Q&A Hero

Q: after getting rejected for a date, kelseys father attempts to comfort him. kelsey responds, leave me alone, dad! youll never understand what im going through! this common adolescent distortion is known as a)logical necessity. b)hypothetico-deductive reasoning. c)the imaginary audience. d)the personal fable.

Q: as teenagers become sure that others are observing and thinking about them, they start to feel special and unique. this feature of adolescent thought is called a)propositional reasoning. b)the imaginary audience. c)the personal fable. d)rule assessment.

Q: while out shopping, mrs. salveson becomes upset with her teenage daughters sarcastic responses to her questions. understanding the concept of the imaginary audience, how would you advise mrs. salveson to react to her daughters behavior? a)address the problem immediately when it happens to avoid the likelihood of it recurring. b)wait until she can speak to her daughter alone, and address the problem then. c)ignore the behavior and hope that it will disappear as she matures. d)have another respected adult, like a teacher or counselor, deal with the behavior.

Q: ________________ helps explain the long hours adolescents spend inspecting every detail of their appearance and why they are so sensitive to public criticism. a)egocentrism b)concrete thinking c)the imaginary audience d)metacognition

Q: gina has a bruise on her leg. she turned down an invitation to a swim party, explaining, i cant possibly wear a swim suit with this ugly bruise. everyone will notice how ugly i look! ginas response reveals that her thinking is characterized by a)paranoia. b)argumentativeness. c)the imaginary audience. d)the personal fable.

Q: young teenagers are convinced that they are the object of everyone elses attention and concern. this feature of adolescent thought is called a)propositional reasoning. b)the imaginary audience. c)the personal fable. d)rule assessment.

Q: according to piaget, the new form of egocentrism that appears at adolescence involves an inability to distinguish a)the self from the surrounding world. b)another persons view of an object from ones own view. c)subjective and objective aspects of experience. d)perspectives of self and others.

Q: _________________ lead(s) adolescents to think more about themselves. a)overly permissive child rearing and a lack of structure b)the ability to reflect on their thoughts, combined with physical and psychological changes, c)individualistic values and a disregard for others feelings d)selfishness and poor problem-solving skills

Q: mr. conwells son is expressing an exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness. what would be the best way for mr. conwell to handle this situation? a)acknowledge his sons unique qualities, but also look for moments to point out that he, too, felt similarly as a teenager b)be sensitive but firm in telling his son that he is not really unique at all; that human beings are all much more similar than different c)cater to his sons sense of self until about the age of 18 when his son should be ready to hear a more balanced perspective d)completely ignore his sons sense of self; most adolescents resolve these issues on their own

Q: why should parents refrain from finding fault with their teenagers in public? a)teens already tend to believe that they are the focus of everyone elses attention and concern, so critical remarks in public can be mortifying. b)parents tend to judge teen behavior incorrectly, so they run a higher risk of being critical without a legitimate reason. c)the best way to ride out the storminess of adolescence is to appease teens as much as possible; being critical will only create more problems. d)recent research has found that adolescents who suffer such public criticism engage in higher levels of delinquency than their peers.

Q: since sheila has become a teenager, she tends to be idealistic, more critical of her parents, and generally indecisive. which of the following statements regarding sheila is true? a)she is showing signs of a possible learning disability. b)she is displaying characteristics of adolescence that will probably benefit her in the long run. c)she probably has severe psychological problems and bends easily to peer pressure. d)she probably has a history of attachment insecurity with one or both parents.

Q: information-processing findings confirm that scientific reasoning a)results from abrupt, stagewise change. b)develops gradually. c)is fully developed by age 12. d)is more advanced in boys than girls.

Q: research indicates that when solving novel problems (for example, causal-experimental) in various task domains, adolescents a)master component skills in no particular order. b)fail to formulate and test the appropriate hypotheses. c)construct a general model that can be applied to many instances of a given type of problem. d)formulate appropriate hypotheses but have difficulty applying effective strategies.

