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Sociology
Q:
research on the consequences on punishment reveals that in african-american families, a)most children view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. b)physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior. c)children view spanking as an act of personal aggression. d)physical punishment is generally considered wrong.
Q:
which of the following uses of punishment is the most effective? a)mr. allen tells his son that he is using punishment as a last resort. b)mrs. vello allows her children to act inappropriately from time to time but scolds them at other times. c)mr. reilly uses punishment in public because his daughter is very embarrassed by being scolded around others. d)mrs. seldon, a warm parent, uses mild punishment consistently and provides reasons for the punishment.
Q:
sending a child to her room for a few minutes a)is useful when a child is out of control. b)often generates much resentment in children. c)is less effective than punishment in producing the desired behavior. d)is the most effective form of discipline.
Q:
which of the following is true about harsh punishment? a)although corporal punishment spans the ses spectrum, its frequency and harshness are elevated among the educated and economically advantaged parents. b)a punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time because harsh punishment gives adults immediate relief. c)adults whose parents used corporal punishment are less accepting of such discipline because theyve seen the consequences firsthand. d)there is no evidence that heredity contributes to the link between punitive discipline and childrens adjustment difficulties.
Q:
a sharp reprimand or physical force to restrain or move a child is justified only when a)reasoning is ineffective. b)the child misbehaves repeatedly. c)immediate obedience is necessary. d)the parent wishes to foster long-term goals.
Q:
models are most influential in a)adulthood. b)adolescence. c)middle childhood. d)the early years.
Q:
warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all a)characteristics of a model that increase a childs willingness to imitate the models behavior. b)characteristics of emotional development that are necessary for moral behavior to occur. c)important characteristics of inductive discipline. d)characteristics of a prosocial child who has learned empathy-based guilt.
Q:
according to social learning theorists, a)morality has a unique course of development. b)reinforcement for good behavior is enough for children to acquire moral responses. c)moral behavior is acquired just like any other set of responses: through reinforcement and modeling. d)positive reinforcement for a childs character decreases a behaviors frequency.
Q:
when erin takes her brothers book away and makes him cry, erins father says, your brother is crying because you took his book away. your behavior disappointed me. erins father is using ____________ as a means of influencing erin. a)coercion b)empathy-based guilt c)fear of loss of parental love d)shame
Q:
malek is a fearless preschooler. what tactics would you recommend to his parents to prompt guilt reactions and conscience development? a)mild patient tactics such as requests, suggestions, and explanations b)coercive techniques that force guilt feelings onto the child c)discussions with malek in which he determines the consequence for his misbehavior d)a combination of firm correction of misbehavior and induction
Q:
parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development by a)using requests, suggestions, and explanations. b)combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction. c)using gentle discipline that incorporates frequent rule reminders. d)asserting their power.
Q:
mild, patient tactics are sufficient to prompt conscience development in ________ children. a)all b)fearless c)impulsive d)anxious
Q:
inductive discipline a)promotes only momentary compliance, not lasting changes in behavior. b)teaches children to expect rewards for good behavior. c)helps children see how their actions affect others. d)often leads to high levels of self-blame among children.
Q:
which of the following disciplinary statements is the most likely to promote prosocial behavior? a) pushing your sister is not okay. b) your sister is crying because you pushed her and she fell down. c) you should be ashamed of yourself. good girls do not push. d) only bad girls push their sisters.
Q:
conscience formation is promoted by ________ discipline. a)child-directed b)authoritarian c)permissive d)inductive
Q:
the fact that children ________ provides evidence that freuds account of conscience development is inaccurate. a)whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions b)whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel overwhelming guilt when they violate standards c)who feel little guilt frequently have loving and nurturing parents d)who grow up in abusive households tend to violate standards infrequently
Q:
which of the following is true about the psychoanalytic perspective and the development of morality? a)freud believed that young children form a superego by internalize the other-sex parents moral standards. b)most researchers today agree with freuds view of conscience development. c)in freuds theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior. d)freud believed that moral development is largely complete by 10 to 12 years of age.
