Q&A Hero

Q: research on pragmatics shows that by age 2, most children a)adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of their listeners. b)take turns in face-to-face interactions. c)are able to maintain a topic over long periods of time. d)adapt their language to social expectations.

Q: according to ____________, preschoolers discover many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences. a)fast mapping b)semantic bootstrapping c)mutual exclusivity d)syntactic bootstrapping

Q: in acquiring new vocabulary, infants rely solely on a)perceptual features. b)social cues. c)sentence structure. d)intonation.

Q: between ages 2 and 3, english-speaking children use simple sentences that follow a(n) __________ word order. a)verbsubjectobject b)subjectverbobject c)objectverbsubject d)verbobjectsubject

Q: two-year-old camden finds only one of her shoes. she says, i need two shoes. i have two foots! camdens error is an example of a)semantic bootstrapping. b)underextension. c)overregularization. d)underregularization.

Q: jades mom told her they were going outside in the rain and needed a bumbershoot. jade had never heard the word bumbershoot before, but she knew the word umbrella. jade tries to figure out what the new word means, and eventually she decides that a bumbershoot must be an umbrella. jade must abandon her ______________ to reach this conclusion. a)cardinality principle b)shape bias c)overregularization principle d)mutual exclusivity bias

Q: according to the principle of mutual exclusivity bias, toddlers a)assume that objects have multiple labels. b)connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter. c)assume that words refer to nonoverlapping categories. d)discover the structure of sentences by relying on the meanings of words.

Q: studies on computer use in early childhood demonstrate that a)computer storybooks and other literacy programs interfere with emergent literacy skills. b)children spend most of their time using computers for learning language and math skills. c)combining everyday and computer experiences with math manipulatives is especially effective in promoting math concepts and skills. d)video gaming consoles are among the bedroom furnishings of 30 percent of children age 5 and younger.

Q: between the ages of 2 and 6, a childs spoken vocabulary increases from an average of ______ words to an average of _________ words. a)100; 1,000 b)100; 5,000 c)200; 5,000 d)200; 10,000

Q: jay introduced a new ball to his 2-year-old daughter, kandi. he said, im throwing the wiffle ball to you! he then threw the new ball to kandi. kandi said, catch, wiffle, catch! kandis connection of the term wiffle to the ball is an example of a)overregularization. b)syntactic bootstrapping. c)fast mapping. d)semantic bootstrapping.

Q: young children learning chinese, japanese, and korean acquire ______ more readily than their english-speaking agemates. a)proper nouns b)verbs c)object nouns d)modifiers

Q: evaluations of children who experience jumpstart show a)iq gains of 10 to 15 points over a single academic year. b)gains in language, literacy, task persistence, and social skills. c)greater gains in social skills than academic skills. d)that children from middle-ses homes show the greatest long-term gains.

Q: which of the following statements is supported by research on child care? a)even high-quality early intervention does not enhance the development of economically disadvantaged children. b)preschoolers exposed to substandard child care, particularly for long hours, display more behavior problems. c)psychological well-being improves when children experience several child-care settings. d)the emotional problems of temperamentally difficult preschoolers improve dramatically in child care.

Q: about ____ percent of u.s. three-month-olds regularly watch either tv or videos. a)20 b)30 c)40 d)50

Q: of the following statements, which is supported by research on head start? a)gains for head start participants are similar, though not as strong as for participants of university-based programs. b)all eligible preschool-age children in the united states and canada receive head start services. c)head start and other similar interventions are not very cost effective. d)parental involvement in head start has minimal impact on childrens development.

Q: formal academic training during early childhood a)produces children who have more confidence in their academic abilities. b)produces children who display fewer stress behaviors, such as wiggling and rocking. c)enhances childrens study habits throughout the school years. d)undermines young childrens motivation and emotional well-being.

Q: montessori schools a)include multiage classrooms and specially designed teaching materials to promote exploration and discovery. b)undermine young childrens motivation and emotional well-being. c)emphasize formal academic training and deemphasize social development. d)include repetition and drill by teachers who structure childrens learning.

Q: four-year-old paytin is shown a plate of cookies. she is told that there are 10 cookies on the plate. she watches as several cookies are added to or removed from the plate. paytins sensible prediction as to how many cookies are left on the plate displays her understanding of a)ordinality. b)estimation. c)cardinality. d)functionality.

