Q&A Hero

Q: kristin and katie are taller and heavier than their mother was at their age. this is an example of a)a generative effect. b)a growth spurt. c)a secular trend. d)evolutionary adaptation.

Q: secular trends in physical growth involve changes in body size from a)one region to another. b)evolutionary adaptation. c)one generation to the next. d)growth spurts.

Q: which of the following changes could you anticipate for the child of ethiopian immigrants who relocated to the united states? a)she will be taller and longer-legged than her agemates in ethiopia. b)she will be heavier and have thicker bones than her agemates in ethiopia. c)she will be taller than her parents, but will have shorter legs. d)she will be shorter and start menstruation later than her agemates in ethiopia.

Q: physically small children tend to live in a)tropical climates. b)less developed regions. c)countries where food is plentiful. d)wealthy nations.

Q: tanji is long and lean. she is probably from a a)cold, arctic area. b)region where disease is common. c)hot, tropical region. d)poor nation.

Q: body size a)is determined exclusively by heredity. b)sometimes reflects evolutionary adaptations to a particular climate. c)is primarily determined by environmental factors. d)tends to be larger in developing countries.

Q: growth norms a)should be applied universally to assess secular trends. b)are particularly applicable to ethnic minorities. c)must be applied cautiously. d)consider height but not weight.

Q: in terms of growth norms, which of the following children is most likely to be the tallest? a)miguel from south america b)rondi from the pacific islands c)kota from asia d)rainer from switzerland

Q: in terms of growth norms, which of the following children is most likely to be the shortest? a)shane from australia b)sayuri from asia c)daryl from canada d)alice from the united states

Q: worldwide, a ___-inch gap exists between the smallest and the largest 8-year-olds. a)3 b)5 c)7 d)9

Q: after age 8, girls begin _________ at a faster rate than boys. a)accumulating fat b)adding muscle c)pruning synapses d)upper body growth

Q: joey and rachel are approaching adolescence. at this time, they are likely to grow out of their _____ more quickly than their ______. a)hats; shoes b)jeans; jackets c)shirts; jeans d)jackets; shoes

Q: the _______ grow(s) the fastest in middle childhood. a)head b)upper body c)extremities d)lower body

Q: by age ____, the sexual difference in the growth trend reverses. a)5 b)7 c)9 d)11

Q: seal is getting ready to start first grade. during the school years, his parents can expect him to add about ________ inches in height and ________ pounds in weight each year. a)1 to 2; 3 b)2 to 3; 5 c)3 to 4; 10 d)4 to 5; 15

Q: on average, the dramatic adolescent growth spurt occurs _____ earlier in girls than in boys a)6 months b)1 year c)18 months d)2 years

Q: between ages 6 and 8, girls are ______ boys. a)slightly shorter than b)taller than c)slightly heavier than d)the same height as

Q: at age 6, the average north american child weighs about ______ pounds. a)40 b)45 c)50 d)55

Q: describe authoritative child rearing and explain what makes it effective.

Q: describe gender schema theory, and explain how it accounts for the persistence of gender stereotypes and gender-role preferences.

Q: what is inductive discipline, and how does it motivate childrens active commitment to moral standards?

Q: describe the developmental sequence of cognitive play categories. provide examples of each.

Q: describe mildred partens sequence of peer sociability, including follow-up research on the different types of play.

Q: amelia, age 4, has an intense fear of the dark. her parents question her and determine that amelia is very afraid of monsters and ghosts. what advice can you give amelias parents to help her manage her fears?

Q: define self-concept and self-esteem. how do they contribute to young childrens development?

Q: which of the following is true about the judicial system and child maltreatment? a)fewer cases of child maltreatment reach the courts than in decades past. b)child maltreatment is a crime that is relatively easy to prove. c)in the united states, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort. d)maltreated children and their parents are not usually attached to one another.

Q: one strategy that has been quite effective in preventing child abuse is to a)teach child development in the regular high school curriculum. b)provide home visitation with a cognitive problem-solving component. c)arrest child abusers and make sure they serve long sentences. d)remove children from abusive home.