Q:
according to freud, children obey the _________ to avoid guilt. a)id b)superego c)ego d)other-sex parent
Q:
according to the psychoanalytic perspective, ________ leads to the formation of the conscience and moral behavior. a)the emergence of the reality principle b)avoidance of guilt c)identification with the other-sex parent d)repression of sexual longings for the mother or father
Q:
most theories agree that a)a childs morality is regulated by inner standards from birth. b)truly moral individuals do the right thing to conform to others expectations. c)at first, a childs morality is externally controlled by adults. d)conscience does not begin to take shape until age 7.
Q:
by age ____, children use words to evaluate their own and others actions. a)2 b)3 c)4 d)5
Q:
which of the following types of parentchild play is most strongly linked to social competence in the child? a)parent-directed play b)motherson play c)motherdaughter play d)fatherdaughter play
Q:
one of the best ways for johanns mom to promote peer interaction skills is for her to a)provide opportunities for johann to play with peers. b)avoid arranging frequent play dates that may overwhelm johann. c)avoid providing specific suggestions to johann on how to interact with other children. d)prevent johann from interacting with children who have conflicts with johann.
Q:
research shows that interventions designed to teach social problem solving a)do not benefit children from lower-ses homes. b)rarely improve peer relations. c)offer children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events. d)do not reduce the risk of adjustment difficulties for children from troubled families.
Q:
silas and jake are engaged in a conflict over a ball on the playground. jake grabs the ball away. silas hits jake. jake runs crying to the nearest adult. silas and jake are probably _____ years old. a)4 b)6 c)8 d)9
Q:
children who get along well with agemates tend to a)request an explanation when they do not understand a peers behavior. b)attend selectively to social cues. c)hover around peers activities. d)barge into play groups without asking.
Q:
nicki crick and kenneth dodges circular model showing the steps of social problem solving takes a(n) ________________ approach to conflict resolution. a)piagetian b)information-processing c)vygotskian d)ethological
Q:
which of the following children is the most likely to make gains in academic achievement during kindergarten? a)allie, an impulsive girl b)bert, an aggressive boy c)calinda, a girl who makes friends easily d)dow, a shy boy
Q:
research on friendships shows that a)preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends. b)preschoolers give the same amount of reinforcement to nonfriends as to friends. c)most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust. d)children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.
Q:
shelby and sharon are 4 years old and are best friends. they probably a)count on each others emotional support. b)have similar values and attitudes. c)feel lasting trust and caring for each other. d)have fun playing together.
Q:
children from 4 to 7 years old regard friendship as a)an understanding of thoughts and feelings. b)pleasurable play and sharing of toys. c)based on mutual trust. d)long-term and enduring.
Q:
with age, preschoolers conflicts center less on _______ and more on ________. a)ideas; toys b)attitudes; resources c)differences of opinion; toys d)resources; differences of opinion
Q:
three-year-old sasha makes a structure out of toy blocks. sasha is engaging in _________ play. a)make-believe b)parallel c)constructive d)functional
Q:
two-year-old beck runs around the room, grabs a car and rolls it on the floor, and then pokes at some play dough. beck is engaging in ___________ play. a)constructive b)functional c)parallel d)make-believe
Q:
which of the following is supported by research on peer sociability during the preschool years? a)all types of play coexist during early childhood. b)nonsocial activity increases with age. c)by kindergarten age, children rarely engage in nonsocial activity. d)from ages 3 to 6 years, the frequency of solitary play decreases.
Q:
jade and christiana are playing house. jade is pretending to be the mom and christiana is pretending to be the dad. two dolls are used as their children. they are engaged in _______ play. a)parallel b)cooperative c)associative d)nonsocial
Q:
twins jillian and wesley, 11 months old, play near each other with similar materials. however they do not try to direct each others activities. they are engaged in __________ play. a)parallel b)cooperative c)associative d)nonsocial
Q:
in the sandbox, amelia makes a pie while franklin pours sand from one container to another. the children talk and pass tools back and forth. they are engaged in _______ play. a)parallel b)cooperative c)associative d)nonsocial
Q:
cousins easton and jack are both infants. sometimes easton watches jack while he rolls on the floor. however, both babies engage in solitary play. this is known as a)parallel play. b)cooperative play. c)associative play. d)nonsocial activity.