Q: cristina feels that she is a fairly objective person, but she also knows there are times when her opinions are completely biased and fail to take into account factual evidence. in all likelihood, cristina a)has difficulty solving abstract problems. b)tends to be more fair-minded rather than self-serving. c)is generally disliked by her peers for being selfish. d)is still a concrete thinker.

Q: charquinta is trying to solve a scientific problem and applies logic more effectively to the theory that she doubts than to the theory that she favors. charquinta a)is lacking in scientific reasoning skills. b)has acquired scientific reasoning skills. c)has developed the metacognitive capacity to evaluate her own objectivity. d)has developed a flexible, open-minded approach to cognitive problem-solving.

Q: a high-school science teacher, mr. reidy, wants to increase his students skills at coordinating theory with evidence. he wonders if he should provide them with traditional scientific tasks, or allow them to engage in informal reasoning. what should you tell him? a)scientific reasoning is influenced by years of schooling that can involve either of the two methods. b)neither of the methods has been proven effective for increasing scientific reasoning. c)traditional scientific tasks are the only problems that improve scientific reasoning. d)informal reasoning tasks are the only problems that improve scientific reasoning.

Q: according to kuhn, young children faced with the sports ball problem a)are skilled at coordinating theory with evidence but fail to apply strategies consistently. b)use logical rules to examine the relationship between multiple variables. c)often reason much like adolescents and young adults. d)often ignore conflicting evidence or distort it in ways consistent with their own theories.

Q: the heart of scientific reasoning is a)coordinating theories with evidence. b)designing experiments. c)developing hypotheses. d)conducting statistical analyses of data.

Q: researchers regard ________ as central to the development of abstract thought. a)processing capacity b)application of memory strategies c)metacognition d)attentional self-regulation

Q: piaget acknowledged that a)formal operational thinking is culturally transmitted from parents or more expert peers to children. b)achievement of the formal operational stage probably occurs as a result of new information-processing abilities. c)very few adults are capable of formal operational thinking. d)people in some societies may not demonstrate formal operations as a result of lack of experience with hypothetical problems.

Q: research into the development of formal operational tasks among peasants in tribal and village societies found that a)formal operational thought occurs more often in women than men. b)they often reason at a much higher level than young people in industrialized nations. c)people can be capable of formal operational thought even if they rarely display it in everyday life. d)they are incapable of mastering formal operational tasks.

Q: one reason that adolescents and adults do not always engage in formal operational thinking is that they a)lack educational experiences that foster abstract reasoning. b)may be capable of it, but fall back on less demanding intuitive judgments. c)lack the motivation for higher-level thinking and problem solving. d)prefer to make trial-and-error judgments.

Q: an english student who excels at analyzing the themes of a play a)will also excel at analyzing political events. b)can apply her formal operational abilities to mathematics problems. c)may not be especially good at formal operational tasks in another subject area. d)simultaneously develops formal operations that can be applied to academic tasks, but not real-world problems.

Q: taking college courses a)has no measurable impact on formal operational reasoning. b)leads to improvements in formal operational reasoning on all kinds of tasks. c)improves formal operational reasoning on tasks related to course content. d)improves propositional thought but not hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Q: many college students and adults are not fully formal operational because a)they lack extensive experience on the specific tasks that are being assessed. b)they are not motivated to solve formal operational tasks. c)only the very brightest people become fully formal operational. d)they are more interested in socializing than in thinking.

Q: twelve-year-old alicia hears the following: a spoon is something that can be used to stir. suppose something is not a spoon. can it be used to stir? alicia will a)say that she needs to see the object in question. b)be able to reason correctly after hearing the statement. c)say no. d)say only if it is a fork.

Q: the ________ of propositional reasoning can be explained as the understanding that the accuracy of conclusions drawn from premises rests on the rules of logic, not on real-world confirmation. a)major premise b)logical necessity c)secondary premise d)metacognitive understanding

Q: school-age children have difficulty drawing accurate conclusions from propositional statements because they a)find it more difficult to inhibit activation of well-learned knowledge. b)adhere rigidly to the logical necessity of the statement. c)are unable to think logically about any problem. d)cannot yet understand the concept of a hypothesis.

