Q&A Hero

Q: when studying for his geography test, brett groups states together by region. what memory strategy is he using? a)organization b)elaboration c)listing d)rehearsal

Q: which of the following is true about the origins of adhd? a)adhd runs in families and is highly heritable. b)fraternal twins share adhd more often than identical twins. c)the brains of children with adhd grow more quickly than the brains of unaffected agemates. d)the brains of children with adhd are about 3 percent larger in volume than the brains of unaffected agemates.

Q: which of the following is true about the relationship between environment factors and adhd? a)because adhd runs in families, environmental factors have no impact on the disorder. b)prenatal teratogens can combine with certain genotypes to greatly increase the risk for adhd. c)a stressful home life usually causes adhd. d)there is no correlation between stress factors in the home and adhd.

Q: the most common treatment for adhd is a)prescription stimulant medication. b)family intervention. c)operant conditioning. d)therapy.

Q: in hong kong, a)doctors are hesitant to label a child with adhd. b)children are diagnosed with adhd at less than half the rate in the united states. c)children are diagnosed with adhd at more than twice the rate in the united states. d)girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed with adhd.

Q: guy, age 10, is impulsive. during school, he drops his pencil, rearranges the papers inside his desk, and yells at people across the room. guy is also physically awkward and fails to follow the rules when he plays games. he suffers from both academic and social problems. guy most likely has a)a production deficiency. b)an anxiety disorder. c)autism. d)attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd).

Q: which of the following is true about adhd? a)boys are diagnosed about four times as often as girls. b)girls are diagnosed about twice as often as boys. c)adhd affects about 15 percent of u.s. school children. d)all children with adhd are hyperactive.

Q: children with adhd a)tend to score higher than other children on intelligence tests. b)are often asymptomatic before age 7. c)find it hard to ignore irrelevant stimuli. d)have no difficulty with planning or reasoning.

Q: seven-year-old roshonda executes attentional strategies consistently, but her task performance does not improve. roshonda is exhibiting a __________ deficiency. a)schematic b)control c)production d)utilization

Q: mrs. rosinski gives each of her children, ages 5, 8, and 12 a shopping list of 10 items. what result can she expect to see? a)all of the children will immediately start to retrieve items. b)her 12-year-old will probably scan the store before getting items. c)her 5-year-old will probably make a plan before searching the store for items. d)all of the children will probably make a plan and scan the store before getting items.

Q: six-year-old bella sometimes produces strategies, but not consistently. bella has a(n) _______ deficiency. a)production b)control c)utilization d)organization

Q: ten-year-old annabelle has improved her ability to control internal and external distracting stimuli. annabelle has made gains in a)mindfulness. b)inhibition. c)prohibitive concentration. d)process regulation.

Q: during middle childhood, attention becomes a)less controlled. b)more rigid. c)less planful. d)more selective.

Q: ten-year-old gemma is presented with a stream of numbers on a computer screen. she is asked to press a button whenever the two-digit sequence of a 5 followed by a 7 appears. gemmas _______ attention is being tested. a)adaptive b)selective c)planful d)productive

Q: four-year-old rolf rarely engages in attentional strategies. this is an example of a _____________ deficiency. a)production b)control c)utilization d)rehearsal

Q: time needed to process information on a wide variety of cognitive tasks _______ between ages 6 and 12. a)increases slightly b)declines slightly c)declines rapidly d)increases rapidly

Q: digit span, which assesses the basic capacity of working memory, increases from about ____ digits at age 7 to _____ digits at age 12. a)4; 5 b)5; 7 c)6; 8 d)7; 12

Q: as the prefrontal cortex develops in middle childhood, children make gains in a)information-processing speed. b)information-processing capacity. c)inhibition. d)rehearsing.