Q: which of the following is true about the consequences of child maltreatment? a)while maltreated children show serious learning problems, they typically have few peer difficulties. b)repeated abuse is associated with central nervous system damage, including abnormal eeg brain-wave activity. c)maltreated children typically exhibit low anxiety and abnormally high self-esteem. d)most parents who were maltreated as children grow up to be child abusers.

Q: which of the following is true about cultural values, laws and customs and their effect on child maltreatment? a)canada prohibits corporal punishment in schools. b)no industrialized nations have yet outlawed physical punishment in the home. c)the u.s. supreme court rejects the right of school officials to use corporal punishment. d)societies that view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems set the stage of child abuse.

Q: research on child maltreatment shows that a)premature babies and children are rarely targets of abuse. b)abuse depends more strongly on child factors than on parents characteristics. c)maltreating parents suffer from biased thinking about their child. d)abusive parents respond to stressful situations with low emotional arousal.

Q: which of the following is supported by research on child abuse? a)a single abusive personality type is a common thread among abusers b)most parents who were abused as children become child abusers. c)fathers engage in neglect more often than mothers. d)maternal and paternal rates of physical abuse are fairly similar.

Q: __________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents. a)nonparental family members b)child-care workers c)parents d)stepparents and foster parents

Q: physical abuse accounts for ____ percent of reported cases of child maltreatment. a)10 b)20 c)30 d)40

Q: condis parents are emotionally detached. her father is depressed and her mother has little time or energy for condi and her brother. they neglect their children and are indifferent to issues of autonomy. condis parents have a(n) ____________ style of child rearing. a)permissive b)uninvolved c)authoritarian d)authoritative

Q: jamison is impulsive and rebellious. he is also overly demanding and dependent on adults. jamison shows minimal persistence on tasks and is not doing well in school. jamisons parents probably have a(n) ___________ style of child rearing. a)authoritarian b)authoritative c)uninvolved d)permissive

Q: rileys authoritarian parents interrupt him and put down his ideas. when riley makes choices they disagree with, his parents withdraw their affection. rileys parents are using _______ control to manipulate him. a)direct b)authoritative c)psychological d)permissive

Q: rhodas parents frequently degrade her. they rarely listen to her point of view. they use force and punishment and sometime threaten withdrawal of affection. rhodas parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing. a)authoritarian b)permissive c)authoritative d)uninvolved

Q: angies parents encourage her to express her thoughts, feelings, and desires. they make reasonable demands for her maturity and consistently enforce and explain them. angies parents have a(n) ___________ style of child rearing. a)authoritative b)authoritarian c)permissive d)uninvolved

Q: kevins parents make few or no demands. they permit kevin to make many decisions before he is ready. kevins parents have a(n) ___________ style of child rearing. a)authoritarian b)permissive c)authoritative d)uninvolved

Q: the most successful approach to child rearing is a(n) __________ style. a)permissive b)authoritarian c)uninvolved d)authoritative

Q: by middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do are a)more likely to engage in antisocial behavior. b)less likely to pursue nontraditional interests and activities. c)are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination. d)less likely to live in nontraditional homes.

Q: which of the following demonstrates how childrens gender schemas are likely to affect memory? a)when shown a picture of a female wearing a dress, children may later remember her as a male. b)when shown a picture of a male firefighter, children may later remember him as a female. c)when shown a picture of a female cooking, children may later remember her as a male. d)when shown a picture of a male nurse, children may later remember him as a doctor.

Q: when roger sees a baby doll on the floor, he asks himself, do boys play with dolls? he then decides not to play with the doll. roger a)is a gender-schematic child. b)does not yet have well-developed gender schemas. c)is a gender-aschematic child. d)is not using his gender-salience filter.

Q: when francine sees a dump truck in the sandbox, she wonders, do i like this toy? she then decides to play with the truck. francine a)is a gender-schematic child. b)is using her gender-salience filter. c)is a gender-aschematic child. d)has well-developed gender schemas.

Q: a child who believes that all firefighters are boys a)is a gender-aschematic child. b)has not yet attained gender constancy. c)has an incomplete gender identity. d)has well-formed gender schemas.

