Q&A Hero

Q: four-year-old martha uses shorter, simpler expressions when interacting with her 2-year-old brother. this example suggests that piaget may have a)overestimated preschoolers animistic thinking. b)overestimated preschoolers egocentrism. c)underestimated preschoolers animistic thinking. d)underestimated preschoolers egocentrism.

Q: during a ________ task, 4-year-old marissa is asked whether there are more oranges or fruits in a group of two apples, one banana, and three oranges. she will most likely say ________. a)class inclusion; there are more fruits b)class inclusion; there are more oranges c)conservation-of-number; there are more fruits d)conservation-of-number; there are more oranges

Q: in a conservation-of-liquid problem, young children ignore the dynamic transformation of the liquid when they a)center on the height of the liquid and ignore the width. b)treat the initial and final stages of the water as unrelated events. c)become distracted by the perceptual appearance of objects. d)mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point.

Q: during a conservation-of-liquid task, when asked why he thinks there is more water in the taller glass, 5-year-old gus points out that the water level is higher in the taller glass than in the shorter glass but neglects to mention that this change in height is compensated by changes in width. this example demonstrates a limitation of preoperational thought known as a)centration. b)seriation. c)transductive reasoning. d)irreversibility.

Q: the most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its a)dynamic transformation. b)irreversibility. c)class inclusion. d)reversibility.

Q: three-year-old rachael could not solve a conservation-of-liquid task because she focused on the height of the water. rachaels thinking is characterized by a)dynamic transformation. b)irreversibility. c)hierarchical classification. d)centration.

Q: three-year-olds artie and kurt had identical boxes of raisins at snack time. when kurt poured his raisins out onto the table, artie was sure that kurt had more raisins. this demonstrates that artie lacks a)conservation. b)animistic thinking. c)hierarchical classification. d)dual representation.

Q: four-year-old marly is playing with her toy cars. she favors the blue car, but plays with the green car for at least a few minutes. she says, i dont want the green one to get lonely. this is an example of a)dual representation. b)egocentrism. c)animistic thinking. d)centration.

Q: for piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is a)dual representation. b)egocentrism. c)animistic thinking. d)centration.

Q: according to piaget, young childrens thinking often is illogical because they are not capable of a)magical thinking. b)animistic thinking. c)mental actions that obey logical rules. d)centration.

Q: twenty-month-old hyrum attempts to sit in a tiny doll chair. difficulty with _________ may contribute to hyrums scale error. a)cardinality b)dual representation c)conservation d)centration

Q: childrens creation of _________________ was once viewed as a sign of maladjustment, but current research challenges this assumption. a)imaginary companions b)dual representations c)animalistic symbols d)pretend themes

Q: preschoolers who spend more time in sociodramatic play are seen as ___________ by their teachers. a)more cognitively competent b)more socially competent c)less creative d)less verbal

Q: five-year-old matthew and 6-year-old jessica like to pretend that they live or work in a zoo. often, matthew will pretend to be an animal, such as an elephant and jessica will pretend to be the zookeeper. this is an example of __________ play. a)parallel b)associative c)sociodramatic d)functional

Q: make-believe ________ as children realize that agents and recipients of pretend actions can be independent of themselves. a)attaches to the real-life conditions associated with it b)becomes less self-centered c)includes less complex combinations of schemes d)becomes more self-directed

Q: in early pretending, toddlers a)direct pretend objects toward others. b)are detached participants. c)combine schemes without those of their peers. d)use only realistic objects.

Q: tripp pretends to drink from a toy cup. tripps sister, anna, takes the same cup and tells tripp, this is a hat. tripp refuses to place the cup on his head to pretend that it is a hat. tripp is probably a)younger than 2 years of age. b)at least 4 years old. c)less than 1 year of age. d)at least 6 years old.

Q: piaget believed that through __________, young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes. a)logical reasoning b)language acquisition c)pretending d)physical activity

Q: piaget acknowledged that ___________ is our most flexible means of mental representation. a)imagery b)language c)intentional behavior d)deferred imitation

Q: according to piaget, the most obvious change during the preoperational stage is the increase in a)language ability. b)problem-solving skills. c)logical thought. d)representational activity.

Q: discuss how motor vehicle use relates to childhood injuries. what are some ways to minimize unintentional injuries during automobile travel?

Q: describe strategies for preventing early otitis media.

Q: discuss how sleep habits contribute to body growth in children, and explain how disrupted sleep affects cognitive functioning.

Q: discuss the use of synthetic growth hormone (gh) to treat short, normal-gh children.