Q: the teacher says, if mice are bigger than cats, and cats are bigger than elephants, then mice are bigger than elephants. this statement is likely to be judged a)false by 11-year-old craig. b)false by 13-year-old michael. c)true by 9-year-old rana. d)true by 12-year-old paige.

Q: six-year-old children can understand that hypotheses must be confirmed by the appropriate evidence, and they can sort out evidence concerning ________ variable(s). a)only one b)one or two c)three d)four or more

Q: for adolescents, propositional thought a)limits their reasoning to the here and now. b)prevents them from solving the red-and-green poker chip problem. c)provides them with access to new realms of knowledge, such as higher math. d)enables them to get along better with their peers.

Q: an experimenter hides a poker chip in her hand and asks children to indicate whether the following statement is true, false, or uncertain: either the chip in my hand is green or it is not green. a concrete operational child will say the statement is ________. a formal operational adolescent will say the statement is ________. a)uncertain; true b)true; uncertain c)uncertain; false d)true; false

Q: bryan hears the following statement: either the train is moving or it is not moving. if bryan is in the formal operational stage, he will say that a)he needs to see the train to determine whether the statement is true or false. b)the statement is true. c)the statement is false. d)the statement is both true and false at the same time.

Q: marcus is able to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without making reference to real-world circumstances. marcus is engaging in a)hypothetico-deductive reasoning. b)propositional thought. c)concrete operational thought. d)cognitive intuition.

Q: in watching a concrete operational child and a formal operational adolescent solve the pendulum problem, what difference would be evident? a)the concrete operational child will be completely unable to solve the problem. b)the formal operational adolescent will solve the problem intuitively, without experimentation. c)the formal operational adolescent will systematically test alternative hypotheses. d)none; both will use similar strategies.

Q: in trying to solve the pendulum problem, formal operational adolescents usually a)fail to notice variables not suggested by the concrete materials of the task. b)think of many possible hypotheses. c)have difficulty separating out the effects of variables. d)are totally stumped; the problem is not solved until adulthood.

Q: lourdes is capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning. when faced with a problem, which of the following will she do first? a)develop a general theory of all possible variables that might affect the outcome. b)deduce specific hypotheses about what might happen in a situation. c)test her hypotheses in an orderly fashion to see which ones work in the real world. d)examine the most obvious predictions about a situation.

Q: in biology class, zia had to determine which of two fertilizers was best for growing african violets. she tested not just for type of fertilizer but also for its concentration and frequency of use. zia used a)hypothetico-deductive reasoning. b)propositional thought. c)hierarchical classification. d)transitive inference.

Q: a person in piagets formal operational stage a)can come up with general logical rules through internal reflection. b)is able to use inductive reasoning for the first time. c)can only operate on reality. d)has just learned that hypotheses must be confirmed by appropriate evidence.

Q: veronique can think abstractly about things she cannot perceive concretely. she is in piagets ________ stage. a)concrete operational b)formal operational c)emerging adulthood d)hypothetical reasoning

Q: principal jaster wants to reduce drug experimentation among his high school students. describe the components of an effective drug prevention program.

Q: describe an effective sex education program. what key elements should be included?

Q: discuss the role of heredity and prenatal biological influences in the development of sexual orientation. how might heredity lead to homosexuality?

Q: what are some characteristics of sexually active adolescents? which children are more likely than others to engage in early and frequent teenage sexual activity?

Q: describe the long-term consequences of pubertal timing, especially for early-maturing girls. what are some possible reasons for the difficulties early-maturing girls face?

Q: describe the secular trend in pubertal timing in industrialized nations.

Q: explain why adolescence is extended in industrialized nations, including the three phases of adolescence.