Q: research using the home observation for measurement of the environment (home) indicates that a)preschoolers who develop well intellectually have homes rich in educational toys and books. b)preschoolers who develop well intellectually have parents who resolve conflicts with punishment. c)home scores predict academic achievement better than iq scores. d)the organization of the physical environment predicts iq gains only among high-ses children.

Q: in haylees preschool classroom, teachers provide activities in learning centers from which children select, and much learning takes place through play. haylees preschool is a)actually a child-care center. b)an academic program. c)a child-centered program. d)unlikely to foster school readiness.

Q: on average, a low-ses child is read to for a total of _____ hours during the preschool years, a higher-ses child for ______ hours. a)25; 100 b)25; 1,000 c)250; 500 d)250; 1,000

Q: eighteen-month-old jazmin is offered sets of animal crackers. each set contains 1, 2, or 4 crackers. jazmin consistently picks the set with the most pieces, displaying a beginning grasp of a)cardinality. b)estimation. c)ordinality. d)functionality.

Q: four-year-old jack is a snack helper. he counts five children at his table and then retrieves five milk cartons. jack is displaying an understanding of a)ordinality. b)functionality. c)estimation. d)cardinality.

Q: three-year-old evan recognizes and reads the word pizza on a familiar sign, but thinks that his name is spelled e. this demonstrates evans a)theory of mind. b)metacognition. c)emergent literacy. d)phonological awareness.

Q: annelis 4-year-old daughter manipulates sounds within words and enjoys rhyming games. annelis daughter is demonstrating a)phonological awareness. b)metacognition. c)private speech. d)knowledge of cardinality.

Q: studies of literacy development show that a)the more informal literacy experiences young children have, the better their later reading skills. b)even young preschoolers are able to distinguish drawing from writing. c)the best method to teach children to read is the phonics approach. d)interactive reading hinders preschoolers developing understanding of sound-word correspondences.

Q: compared with typically developing children, children with autism a)more often engage in social referencing. b)are better at distinguishing facial expressions. c)more often imitate an adults novel behaviors. d)rarely use mental-state words such as think, feel, and know.

Q: some researchers have suggested that children with autism are __________ and, therefore, deficient in human sociability. a)mindblind b)animistic thinkers c)flexible thinkers d)poor problem solvers

Q: three-year-old stacy pretends to make a grocery list while in the car on the way to the grocery store. this activity reflects stacys a)emergent literacy. b)animistic thinking. c)private speech. d)phonological awareness.

Q: chen, a preschooler, is most likely to view the mind as a(n) a)active machine. b)constructive agent that interprets information c)passive container of information. d)constantly spinning wheel.

Q: children with autism a)only use words to exchange ideas. b)have narrow and overly intense interests. c)engage in more make-believe play than typically developing children. d)show extremely rapid synaptic pruning.

Q: understanding of false belief is associated with early _________ ability. a)reading b)mathematical c)writing d)speaking

Q: according to __________ theory, when given challenging problems, children try out various strategies and observe which work best, which work less well, and which are ineffective. a)overlapping-waves b)metacognitive c)false-belief d)mindblindness

Q: theory of mind research indicates that by age 2, children realize that a)both beliefs and desires determine behavior. b)thinking takes place inside their heads. c)people can hold false beliefs. d)others desires can differ from their own.

Q: greta has just been shown two boxesa plain, unmarked box full of raisins and a familiar marked raisin box that is empty. next, greta is asked to predict where another child will look for raisins. this task assesses gretas understanding of a)class inclusion. b)conservation. c)irreversibility. d)false belief.

Q: after a trip to the zoo, 4-year-old jaden is able to remember the animals he saw and the context in which he saw them. this is an example of a)scripts. b)recognition without recall. c)autobiographical memory. d)overlapping-waves.

Q: after a family camping trip, rollies mother asks him to tell his grandmother about the trip. rollies response represents a)metacognitive knowledge. b)a script. c)recognition memory. d)autobiographical memory.

Q: after a field trip to the museum, leslie asks her son, what was the first thing we did? why werent the trains moving? i thought that the pink airplane was really big. what did you think? leslie is using a(n) ________ style to elicit her sons autobiographical memory. a)deliberative b)repetitive c)reconstructive d)elaborative

Q: after a trip to the supermarket, raj asks his daughter, do you remember the supermarket? what did we do at the supermarket? what food did we buy at the supermarket? raj is using a(n) __________ style to elicit his daughters autobiographical memory. a)deliberate b)repetitive c)reconstructive d)elaborative

Q: scripts a)clutter long-term memory with irrelevant information. b)help children organize, interpret, and predict everyday experiences. c)hinder memory for events that are highly distinctive. d)facilitate recall of specific instances of repeated experiences.

