Q&A Hero

Q: growth and myelination of fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex contributes to ____________ in early childhood. a)a strong hand preference b)suppression of impulses in favor of thoughtful responses c)dramatic gains in motor coordination d)dramatic gains in spatial skills

Q: felicity and samantha are identical twins. they are a)probably both right-handed. b)more likely than ordinary siblings to differ in handedness. c)probably both left-handed. d)less likely than fraternal twins to differ in handedness.

Q: jim sometimes uses his right hand skillfully, but prefers his left hand. jim a)is ambidextrous. b)has a strongly lateralized brain. c)is very likely to have left-handed children. d)probably had early damage to the left hemisphere.

Q: for the left-handed 10 percent of the population, language is a)always housed in the right hemisphere. b)always housed in the left hemisphere. c)most often housed in the right hemisphere. d)most often shared between the hemispheres.

Q: handedness a)reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action. b)is evident in a wide range of skills from birth. c)is a heritable trait, especially for left-handed people. d)is strongest for simple, rather than complex, skills.

Q: which of the following skills develops at the fastest pace during early childhood? a)giving directions b)drawing pictures c)recognizing geometric shapes d)using language

Q: for most children, a)activity in the left hemisphere increases slowly throughout early and middle childhood. b)activity in the left hemisphere peaks between 1 and 3 years and decreases slowly. c)the left hemisphere shows a dramatic growth spurt between ages 3 and 6. d)activity in the right hemisphere increases dramatically between ages 2 and 6.

Q: an ________ during early childhood supports plasticity of the brain. a)underproduction of neurons b)underproduction of synapses c)overproduction of neurons d)overproduction of synapses

Q: by age 4, a)many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses. b)synaptic pruning is fully completed. c)preschoolers show declines in attention and focus. d)the brain is nearly half of its adult size.

Q: during early childhood, a)preschoolers show declines in sustained attention. b)the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is nearly double the adult value. c)energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex is at an all-time low. d)synaptic pruning decreases.

Q: between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases to _____ percent of its adult weight. a)60 b)70 c)80 d)90

Q: ___________ the appearance of permanent teeth in children. a)overweight and obesity accelerate b)poor dental hygiene in toddlerhood delays c)prolonged malnutrition accelerates d)excessive plaque on baby teeth delays

Q: ________ help(s) doctors measure skeletal age. a)growth norms b)x-rays of epiphyses c)height and weight d)chronological age

Q: growth norms a)for one population are not good standards for children elsewhere in the world. b)are very similar in every country of the world. c)vary from child to child in each population. d)are the best estimate of skeletal age.

Q: during early childhood, boys ________ than girls. a)are less muscular b)are slightly larger c)have more body fat d)are much heavier

Q: in early childhood, on average, children add _____ inches in height and about _____ pounds in weight each year. a)1 to 2; 5 b)1 to 2; 10 c)2 to 3; 5 d)2 to 3; 10

Q: the years from 2 to 6 are often called the _______ years. a)play b)growth c)beginning d)me

Q: describe strategies that adults can use to help toddlers develop compliance and self-control.

Q: discuss the involvement of fathers as it relates to attachment security. how do mothers and fathers differ in their caregiving?

Q: describe the attachment q-sort. give some pros and cons of its use over the strange situation.

Q: describe how living in a family with siblings might have an influence on a childs temperament.

Q: using thomas and chesss model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. do all children fit into one of these categories? explain.

Q: describe the development of fear, noting the concepts of stranger anxiety and secure base.

Q: describe erik eriksons psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.

Q: dr. kostelnik studies the early emergence of self-control by giving children a present and asking them to wait to open it until after she reads a story. dr. kostelnik is measuring a)delay of gratification. b)the categorical self. c)the internal working model. d)selfworld differentiation.

Q: marnie, age 2, carries her plate to the sink and announces, i big girl! this statement demonstrates that marnie is beginning to develop a)an internal working model. b)self-conscious emotions. c)a categorical self. d)empathy.

Q: ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. ahmed is displaying a)an internal working model. b)empathy. c)a categorical self. d)social referencing.

Q: when asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. maximus is displaying a)effortful control. b)an implicit sense of selfworld differentiation. c)a categorical self. d)an explicit body self-awareness.

Q: which of the following children, when placed in front of a mirror, is the most likely to respond to the appearance of a red dot on his or her nose by touching or rubbing his or her nose? a)reggie, a 10-month-old boy b)benita, a 22-month-old girl c)alan, a 14-month-old boy d)swoosi, an 18-month-old girl

Q: emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. this discrimination reflects an a)explicit sense of selfworld differentiation. b)internal working model. c)implicit sense of selfworld differentiation. d)external working model.