Q:
four-year-old rock has authoritarian parents who sometimes physically abuse him. when his friend dax has a bad day and cries, rock is most likely to respond with a)sympathetic concern. b)anxiety and distress. c)fear and anger. d)strong feelings of empathy.
Q:
when a peer is in distress, children who are assertive react with a)lip biting. b)a rise in heart rate. c)an increase in eeg brain-wave activity. d)sympathetic concern.
Q:
when parents are _________, their children are likely to react in a concerned way to the distress of others. a)warm and sensitive b)permissive c)authoritarian d)attentive, but discourage emotional expressiveness
Q:
___________ plays a role in whether empathy prompts sympathetic, prosocial behavior or a personally distressed, self-focused response. a)effortful control b)emotional masking c)temperament d)birth order
Q:
when parents repeatedly comment on the worth of a child and his or her performance, that child experiences a)less shame after failure. b)less pride after success. c)no self-conscious emotions. d)self-conscious emotions intensely.
Q:
when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to a)ineffective parenting. b)good adjustment. c)poor emotional self-regulatory skills. d)an insecure attachment.
Q:
when her friend, reagan, loses her favorite toy, 4-year-old nahla puts her arm around reagan and offers to give reagan a cookie from her lunch. nahlas emotional response to reagans loss exhibits a)sympathy. b)effortful control . c)emotional self-regulation. d)empathy.
Q:
four-year-old dandre is upset when his friends exclude him from a game. dandre sits in the sandbox alone and plays with the dump truck instead. dandre is displaying a)effortful control. b)situational empathy. c)scaffolding. d)altruistic behavior.
Q:
when portraying an emotion they do not feel, children of all ages find it easier to act _______ than _______. a)sad; pleased b)pleased; angry c)disgusted; pleased d)angry; pleased
Q:
by age 3, a)self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation. b)children no longer depend on adults to know when to feel self-conscious emotions. c)children are not yet sensitive to praise and blame. d)children have not yet developed the capacity to feel guilty or ashamed.
Q:
when 3-year-old kaylee spills her water after filling her glass too full, her mother says, you filled the glass very full. next time try putting less water in the glass. assuming that kaylees mother repeatedly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following is most likely to be true? a)kaylee is likely to show little sympathy to others in distress. b)kaylee is likely to experience self-conscious emotions intensely. c)kaylee is likely to experience moderate, adaptive levels of shame and pride. d)kaylee is likely to experience a low level of pride after a success.
Q:
of the following, which is supported by research on emotional understanding? a)preschoolers whose mothers negotiate during conflicts with them show delayed emotional understanding. b)preschoolers whose parents talk about diverse emotions are better able to judge others emotions. c)with age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends. d)the less preschoolers refer to feelings when interacting with peers, the better they are liked by their peers.
Q:
five-year-old anthony and his 4-year-old sister angela are engaged in a typical sibling dispute over a favorite chair. in order to help them gain sensitivity to their siblings feelings, their parents should a)intervene with reasoning and negotiating. b)let them work through the dispute on their own, intervening only if there are tears involved. c)settle the dispute by making the children each take a turn in the chair for a set amount of time. d)totally ignore the dispute.
Q:
at a parade, 3-year-old kyle puts his fingers in his ears when he hears the fire trucks coming down the street. kyle is displaying a)scaffolding. b)situational empathy. c)social problem-solving. d)emotional self-regulation.
Q:
by age 3, children with a history of parental criticism a)give up easily when faced with a challenge. b)are usually nonemotional after failing. c)are nonetheless enthusiastic and highly motivated. d)seek approval and anticipate it.