Q: hallie acts out her _______ of putting her baby brother to bed when she plays with her doll. a)theory of mind b)autobiographical memory c)script d)recognition memory

Q: sustained attention typically begins to improve in toddlerhood because childrens ability to __________ improves. a)inhibit impulses b)plan out a sequence of acts c)use memory strategies d)think about thought

Q: in tools of the minda preschool curriculum inspired by vygotskys theory__________ is woven into virtually all classroom activities. a)discovery learning b)independent exploration c)scaffolding of attention skills d)overlapping-waves theory

Q: preschoolers become better at __________ by following directions for playing games and cooking from recipes. a)scaffolding b)planning c)metacognition d)recognition

Q: even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because they are not skilled at using a)memory strategies. b)episodic memory. c)autobiographical memory. d)scripts.

Q: ethnographic research has revealed that young yucatec mayan children a)rarely imitate adult work in their make-believe play. b)and western children display impressive similarities in their make-believe play. c)decide for themselves how much to sleep and eat. d)tend to frequently display attention-getting behaviors.

Q: which of the following is a common criticism of vygotskys theory? a)it underemphasizes the role of verbal communication. b)it overemphasizes the development of basic cognitive processes. c)it places too much emphasis on how elementary capacities spark changes in childrens social experiences. d)it says too little about how basic cognitive skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes.

Q: compared to yucatec mayan preschoolers, western preschoolers are a)less sophisticated with make-believe play. b)more able to sit quietly for long periods. c)more autonomous. d)less competent at self-care.

Q: which of the following is more likely to be seen in a vygotskian, than a piagetian, classroom? a)activities to foster peer collaboration b)acceptance of individual differences c)opportunities for active participation d)experiences to promote independent exploration

Q: vygotsky regarded make-believe play as an important source of cognitive development because it a)enhances animistic thinking. b)is rich in private speech. c)fosters independent discovery learning. d)provides opportunities to practice representational schemes.

Q: critics argue that vygotskys theory a)underemphasizes the importance of pretend play. b)overemphasizes the role of verbal communication. c)emphasizes a set of experiences common to all cultures. d)overemphasizes the importance of independent discovery.

Q: adults try to promote ___________ when they translate their own insights in ways that are within a childs grasp. a)transitive inference b)intersubjectivity c)guided participation d)scaffolding

Q: becca is making cookies all by herself after making them with the help of her mother many times in the past. becca has learned this new skill through a)cooperative learning. b)intersubjectivity. c)guided participation. d)transitive inference.

Q: in mr. naffies vygotskian classroom, he guides childrens learning with explanations, demonstrations, and verbal prompts, tailoring his interventions to each childs zone of proximal development. this is an example of the vygotskian principle of a)peer collaboration. b)discovery learning. c)independent exploration. d)assisted discovery.

Q: as sunni plays, she says: wheres the cup? i want the cup. oh, there it is. now, i need the spoon. sunni is engaging in what researchers now call __________ speech. a)egocentric b)private c)inner d)social

Q: most research indicates that young children use private speech a)because they have difficulty with perspective taking. b)when they are engaged in cooperative dialogues. c)when tasks are appropriately challenging. d)when they cannot find a conversational partner.

Q: children who freely use private speech during a challenging activity are _________ than their less talkative agemates. a)more attentive b)less involved c)less likely to perform the task well d)less attentive

Q: according to vygotsky, which of the following is within a childs zone of proximal development? a)a task that a child cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult. b)a task that a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult c)a task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult d)a task that a child figures out how to accomplish through her own independent activity

Q: in ms. allisons piagetian kindergarten classroom, teachers introduce activities that build on childrens current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the work. but they do not try to speed up development by imposing new skills before children indicate that they are interested and ready. this kindergarten emphasizes the piagetian principle of a)sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn. b)scaffolding. c)discovery learning. d)acceptance of individual differences.

Q: a piagetian classroom that emphasizes discovery learning would probably include a)explicit verbal teaching of ready-made information. b)a rich variety of activities designed to promote exploration. c)introduction of new skills according to normative standards of readiness. d)progress evaluation on the basis of average performance of same-age peers.