Q: if opal is a gender-schematic child, she a)seldom views the world in gender-linked terms. b)applies a gender-salience filter to her experiences. c)will play with gender-inappropriate toys. d)will play with a toy she likes, whether or not girls typically play with it.

Q: five-year-old sean realizes that his brother shane remains a boy even when he dresses up like a girl as a joke. this demonstrates that sean has acquired gender a)constancy. b)identity. c)preference. d)orientation.

Q: androgynous children and adults a)are less adaptable than those with traditional gender identities. b)score low on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. c)are less able to show feminine sensitivity than masculine individuals. d)have higher self-esteem than feminine individuals.

Q: eight-year-old ayanna is asked to rate herself on personality traits. ayanna rates herself as ambitious, competitive, cheerful, and soft-spoken. ayanna has a(n) _________ gender identity. a)traditionally feminine b)traditionally masculine c)androgynous d)stereotypical

Q: five-year-old susannah makes the following observations: boys cannot read as well as girls, girls are faster than boys, and girls are smarter than boys. susannah is demonstrating a)gender typing. b)in-group favoritism. c)gender identity. d)androgyny.

Q: which of the following is true about gender-role learning in gender-segregated peer groups? a)boys are especially intolerant of cross-gender play in other boys. b)preschoolers are rarely criticized for engaging in cross-gender activities. c)preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups. d)to get their way, girls often rely on commands, threats, and physical force.

Q: preschoolers same-sex peer groups a)increase childrens tolerance for gender-inappropriate activities. b)serve to reduce the gender stereotypes coming from parents. c)make the peer context an especially potent source of gender-role learning. d)increase childrens opportunities for cross-gender play.

Q: research on gender typing demonstrates that teachers a)tend to negotiate with boys who misbehave, coming up with a joint plan to improve behavior. b)use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys. c)give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities. d)seem to expect girls to misbehave more often than boys.

Q: research on gender typing reveals that a)beginning at birth, parents have different expectation of sons than of daughters. b)parents tend to describe achievement and warmth as important for sons and competition and closely supervised activities as important for daughters. c)parents actively reinforce closeness and independence in boys and dependency in girls. d)fathers are more insistent that girls rather than boys conform to gender roles.

Q: the case of david reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates a)the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a persons sense of self as male or female. b)that gender stereotyping can have devastating effects on self-esteem. c)the stronger role of the environment over heredity in determining ones gender identity. d)that gender reassignment surgery changes a persons sexual identity.

Q: research on biological influences on gender typing reveals that a)sex differences in play and personality traits only appear in western cultures. b)aggression preference for same-sex playmates is widespread among mammalian species. c)preschool girls prefer to play in larger-group play with other girls, while boys prefer to play in pairs. d)prenatally administered androgens decrease active play.

Q: most preschoolers believe that a)women can be police officers. b)men do not wear nail polish. c)women can play roughly. d)men can take care of babies.

Q: in denyses preschool classroom, girls spent more time in the housekeeping, art, and reading corners, while boys gathered more often in the areas devoted to blocks, woodworking, and active play. this conformity to these cultural stereotypes is known as gender a)typing. b)identity. c)segregation. d)schema.

Q: training in __________ is an effective treatment for aggressive children. a)associative play b)social problem solving c)instrumental aggression d)inductive discipline

Q: surveys of u.s. parents indicate that ________ percent of preschoolers experience no limits on tv or computer use at home. a)2 to 5 b)5 to 10 c)10 to 15 d)20 to 30

Q: the v-chip (or violence chip) a)violates the first amendment right to free speech. b)remains optional for new television sets. c)is mandated in canada. d)serves to make offensive television programs less appealing to children.

Q: five-year-old delaney watches a lot of violent television programming and also spends hours playing violent video games. delaney probably a)underestimates the violence and danger in society. b)overestimates the violence and danger in society. c)is less willing to tolerate violence in others. d)has few hostile thoughts and behaviors.