Q: daniella listens to and tells stories but rarely draws pictures. daniella displays ______ advanced central conceptual structures in ______________. a)less; storytelling b)no; storytelling c)more; storytelling d)more; drawing

Q: camilla, age 5, often uses an empirical approach instead of a logical approach to solve problems. after failing at a class-inclusion task at school, her teacher provided a logical explanation for solving the problem correctly. based on recent studies, camillas future performance on this task should a)improve rapidly. b)be similar to that of an 8-year-old child. c)decrease slightly. d)remain the same.

Q: which of the following statements best characterizes piagets view of cognitive development in middle childhood? a)continuous improvement in logical skills b)discontinuous restructuring of childrens thinking c)biological prewiring of processes d)random change in cognitive processes

Q: when children of the same age are tested, the greatest impact on transitive inference skills comes from a)schooling. b)age. c)gender. d)ethnicity.

Q: on the basis of cross-cultural research, some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by piagetian tasks a)emerge earlier in collectivist than individualist cultures. b)emerge spontaneously in children from diverse cultures. c)are heavily influenced by heredity. d)are heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions.

Q: some neo-piagetian theorists like robbie case argue that the development of operational thinking can best be understood in terms of a)a sudden shift to a new developmental stage. b)a gradual mastery of logical concepts as children age. c)gains in information-processing speed. d)childrens interaction with adults and more skilled social models.

Q: accordingly to case, once the schemes of a piagetian stage are sufficiently automatic and integrated into an improved representation, children acquire _____________ that permit them to think more efficiently in a wide range of situations. a)abstract ideas b)primary systems c)discontinuous structures d)central conceptual structures

Q: the experience of going to school seems to a)delay mastery of conservation. b)promote mastery of piagetian tasks. c)delay mastery of transitive inference. d)speed up the continuum of acquisition.

Q: brandon solves the hypothetical problem: marie is taller than gina, and gina is taller than anna. who is the tallest? brandon is probably ____ years old. a)5 b)7 c)9 d)11

Q: eleven-year-old nathan first grasped conservation of number, followed by length, liquid, mass, and then weight. this limitation of concrete operational thinking is known as a)transitive inference. b)continuum of acquisition. c)adaptability. d)conservation of thought.

Q: cross-cultural research suggests that a)compared to non-western societies, comprehension of conservation in western societies is greatly delayed. b)among the hausa of nigeria, the most basic conservation tasks, such as number and length, are understood as early as age 4. c)taking part in everyday activities helps children master conservation and other piagetian problems. d)hausa and american children attain conservation at about the same age.

Q: when kelli, a researcher, asks school-age children in a small city in india to draw maps of their neighborhood, kelli will probably see maps that depict a)main streets. b)key directions. c)people and vehicles. d)formal, extended space.

Q: a child in the concrete operational stage will have the most trouble with which of the following? a)abstract ideas b)concrete information c)information she can perceive directly d)dual representation

Q: jessica, a concrete operational child, can seriate mentally. this means that jessica is capable of a)transitive inference. b)decentration. c)class inclusion. d)conservation.

Q: mrs. hartley asked her second graders to draw a map of the school using their memory. the students cognitive maps will probably a)have an accurate arrangement. b)include landmarks. c)incorporate map symbols and a key. d)depict an organized route of travel.

Q: around age 8 to 10, childrens cognitive maps a)show scale. b)include map symbols. c)show landmarks along an organized route of travel. d)are accurately arranged and labeled.

Q: dewey has no trouble when asked to place stickers on a map to indicate the location of colored flags within a large-scale outdoor environment. dewey is probably a)5. b)7. c)9. d)12.

Q: nine-year-old ryan thinks through a series of steps, and then mentally changes direction, returning to the starting point. ryan is capable of a)conservation. b)reversibility. c)decentration. d)seriation.

Q: ___________ is part of every logical operation. a)seriation b)decentration c)conservation d)reversibility

Q: at age 10, paige spent hours sorting and resorting her collection of bracelets, grouping them first by color, then by size, and finally by shape. paige has become aware of a)transitive inference. b)conservation. c)classification hierarchies. d)decentration.