Q: studies of motor development in early childhood show that a)adult involvement in childrens motor development should focus on perfecting the correct technique. b)children need direct instruction to master most gross- and fine-motor skills. c)playgrounds must offer a range of equipment to meet the diverse needs of individual children. d)daily routines, such as pouring juice and dressing, support fine- but not gross-motor skills.

Q: direct instruction in which of the following activities is most likely to accelerate gross-motor development in early childhood? a)throwing b)running c)dancing d)tumbling

Q: which of the following statements is supported by research on sex differences in motor skills? a)parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in their children. b)sex differences in motor skills are largely due to genetically based differences. c)differences in physical capacity between boys and girls increase rapidly, beginning in infancy. d)boys and girls are usually channeled into similar physical activities.

Q: girls a)run slightly faster than boys. b)can jump farther than boys. c)are ahead of boys in skills that emphasize force. d)are ahead of boys in drawing skills.

Q: most 3-year-olds a)use an adult grip pattern to hold a pencil. b)vary their pencil grip, depending on the location of marks they are trying to make. c)use a constant pencil angle across a range of drawing and writing. d)grip pencils indiscriminately in either their left or right hand.

Q: around age _____, childrens writing shows some distinctive features of print, such as separate forms arranged in a line on the page. a)18 months b)2 c)3 d)4

Q: in cultures with little art, a)children nonetheless create elaborate drawings. b)children still draw the universal tadpole to represent a person. c)the first drawings of the human figure typically emphasize the head and face over the hands and feet. d)even older children and adolescents produce simple forms.

Q: jesi, age 3, is asked to draw a cylinder. based on her age, she will probably draw a)nothing. b)nonrepresentational scribbles. c)a circle, an oval, or a rectangle. d)two circles and some lines.

Q: anya, age 4, is asked to draw a picture of a person. she will probably a)draw a body, a head, and arms and legs, and add features such as eyes and hair. b)make the universal tadpole-like shape or some other primitive drawing. c)draw a large head with facial features but no body. d)use depth cues, such as overlapping objects, in the background.

Q: when adults draw with children and point out resemblances between drawings and objects, a)they stifle childrens self-expression. b)preschoolers pictures become simpler so the adult can recognize items. c)preschoolers pictures become more detailed and comprehensible. d)they interfere with the natural progression of childhood drawing.

Q: children first represent objects and events on paper by a)drawing only the boundaries of objects. b)drawing recognizable shapes. c)making gestures that leave marks. d)drawing stick figures.

Q: which of the following is a true statement about self-help skills? a)while young preschoolers can use a spoon well, they cannot serve themselves at mealtimes. b)the use of child-sized eating utensils is unnecessary and inhibits fine-motor progress. c)between ages 4 and 5, children can dress and undress without supervision. d)shoe-tying skills are typically mastered in early preschool.

Q: to parents, fine-motor progress in early childhood is most apparent in which two areas? a)reaching and grasping; independent movement b)self-help skills; drawing and painting c)writing; running d)intermodal perception; independent movement

Q: five- and 6-year-olds a)engage in true skipping. b)throw and catch with a rigid upper body. c)draw people using a tadpole image. d)catch a ball against their chest.

Q: harvey, age 3, can probably a)gallop and skip with one foot. b)copy some numbers and simple words. c)zip and unzip large zippers. d)ride a bicycle with training wheels.

Q: caitlyn, age 4, can probably a)tie her shoes. b)ride a bicycle with training wheels. c)draw a person with six parts. d)use scissors.

Q: between the ages of 2 and 3 years, most children learn how to a)push a riding toy with their feet. b)use a knife to cut soft foods. c)tie their shoes. d)pedal and steer a tricycle.

Q: children should be in a properly installed car safety seat up to age ____ or until the child is 4 feet 9 inches tall. a)4 b)6 c)8 d)10

Q: of the following, which is supported by research on injury prevention? a)american parents seem willing to ignore familiar safety practices, perhaps because they value individual rights and personal freedom. b)parents rarely rely on childrens knowledge of safety rules, rather than monitoring and controlling access to hazards. c)older preschoolers spontaneously recall about 85 percent of the safety rules their parents teach them. d)compared to other forms of child rearing, authoritarian parenting is linked to low overall rates of childhood injury.

Q: which of the following is a true statement about preventing childhood injury? a)during the past 30 years, parents have changed a great deal in the amount they do to protect their children from injury. b)in the united states, more than 80 percent of infant seats and 40 percent of child booster seats are improperly used. c)in the united states, about 15 percent of parents fail to place their children in car safety seats. d)young children properly restrained in car safety seats have a 50 percent reduced risk of fatal injury.