Q: which of the following is true about adolescent drug abuse treatment? a)individual, rather than family, therapy is the best treatment. b)even comprehensive programs have alarmingly high relapse rates. c)support-group session interventions often increase drug taking in the short term. d)comprehensive programs that focus on individual and family therapy have modest to low relapse rates.

Q: mr. wellington wants to reduce drug experimentation among the teens in his community program. he should a)teach parents that teens need freedom from activity monitoring. b)teach students skills for resisting peer pressure. c)deemphasize parent education. d)acknowledge the social acceptability of drug use.

Q: which of the following teens with family difficulties has an especially high risk of substance abuse? a)jake, whose mother is unemployed b)ken, whose peers use and provide drugs c)walt, whose sister used drugs but is now in recovery d)paul, who has a below-average school performance

Q: _________ is one of the deadliest substance abuse issues. a)alcohol use b)marijuana smoking c)caffeine use d)cigarette smoking

Q: brad is a teen who has experimented minimally with alcohol. brad is likely to a)be a healthy, curious young person. b)become an addict in adulthood. c)be less sociable than his peers who do not experiment. d)choose not to drink alcohol in college.

Q: the majority of teenagers who dabble in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana a)will become addicted to at least one substance. b)are not headed for a life of decadence and addiction. c)are either psychologically unhealthy or socially awkward. d)are self-medicating from the stress of high school.

Q: by tenth grade, 38 percent of teenagers in the united states have experimented with at least one illegal drug, usually a)painkillers. b)cocaine. c)marijuana. d)alcohol.

Q: teenage alcohol and drug use rates in the united states have _______ since the mid-1990s. a)risen sharply b)slowly increased c)slowly decreased d)substantially declined

Q: by the time a child of adolescent parents start school, a)fewer than one-fourth have regular contact with their fathers. b)nearly half visit with their fathers regularly. c)less than two-thirds receive financial assistance from their fathers. d)most have established lasting ties to their fathers.

Q: older adolescent mothers display more effective parenting when they a)live with one or both of their own parents until the child is school-age. b)avoid child-care assistance from the babys father in order to establish their independence. c)cut off ties with their friends and relatives during the early childhood years. d)establish their own residence with the help of relatives.

Q: ________ is linked to delayed initiation of sexual activity and to reduced teenage pregnancy. a)abstinence-based sex education b)even limited sex education c)early pubertal development d)school involvement

Q: radio and tv campaigns promoting contraceptive useused widely in africa, europe, india, and south americaare associated with a(n) a)reduction in early sexual activity. b)increase in teenage sexual activity. c)decrease in teenagers use of birth control. d)increase in teenage abortion rates.

Q: which of the following adolescent mothers in the most likely to break the intergenerational cycle of adolescent parenthood? a)prudence, who marries her daughters father b)heidi, who obtains a low home score c)natalia, who does not earn her high school diploma d)emma, who moves to low-income housing and remains unmarried

Q: which of the following statements regarding the intergenerational continuity of adolescent pregnancy and parenthood is true? a)becoming a second-generation teenage parent is inevitable for individuals born to an adolescent mother. b)intergenerational continuity in adolescent daughters is far greater when teenage mothers marry. c)marriage may limit the negative impact of teenage childbearing on development by reducing family stress. d)adolescent parenthood does not increase the chances of teenage childbearing the next generation.

Q: in the united states, the most controversial aspect of adolescent pregnancy prevention efforts is a)the promotion of abstinence. b)requiring sex education courses in school. c)teaching social skills for handling sexual situations. d)increasing the availability of contraceptives.

Q: compared with adult mothers, adolescent mothers a)deliver healthier babies. b)know less about child development. c)have low expectations for their infants. d)less often engage in child abuse.

Q: teenage motherhood __________ the likelihood of _____________. a)reduces; marriage b)increases; earning a high school diploma c)reduces; divorce d)increases; future contraceptive use

Q: which of the following teens is most likely to have an adolescent pregnancy? a)wynn, a middle-income african american b)kim, a high-income asian american c)selena, a low-income hispanic american d)bella, a middle-income caucasian american

Q: today, the majority of pregnant adolescents a)marry and keep their babies. b)abort their pregnancies. c)put their babies up for adoption. d)stay unmarried and keep their babies.