Q: newborn uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adults finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. this finding demonstrates that uli has the beginnings of a)self-awareness. b)effortful control. c)an internal working model. d)emotional self-regulation.

Q: which of the following is true about attachment and later development? a)a child whose parental caregiving improves can bounce back from adversity. b)a child who experiences a secure attachment in infancy maintains that style, regardless of caregiving. c)by the end of early childhood, nearly 90 percent of u.s. children are securely attached to a caregiver. d)an insecure attachment in infancy almost always leads to severe behavior problems in childhood.

Q: mounting evidence indicates that _______ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development. a)child temperament b)heredity c)continuity of caregiving d)family size

Q: peer sociability is a)not present in the first two years. b)promoted by warm parental relationships. c)extremely delayed in only children. d)delayed in children who spend time in child care.

Q: today, about _____ percent of north american and european children grow up with at least one sibling. a)85 b)80 c)75 d)70

Q: research on the aka of central africa reveals that a strong fatherinfant relationship is a)related to the strong division of male and female duties in the tribe. b)unrelated to the amount of time fathers spend near infants and toddlers. c)unrelated to the fathers expressions of caring and affection. d)due in great part to an exceptionally cooperative and intimate marital relationship.

Q: cross-cultural research demonstrates that a)fathers warmth contributes greatly to childrens long-term favorable development. b)fathers who devote little time to physical caregiving do not express parental warmth. c)mothers and fathers emotional interactions with each other and with their children are not linked. d)fathers warmth cannot protect children against emotional and behavioral problems.

Q: which of the following is a true statement about grandparents who are primary caregivers? a)warm grandparentgrandchild bonds help protect children from worsening adjustment problems, even under conditions of great hardship. b)less than 1 percent of the u.s. child population live apart from parents and with their grandparents. c)grandparents in caucasian families are more likely to serve as childrens primary caregivers than grandparents in other ethnic groups. d)grandparent caregivers rarely forge secure attachment relationships with grandchildren in their care.

Q: highly involved fathers a)tend to lose their arousing play style as their children get older. b)tend to have fathers who were not involved in rearing them. c)are less gender-stereotyped in their beliefs than fathers who spend little time with their children. d)are warmer and more sensitive than working mothers.

Q: of the following, which is supported by research on fathers? a)in the united states, hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their children compared to fathers in other ethnic groups. b)in dual-earner families, mothers and fathers devote equal time to caregiving. c)in the united states, high-ses fathers devote more time to their children than low-ses fathers. d)fathers in japan spend more time engaged in infant caregiving compared to fathers in the united states.

Q: fathers a)are not as responsive as mothers to their infants social needs. b)who provide sensitive caregiving and interactional synchrony with infants generally have more securely attached children. c)report feeling less anxiety than mothers about daily separations. d)more often than mothers provide toys and gently play conventional games with infants.

Q: when caring for their babies, mothers devote more time to ________ and fathers devote more time to ________. a)playful interactions; feeding and diaper changes b)feeding and diaper changes; emotional closeness c)playful interactions; emotional closeness d)physical care; playful interactions

Q: research on child care demonstrates that a)when caregiverchild ratios are generous and caregivers are educated about child development, children develop more favorably. b)the rate of insecurity is equivalent among infants in child care and those who stay at home with their mothers. c)motherchild interaction is not affected by the quality of child care or the time spent in child care. d)even children in high-quality child care have higher rates of insecurity than those who are informally cared for by friends, relatives, or babysitters.

Q: research on the quality and extent of child care shows that a)most infants who are placed in full-time child care are insecurely attached. b)full-time, but not part-time, work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security. c)a history of higher-quality child care predicts poorer social skills. d)child care alone does not contribute to attachment insecurity.

Q: which of the following is true about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care? a)in the united states, the rate of insecurity is equal among child-care and non-child-care infants. b)infants who experience daily separations from their employed parents are at risk for developmental problems. c)the relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences. d)all investigations report that babies in child care differ in attachment quality from those cared for solely by parents.

Q: parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them. a)dismiss the importance of their early relationships b)discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance c)report only positive childhood experiences d)describe their negative childhood experiences in angry, confused ways

Q: job loss, a failing marriage, and financial difficulties a)show little correlation with attachment security. b)are the primary causes of disoriented/disorganized attachment in infancy. c)can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity. d)tend to have indirect, but not direct, effects on attachment security.

Q: the heritability of attachment is a)virtually nil. b)moderately low. c)moderately high. d)very high.