Q: heather is lining up crayons in order from shortest to longest. this skill is known as a)continuum of acquisition. b)centration. c)conservation of length. d)seriation.

Q: in piagets concrete operational stage, a)thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood. b)the focus is on coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors. c)the child learns to use and to represent objects by images, words, and drawings. d)individuals move beyond concrete experiences and begin to think abstractly.

Q: eight-year-old daniel focuses on several aspects of a problem and relates them, rather than centering on just one. daniel is capable of a)decentration. b)conservation. c)reversibility. d)seriation.

Q: piagets concrete operational stage extends through the ages of a)1 to 3. b)4 to 6. c)7 to 11. d)12 to 15.

Q: list and describe advances in four basic gross-motor capacities during middle childhood.

Q: school children around the world engage in an enormous variety of informally organized games. how do these activities contribute to social and emotional development?

Q: what is malocclusion and what causes it?

Q: list and describe common factors associated with childhood obesity.

Q: list some interventions for chronically ill children that foster positive family relationships, help parents and children cope with the disease, and improve adjustment.

Q: school recess a)is one of the few remaining contexts devoted to child-organized games. b)inhibits classroom learning. c)has no effect on classroom learning. d)boosts classroom learning, but only when provided as an incentive to get students to work harder.

Q: mr. carters physical education class should emphasize a)competitive sports. b)individual exercise. c)team success. d)athletic ability.

Q: describe the secular trends in physical growth over the past 150 years, including factors that may be responsible for changing trends.

Q: which of the following is true about physical activity in u.s. schools? a)about 45 percent of elementary and middle schools provide students with physical education at least three days a week. b)only about 3 percent of high schools provide students with physical education at least three days a week. c)elementary schools have increased recess time due to its contribution in all domains of development. d)physical inactivity among u.s. school children is rare.

Q: which of the following is true about school recess? a)in recent years, recess time has increased. b)recess periods tend to subtract from classroom learning. c)distributing cognitively demanding tasks over a longer time by introducing recess breaks enhances attention. d)classroom disruptive behavior increases for children who have more than 15 minutes of daily recess.

Q: rough-and-tumble play helps children form a)a dominance hierarchy. b)cliques. c)a stable gender identity. d)a stable self-concept.

Q: once school-age children establish a dominance hierarchy, a)aggression increases. b)rough-and-tumble play decreases. c)hostility is rare. d)cheating is common.

Q: dominance hierarchies a)are observed only in nonhuman primates. b)may serve to limit aggression among group members. c)promote within-group hostility. d)exist only for males.

Q: unlike children, teenage rough-and-tumble players a)establish a dominance hierarchy. b)rarely cheat. c)hurt their opponents. d)do not act aggressively.

Q: maurice and samson occasionally wrestle, roll, hit, and run after one another, alternating roles while smiling and laughing. maurice and samson are engaged in _____ play. a)rough-and-tumble b)parallel c)nonsocial d)constructive

Q: which of the following statements is true about rough-and-tumble play? a)girls do not engage in it. b)boys rough-and-tumble play consists of more running and chasing than girls. c)it peaks in the preschool years. d)researchers believe that it is quite distinct from aggressive fighting.

Q: henrichs parents value sports so highly that they punish him when he makes errors during games. once, they insisted he keep playing after he sprained his ankle. henrich is most likely to a)feel good about his participation and ability. b)put pressure on himself to practice until he becomes an elite athlete. c)suffer from emotional difficulties. d)continue in sports throughout high school and into college.

Q: when parents and coaches emphasize _______, young athletes enjoy sports more and perceive themselves as more competent at their chosen sport. a)championship awards b)competition c)scores d)effort

Q: critics argue that youth sports a)overemphasize cooperation. b)substitute childrens natural experimentation for needed adult control. c)actually lead to a decrease in physical fitness activities in adulthood. d)overemphasize competition.