Q:
_________ is vital for successful peer relationships and overall emotional health. a)individualism b)emotional competence c)collectivism d)mental representation
Q:
which of the following is true about cognitive development and emotional understanding? a)preschoolers cannot yet predict what a playmate expressing a certain emotion might do next. b)young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information. c)preschoolers believe that thinking and feeling are not connected. d)preschoolers can usually make sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.
Q:
_____________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept. a)early birth order b)a warm, sensitive parentchild relationship c)permissive parenting d)authoritarian parenting
Q:
research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling revealed that a)irish-american parents often told stories about the childs misdeeds. b)chinese parents downplayed the childs misdeeds, attributing them to assertiveness. c)chinese parents did little to cultivate their childs individuality. d)irish-american parents generally saw self-esteem as unimportant or even negative.
Q:
according to research on cultural variations in personal storytelling, which of the following self-descriptions is most likely to come from a chinese child? a)i do lots of puzzles. b)i like pigs. c)i am really smart. d)i help my sister wash dishes.
Q:
studies of self-esteem demonstrate that preschoolers a)tend to overestimate the difficulty of tasks. b)usually have an accurate understanding of their abilities. c)usually rate their own abilities as extremely high. d)give up easily when faced with a challenging task.
Q:
if you asked 4-year-old hannah to describe herself, which of the following is she most likely to say? a)i am friendly. b)i am smart. c)i am helpful. d)i do not like bugs.
Q:
reylynne describes herself by saying, im helpful, but im shy. reylynne is probably a)under 3 years old. b)3 to 5 years old. c)4 to 5 years old. d)not a preschooler.
Q:
preschoolers self-concepts largely consist of a)talents. b)personality traits. c)observable characteristics. d)temperamental qualities.
Q:
if you asked 3-year-old aidan to tell you about himself, which of the following is he most likely to say? a)i have a new cat. b)i am funny. c)i am a good boy. d)i am shy.
Q:
three-year-old sara says, i have three dolls. i have brown hair. i made a tall tower. this demonstrates that sara is beginning to develop a)self-esteem. b)a self-concept. c)a gender identity. d)gender typing.
Q:
erikson described early childhood as a period of a)doubt-filled industry. b)vigorous unfolding. c)trusting simplicity. d)autonomous initiative.
Q:
according to erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is a)trust versus mistrust. b)industry versus inferiority. c)initiative versus guilt. d)autonomy versus shame.
Q:
according to erikson, play a)allows young children to escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world. b)symbolically represents preschoolers unconscious wishes and desires. c)is secondary to academic learning for preschoolers. d)permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.
Q:
for erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly a)strict superego. b)lenient id. c)strict ego. d)lenient ego.
Q:
list strategies for supporting emergent literacy in early childhood, and explain why each strategy is useful.
Q:
mr. and mrs. harken are looking for a developmentally appropriate early childhood program for their son max. describe for the harkens what they should look for in terms of physical setting, caregiverchild ratio, teacher qualifications, and daily activities.
Q:
explain how adults can foster preschoolers language development.
Q:
explain what piagets famous conservation tasks reveal about preoperational childrens thinking.
Q:
describe a piagetian classroom. what educational principles derived from piagets theory continue to influence teacher training and classroom practices?
Q:
how are a piagetian and vygotskian classroom similar? how do they differ?
Q:
what are scripts? how do they contribute to young childrens memory development?
Q:
when moses says, my ball is a circle, his father relies, yes, your basketball is round, just like a circle. mosess fathers response is an example of a)fast mapping. b)a recast. c)an overregularization. d)an expansion.
Q:
bethany, age 3, spends, a large amount of time engaged in make-believe play. her parents are especially concerned because bethany has a pair of imaginary mice that she talks to and talks about. bethanys grandmother believes that this is a sign of maladjustment. what can you tell bethanys parents and grandmother that might ease their minds?
Q:
according to the _________ approach, young children rely on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules. a)fast mapping b)semantic bootstrapping c)mutual exclusivity d)syntactic bootstrapping
Q:
research on pragmatics shows that by age 2, most children a)adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of their listeners. b)take turns in face-to-face interactions. c)are able to maintain a topic over long periods of time. d)adapt their language to social expectations.