carpentry. which of the following personality types best describes him? a)conventional b)enterprising c)investigative d)realistic

Q: the social person is likely to select which of the following occupations? a)anthropologist b)counselor c)plumber d)musician

Q: nissa wants to be a physicist or an engineer. according to holland, she is a(n) ________ person. a)realistic b)conventional c)investigative d)enterprising

Q: based upon the fact that people are attracted to occupations that complement their personalities, john holland identified ________ that affect vocational choice. a)6 interest areas b)6 personality types c)10 vocational areas d)8 personality subgroups

Q: lyndall is a sophomore in college and has decided that he wants to be an engineer. he plans to take introductory courses in both electrical and mechanical engineering to help him decide. lyndall is in the ________ phase of the ________ period of vocational development. a)exploration; fantasy b)crystallization; tentative c)crystallization; realistic d)exploration; realistic