Q: _______ are at greater risk for injury than _________. a)girls; boys b)children with easy temperaments; irritable children c)middle-ses children; low-ses children d)economically advantaged u.s. children; children in western europe

Q: childhood injuries a)are typically accidental and usually cannot be prevented. b)occur within a complex ecological system and can often be prevented. c)rank second only to cancer as a cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations. d)are less common in the united states than in other industrialized nations.

Q: in the united states, ________ are the most frequent source of injury across all ages, ranking as the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old. a)birth traumas b)infectious diseases c)falls d)motor vehicle collisions

Q: in the united states, nearly _____ percent of childhood deaths are due to injury. a)5 b)10 c)25 d)35

Q: which of the following is true about otitis media? a)the insertion of plastic tubes that drain the eustachian tubes is an ineffective treatment for otitis media. b)otitis media occurs less often in children who attend child-care centers than in those who do not. c)only about 20 percent of u.s. children have experienced a bout of otitis media. d)the incidence of otitis media is greatest between 6 months and 3 years.

Q: three-year-old billy caught five colds during his first year in preschool. he also experiences repeated otitis media. if billy is like other children with frequent otitis media, he may have trouble a)attending to others speech. b)falling and staying asleep. c)mastering large motor skills, such as running and climbing. d)identifying the letters of the alphabet.

Q: of the following, which is true in the united states? a)under the childrens health insurance program (chip), every uninsured child receives free medical examinations. b)because of low insurance-reimbursement rates, many doctors refuse to take public-aid patients. c)federal law requires that health checkups occur three times during the first year of life. d)affordable health care is available to all parents of young children.

Q: in the united states, under the childrens health insurance program (chip), a)state control over program implementation enables each state to adapt insurance coverage to meet its unique needs. b)employers are required to provide paid leave for employees with a seriously ill child. c)the states are mandated to provide free routine medical visits for all uninsured children. d)well-child checkups include parental counseling in nutrition, disease prevention, and child development.

Q: in the united states, a)the health-care reform act will ensure insurance coverage for all u.s. children. b)children can receive free medical examinations from birth through adolescence. c)about 7.3 million children do not have health insurance. d)businesses are required by the health-care reform act to offer health insurance to their employees.

Q: one of the greatest immediate benefits of the u.s. health-care reform act is that a)all employers are required to provide affordable coverage to all workers. b)medicaid will no longer be necessary for low-income families. c)government-sponsored health care will be provided free of charge for all families. d)insurance companies cannot deny coverage because of preexisting conditions.

Q: which of the following children is the most likely to lack immunizations? a)sam from the united states b)kristen from canada c)nigel from great britain d)elsa from sweden

Q: which of the following is a true statement concerning childhood immunizations? a)the united states is ahead of denmark, norway, great britain, canada, and sweden in immunization rates. b)childhood immunization rates in the united states lag behind many other industrialized nations because many u.s. children do not have access to adequate health care. c)nearly 100 percent of u.s. children who receive a complete schedule of vaccinations in the first two years continue to receive the immunizations they need until school entry. d)disease outbreaks of whooping cough and rubella have not occurred in the united states since the development of vaccines for these diseases.

Q: about _____ percent of u.s. preschoolers are not fully immunized. a)7 b)18 c)24 d)32

Q: oral rehydration therapy and zinc supplements a)are effective for children with severe diarrhea, but they are expensive to administer. b)must be administered by trained medical professionals or public health workers. c)save the lives of millions of children each year. d)are less effective than immunization in preventing childhood deaths due to diarrhea.

Q: in developing countries, a)vaccines weaken the immune system and childrens susceptibility to disease. b)most childhood deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with nearly cost-free oral rehydration therapy. c)most children receive government-funded immunizations. d)widespread diarrhea leads to growth stunting but rarely to death.

Q: of the 10 million annual deaths of children under age 5 worldwide, ___ percent are due to infectious disease. a)10 b)25 c)70 d)98

Q: poor diet a)is not a major contributor to susceptibility to childhood diseases. b)is usually unrelated to childhood disease. c)depresses the bodys immune system, making children more susceptible to disease. d)can cause childhood diseases like measles and chicken pox.

Q: infectious diseases like measles a)do not occur until after age 3 throughout the world. b)occur at about the same rate in all countries. c)have been eradicated through mass immunization. d)occur much earlier in developing countries than in industrialized nations.