Q: research on television violence indicates that violent tv a)strengthens hostility in highly aggressive children. b)does not spark hostile thoughts and behavior in nonaggressive children. c)does not cause difficulties in parent and peer relations. d)makes viewers less willing to tolerate violence in others.

Q: which of the following is supported by research on television violence? a)childrens programming is below average in violent content. b)watching violence on tv does not increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior. c)older children are more likely than preschoolers and young school-age children to imitate tv violence. d)time spent watching tv in childhood and adolescence predicts aggressive behavior in adulthood.

Q: research shows that the most violent television programs are a)reality programs. b)adult medical dramas. c)childrens cartoons. d)adult legal dramas.

Q: in the united states, _____ percent of television programs between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m. contain violent scenes. a)7 b)17 c)37 d)57

Q: which of the following statements is supported by research on aggression? a)girls display overall rates of aggression that are much higher than boys. b)highly aggressive children tend to be neglected by peers. c)children who are high in proactive aggression often see hostile intent where it does not exist. d)boys are more likely than girls to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

Q: which of the following is true about aggression? a)proactive aggression rises over early and middle childhood and then declines steadily from adolescence to early adulthood. b)although girls have a reputation for being both verbally and relationally more aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small. c)as soon as preschoolers are aware of gender stereotypes, physical aggression drops off more sharply for boys than for girls. d)parents respond far more negatively to physical fighting in boys than they do in girls.

Q: although verbal aggression is always _______, ________ aggression can be either direct or indirect. a)indirect; physical b)indirect; relational c)indirect; instrumental d)direct; relational

Q: rachel tells her friends, dont play with jaynie. she dresses funny. this is an example of ________ aggression. a)hostile b)instrumental c)passive d)relational

Q: to sit next to her mother at a restaurant, diana pushes her little brother mark out of the way. this is an example of __________ aggression. a)hostile b)instrumental c)passive d)relational

Q: emily is chosen as student of the day. gretel is angry that she was not selected, and she calls emily a do-do head. this is an example of ______________ aggression. a)hostile b)instrumental c)passive d)relational

Q: when her two sons fight over rights and possessions, laura allows the boys to negotiate and work out their first ideas about justice and fairness. she then talks to them warmly and discusses moral issues with them. as a result, lauras sons will probably a)have advanced moral thinking. b)rarely fight with each other. c)tend toward physical, rather than verbal, aggression in fights. d)experience feelings of frustration and be delayed in moral reasoning.

Q: which of the following is true about social experience and moral understanding? a)social experiences are not vital to the development of morality. b)children rarely benefit from adult-child discussions of moral issues. c)children learn to care about the welfare of others from warm, sensitive parental communication. d)children who verbally and physically assault others tend to have parents who tell stories with moral implications.

Q: within the moral domain, preschool and young school-age children a)tend to reason rigidly. b)rarely make judgments based on consequences. c)cannot distinguish social conventions from moral imperatives. d)tend to reason flexibly.

Q: three-year-old madison is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing another childs toy and the other showing a child eating spaghetti with her fingers. madison is most likely to view a)both actions as equally wrong. b)both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult. c)the stealing as worse than the bad table manners. d)the bad table manners as worse than the stealing.

Q: three-year-old connor is asked to choose the child who is the most wrong. which child is connor the most likely to choose? a)a child eating ice cream with her fingers b)a child who does not say please when she asks her friend to pass the water c)a child who hits her sister for no reason d)a boy who wears his long hair in a ponytail

Q: the cognitive-developmental perspective regards children as a)passive learners of moral standards. b)active thinkers about social rules. c)blank slates with regard to morality. d)prewired with moral compasses.

Q: the most effective forms of discipline encourage good conduct by a)only punishing children for severe misconduct. b)warning children that they will be punished if they act immaturely. c)letting children know ahead of time how to act. d)combining firm intervention with a temporary withdrawal of affection.

Q: research on punishment shows that spanking is a)associated with a rise in behavior problems regardless of the parents child-rearing style. b)viewed by most caucasian-american children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. c)associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive. d)a more effective form of discipline than time out and withdrawal of privileges.