Q: vygotskys theory stresses the __________ of cognitive development. a)physiology b)neuroplasticity c)social context d)egocentricity

Q: some neo-piagetian theorists combine piagets stage approach with the ________ emphasis on task-specific changes. a)ecological systems b)information-processing c)dynamic systems d)vygotskian

Q: in dinos preschool classroom, teachers evaluate each childs educational progress in relation to his or her previous development, rather than on the basis of normative standards, or average performance of same-age peers. this preschool emphasizes the piagetian principle of a)sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn. b)assisted discovery. c)discovery learning. d)acceptance of individual differences.

Q: according to research, preschoolers poor performance on appearance versus reality tasks occurs because they a)have an immature cerebral cortex. b)have trouble with the language of these tasks. c)are involved frequently in fantasy and pretend play. d)have a general difficulty in distinguishing appearance from reality.

Q: after putting on a halloween mask and looking at their reflection in a mirror, young preschoolers often are wary. this is because they have a fragile understanding of a)the appearancereality distinction. b)centration. c)hierarchical categorization. d)class inclusion.

Q: a wealth of recent research suggests that piaget ________ preschoolers cognitive capabilities. a)was completely wrong about b)vastly overestimated c)accurately estimated d)was partly wrong and partly right about

Q: evidence that logical operations develop gradually and that preschoolers can be trained to perform well on piagetian tasks pose a serious challenge to piagets a)stage concept. b)notion about the constructive nature of knowledge. c)ideas about individual differences in cognitive development. d)concept of egocentrism.

Q: by age 3, ___________ questions make up about half of childrens questions. a)object-naming b)non-information-seeking c)building d)rhetorical

Q: which of the following is true about childrens questions? a)with age, preschoolers increasingly ask about function, activity, state, and theory of mind. b)at every age between 1 and 5 years, non-information-seeking questions are more often used than information-seeking questions. c)children do not begin asking questions until they have the vocabulary to formulate sentences. d)inquisitive children are more often merely clamoring for attention than seeking real answers to their questions.

Q: which of the following is true about parents answers to their childrens questions? a)when parents do not respond informatively, most preschoolers abandon their questions. b)parents adjust the complexity of their answers to fit their childrens maturity. c)parents rarely include additional relevant knowledge when answering their childrens questions. d)older children frequently get prior cause explanations, while younger children typically get mechanism explanations.

Q: when shown a lego structure made to look like a crayon, 3-year-old astrid said that the object really and truly was a crayon. astrid is having trouble with a)class inclusion. b)hierarchical classification. c)the appearancereality distinction. d)conservation.

Q: which of the following is most likely to be among a childs first categories? a)waterbirds b)landbirds c)flying creatures d)birds

Q: when young children converse with adults, they ask a)mostly non-information-seeking questions. b)more than one question per minute, on average. c)comparatively few information-seeking questions. d)relatively few purposeful questions.

Q: follow-up research indicates that by the second half of the first year, children have formed a variety of global categories, such as animals and vehicles. these findings challenge piagets assumption that a)preschoolers thinking is wholly governed by appearances. b)the emergence of language brings about representational ability. c)preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality. d)transitive inference emerges during the concrete operational stage.

Q: three-year-old audrey is presented with a picture-matching problem, play dough is to cut-up play dough as a loaf of bread is to . . . ? which answer is audrey is most likely to select? a)a cut-up apple b)a biscuit c)bread crumbs d)a cut-up loaf of bread

Q: preschoolers ability to reason about transformations is evident on a)conservation tasks. b)tasks that require reasoning by analogy. c)class inclusion problems. d)hierarchical classification tasks.

Q: follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that preschoolers can successfully solve a conservation-of-number task when the task a)includes only three items rather than six or seven. b)deals with everyday objects, such as balls or dolls, rather than abstract concepts. c)is performed by their parents rather than unfamiliar experimenters. d)is performed with their own toys rather than unfamiliar objects.

Q: which of the following children is the most likely to express disbelief in the tooth fairy? a)jacob, a 6-year-old jewish boy b)frank, a 6-year-old catholic boy c)luke, a 6-year-old methodist boy d)glenn, a 6-year-old baptist boy

Q: most 3- and 4-year-olds a)think that violations of social conventions require magic. b)understand that television characters are not real. c)believe in the supernatural powers of enchanted creatures. d)know that imagination cannot create reality.

Q: four-year-old matthew is shown a robot. matthew is most likely to say that the robot cannot a)see. b)think. c)grow. d)remember.