Q: by the school years, low-ses children in the united states are, on the average, a)no different in size than their middle-ses agemates. b)less likely than middle-ses children to have dietary deficiencies. c)much more likely to be overweight than middle-ses children. d)about to 1 inch shorter than their economically advantaged counterparts.

Q: sophias parents will not allow her to eat any sugary foods. this practice usually a)prompts children to eat more healthy foods. b)has no effect on childrens eating behavior. c)focuses childrens attention on sugary foods. d)decreases childrens desire to eat sugary foods.

Q: which of the following statements is supported by research on nutrition? a)restricting access to tasty foods is an effective way to get young children to eat healthy foods. b)adding salt or sugar is an easy way to get children to eat healthy foods. c)children who are routinely offered sweet fruit or soft drinks may develop milk avoidance. d)offering bribes is an effective way to get preschoolers to eat healthy foods.

Q: brianna, age 4, eats only pasta, bread, and chicken. which of the following would you suggest to briannas parents to encourage their daughter to eat new foods? a)serve her only new foods so that she has no other choices. b)repeatedly expose her to new foods without any direct pressure to eat them. c)add sugar or butter to new foods and offer dessert if she eats them. d)refuse to serve pasta until she tries at least one new food.

Q: during the preschool years, a)children usually eat the same amount of food during each meal. b)the social environment powerfully influences food preferences. c)it is common for childrens appetite to increase. d)children can tolerate more fats, oils, and salt.

Q: which of the following statements is true about appetite in early childhood? a)preschoolers appetites increase because their growth is at an all-time high. b)parents should be concerned if their preschooler varies the amount eaten from meal to meal. c)preschoolers wariness of new foods is normal and adaptive. d)because preschoolers have smaller appetites, they need a different quality of food than adults need.

Q: research on sleep demonstrates that a)most american parents cosleep with their children into the preschool years. b)sleepwalking in early childhood often signals a severe neurological problem. c)parentchild cosleeping is associated with sleep disorders during the preschool years. d)sleep terrors can be triggered by stress or extreme fatigue.

Q: on average, 2- and 3-year-olds sleep _______ hours per day, while 4- to 6-year-olds sleep _______ hours. a)10 to 11; 11 to 12 b)11 to 12; 10 to 11 c)11 to 12; 13 to 14 d)13 to 14; 11 to 12

Q: sleep contributes to body growth because a)gh is released during the childs sleeping hours. b)rest allows the awake body to produce gh at higher levels. c)rest allows the awake body to produce tsh at higher levels. d)rem sleep heightens the impact of environmental events.

Q: when young children with psychosocial dwarfism are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments, a)their dwarfism is permanent, even with immediate treatment. b)they rarely exhibit catch-up growth. c)they must be given high levels of iron to prevent anemia. d)their gh levels quickly return to normal and they grow rapidly.

Q: dmitri, age 5, is very short in stature, shows decreased gh secretion, has an immature skeletal age, and has serious adjustment problems. dmitri probably has a)a vitamin c deficiency. b)a thyroxine deficiency. c)psychosocial dwarfism. d)an iron deficiency.

Q: thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) is necessary for a)brain development. b)prenatal development of the skeleton. c)short, normal-gh children to grow to average heights. d)secretion of igf-1.

Q: growth hormone (gh) a)prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development. b)stimulates the liver and epiphyses of the skeleton to release insulin-like growth factor 1, which triggers cell duplication throughout the body. c)contributes to rapid physical growth in boys, whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone contributes to physical development in girls. d)is necessary during the prenatal period for development of the brain and spinal cord.

Q: the _________ plays a critical role in the rate of physical growth. a)pituitary gland b)hippocampus c)reticular formation d)corpus callosum

Q: research on lead exposure during childhood reveals that a)middle-ses children are the most likely group to experience lead exposure. b)use of iron supplements increases lead concentration in the blood. c)exposed children absorb more lead when their diets contain zinc. d)a stressed, disorganized home life can heighten lead-induced damage.

Q: which of the following statements is supported by research on lead exposure during childhood? a)overall, poorer mental test scores associated with lead exposure persist over time and seem permanent. b)lead-exposed children given drugs to induce excretion of lead improve in long-term outcomes. c)once lead-exposed children move away from contaminated areas, their mental test scores increase. d)negative lead-related cognitive consequences are evident only at high levels of exposure.

Q: the _________ is sensitive to facial emotional expressions, especially fear. a)reticular formation b)amygdala c)hippocampus d)corpus callosum

Q: improvements in sustained, controlled attention are due to growth of the a)cerebellum. b)hippocampus. c)reticular formation. d)corpus callosum.