Q: who is most likely to affect childrens athletic attitudes and capabilities? a)peers b)parents c)coaches d)teachers

Q: justine, whose mother is a fitness buff, joined a gymnastics club at the age of 2. which of the following is a likely outcome for justine? a)she will acquire the skills necessary for gymnastics earlier than her peers. b)she will soon lose interest in gymnastics. c)she will be more influenced by her coach than by her mother. d)she will be a lifelong sports enthusiast.

Q: about ____ percent of u.s. boys and ____ percent of u.s. girls participate in organized sports outside of school hours at some time between ages 5 and 18. a)40; 27 b)50; 32 c)60; 37 d)70; 47

Q: which of the following is true about joining community athletic teams? a)for most children, it is associated with increased competition and decreased social skills. b)among shy children, sports participation seems to foster a decline in social anxiety. c)among shy children, sports participation often contributes to an increase in social anxiety. d)community sports usually allow children to naturally experiment with strategies and rules.

Q: gains in ______ permit the transition to rule-oriented games. a)flexibility b)agility c)perspective taking d)fine-motor ability

Q: child-invented games usually rely on a)complex physical skills. b)a sizable element of luck. c)social problem-solving skills. d)an element of physical risk-taking.

Q: children will spend ________ of time working out the rules of a game as they will spend playing the game. a)twice the amount b)half the amount c)a quarter of the amount d)equal amounts

Q: compared with past generations, school-age children today spend more time a)gathering informally on sidewalks. b)in adult-organized sports. c)at playgrounds. d)in spontaneous play.

Q: boys have an edge over girls in a)handwriting. b)drawing. c)skipping. d)throwing.

Q: which of the following is true about the social environment and motor skills? a)parents tend to hold higher expectations for boys athletic performance than for girls. b)from first through twelfth grade, boys are less positive than girls about their own sports ability. c)until adolescence, parents hold similar expectations for boys and girls athletic performance. d)fewer girls today participate in team sports like soccer.

Q: in order to increase girls participation, self-confidence, and sense of fair treatment in athletics, the text recommends a)less emphasis on skill training for girls, as basic skills are already commensurate with those of boys. b)educating parents about the minimal differences in school-age boys and girls physical capacities. c)decreased attention to girls athletic achievements, to avoid embarrassment or undue pressure. d)decreased attention to boys athletic achievements because athletics are overemphasized in american culture.

Q: which of the following is true about individual differences in motor skills? a)parents tend to actively discourage girls from participating in athletic activities. b)family income affects childrens access to lessons needed to develop certain abilities. c)boys are able to understand and process the rules of most athletic events more quickly than girls. d)many low-ses children are less skilled in motor activities even when they are exposed to formal lessons.

Q: girls have an edge over boys in a)throwing. b)kicking. c)hopping. d)batting.

Q: _______ children excel at many motor tasks. a)shorter b)less muscular c)taller d)heavier

Q: around age _____ years, the third dimension is clearly evident in childrens drawings. a)3 or 4 b)5 or 6 c)7 or 8 d)9 or 10

Q: legibility of writing gradually increases as children a)use larger, more uniform lettering. b)produce letters with uniform height and spacing. c)learn to make strokes with their entire arm. d)learn to accurately integrate two-dimensional shapes.

Q: at age 6, shelby probably a)can print her first and last names legibly. b)will learn to write lowercase letters before uppercase letters. c)can learn to write in cursive as easily as printing. d)cannot yet integrate two-dimensional shapes into her drawings.

Q: seven-year-old alex is seldom successful at batting a thrown ball. which of the following activities should alex be encouraged to play at his age? a)t-ball b)tennis c)baseball d)football

Q: six-year-old kirstens parents are eager to have her play tennis. because her gross-motor skills are not fully developed, a more appropriate sport or game would be a)softball. b)basketball. c)football. d)four-square.