Q: the number of american teenage births is lower than it was 50 years ago because a)one-third of adolescent pregnancies end in abortion. b)of more effective sex education programs in public schools. c)convenient contraceptive services are more readily available. d)more girls give up their infants for adoption.

Q: one factor that heightens the incidence of adolescent pregnancy is a)exposure to sex education in middle and high school. b)easy availability of low-cost contraceptive services. c)a history of family poverty, which encourages risk-taking behavior. d)early puberty for boys and late puberty for girls.

Q: the u.s. adolescent pregnancy rate is __________ than that of other industrialized nations. a)much lower b)slightly lower c)slightly higher d)much higher

Q: among u.s. teenage girls, an estimated ____ percent of those who had sexual intercourse became pregnant in the most recently reported year. a)10 b)20 c)30 d)40

Q: as a result of school courses and media campaigns, a)about 90 percent of high school students are aware of basic facts about aids, but are poorly informed about other stds. b)about 90 percent of middle and high school students are aware of basic facts about most stds. c)most sexually active high school students report using std protection during oral sex. d)few high school students report engaging in oral sex with multiple partners, and most who do are well-informed about stds.

Q: which of the following is true about hiv and aids? a)in the united states, less than 5 percent of those infected with hiv are teens. b)it is twice as easy for a female to infect a male with hiv, as for a male to infect a female. c)the risk for heterosexual spread of aids is higher for those teens with more than one partner in the previous 18 months. d)in the united states, females account for about 15 percent of new cases of hiv among adolescents and young adults.

Q: teenagers at the greatest risk for stds are a)poverty-stricken teenagers who feel a sense of hopelessness. b)high-income teenagers whose parents are permissive. c)middle-income teenagers whose parents have high expectations. d)impossible to identify; all teenagers are equally at risk for stds.

Q: which of the following stds usually disappears on its own? a)chlamydia b)gonorrhea c)cytomegalovirus d)syphilis

Q: out of all age groups, adolescents have the highest rate of a)criminal behavior. b)sexually transmitted diseases. c)asthma and severe seasonal allergies. d)sexual experimentation.

Q: fifteen-year-old anna is attracted to her best friend, eva, and her boyfriend, emory. which of the following is the most likely to be true? a)anna is gender-deviant in dress. b)eva and emory are gender-deviant in behavior. c)anna identifies as heterosexual. d)annas bisexuality is a transient state: she will eventually identify as either straight or lesbian.

Q: suzanne responded to her daughters coming out positively. she is understanding and accepting of the teenagers same-sex romantic relationship. however, suzanne is concerned about her daughters self-acceptance. suzanne should know that a)coming out to family impedes a young persons view of homosexuality as a valid and fulfilling identity. b)contact with other gays and lesbians can interfere with a young persons self-acceptance. c)coming out to friends often brings a backlash that impedes many aspects of adolescent development. d)the strongest predictor of favorable adjustment for gay and lesbian youths is parental understanding.

Q: ned is a gay man. he recalls feeling different from other children when he was young. if ned is typical, when did this first sense of his biologically determined sexual orientation appear? a)between ages 2 and 4 b)between ages 6 and 12 c)between ages 10 and 13 d)after age 14

Q: which of the following accurately characterizes the three-phase sequence that many gay and lesbian adolescents and adults move through in coming out to themselves and others? a)feeling different, confusion, self-acceptance b)confusion, feeling accepted, announcement c)feeling different, self-acceptance, integration d)feeling rejected, confusion, self-acceptance

Q: jose is a homosexual man. which of the following is most likely to be true? a)he has a higher-than-average number of older brothers. b)he has a higher-than-average number of younger sisters. c)he is an only child. d)he is a first-born child.