Q: research on attachment in at-risk infants reveals that a)preterm birth predicts insecure attachment, regardless of maternal characteristics or other caregiving experiences. b)at-risk infants whose parents have adequate time and patience to care for them fare quite well in attachment security. c)infants with special needs rarely display secure attachment to any caregiver. d)mothers experience of traumatic events is highly predictive of disorganized/disoriented attachment in preterm infants.

Q: which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research? a)mothers of resistant infants tend to be overstimulating and intrusive. b)securely attached infants often receive inconsistent care. c)persistently depressed mothers tend to promote an avoidant attachment classification. d)mothers of resistant infants are often unresponsive to infant signals.

Q: which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care? a)dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented b)sonya, whose attachment is secure c)anthony, whose attachment is avoidant d)riley, whose attachment is resistant

Q: ________ babies tend to have mothers who overwhelm them with stimulation. a)disorganized/disoriented b)avoidant c)resistant d)secure

Q: __________ adultinfant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best predictor of attachment security. a)loose b)tight c)moderate d)variable

Q: baby ashley picks up her ball and says, ball! ashleys father responds with a big smile and an enthusiastic, thats right! ball! in return, ashley laughs. when ashley is tired and crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings softly to her. ashley and her father are engaged in a)attachment in the making. b)social referencing. c)goodness of fit. d)interactional synchrony.

Q: sensitive caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responses to infant signals is likely to promote a(n) a)resistant attachment. b)avoidant attachment. c)secure attachment. d)difficult temperament.

Q: studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived eastern european orphanages indicate that a)late adoptees are not able to bond with their adoptive parents. b)adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6. c)fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life. d)adoptees delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood.

Q: studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that a)it is imperative that the first attachment bond develop within the first year of life. b)late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, do not display social or emotional problems. c)late adoptees are likely to shy away from adult attention once adopted. d) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

Q: japanese infants reactions in the strange situation frequently show _________ attachment, but this reaction may not represent the true attachment pattern. a)disorganized/disoriented b)avoidant c)resistant d)secure

Q: drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is the most likely to display an avoidant attachment? a)gretel from germany b)yuri from japan c)garrett from the united states d)sascha from an israeli kibbutz

Q: research on infant attachment of the dogon people of mali, africa, revealed no __________ attachment. a)resistant b)avoidant c)secure d)disorganized/disoriented

Q: research on the stability of attachment indicates that a)insecurely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than secure babies. b)attachment generally moves toward security in low-ses families with many daily stressors. c)quality of attachment is most stable for low-ses babies experiencing unfavorable family conditions. d)the disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern is as stable as attachment security.

Q: the attachment q-sort a)is a quicker and more efficient method of assessing attachment than the strange situation. b)takes place in a specially designed laboratory. c)taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the strange situation. d)differentiates between the types of insecurity.

Q: in the strange situation, richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. when she leaves, richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. when his mother returns, richard pays no attention to her. richard is demonstrating __________ attachment. a)avoidant b)secure c)disorganized/disoriented d)resistant

Q: in the strange situation, george clings to his mother and refuses to explore the toys. when his mother leaves, george is distressed. when his mother returns, george continues to cry, yet clings to his mother. he also struggles against her and hits her. george is demonstrating ________ attachment. a)secure b)resistant c)avoidant d)disorganized/disoriented

Q: in the strange situation, antwan ignores his mother and displays and odd, frozen posture. he does not cry when his mother leaves the room. when she returns, antwan looks away when she is holding him. antwan is displaying characteristics of ________ attachment. a)avoidant b)secure c)disorganized/disoriented d)resistant

Q: in the strange situation, juan uses his mother as a secure base. when she leaves the room, juan cries for a few minutes. when she returns, juan seeks contact with her and then begins to explore toys once again. juan is displaying characteristics of ___________ attachment. a)avoidant b)secure c)disorganized/disoriented d)resistant

Q: during the strange situation, the parent leaves the room in order to assess ________, and returns again to assess the infants ________. a)separation anxiety; use of a secure base b)use of a secure base; reaction to the reunion c)separation anxiety; reaction to the reunion d)secure base; separation anxiety

Q: in designing the strange situation, mary ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers a)use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting. b)are just as comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by the parent. c)combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time. d)do not show distress when the parent leaves the room.

Q: troy, age 3, understands that his father goes to work in the morning and picks troy up from his babysitters house after naptime. troy seeks his fathers comfort during times of stress. these examples show that troy has developed a)effortful control. b)an internal working model. c)interactional synchrony. d)a categorical self.

Q: according to bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children a)learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that caregivers cannot be relied upon to provide support during times of stress. b)move from secure attachment to insure attachment and back again. c)construct enduring affectionate ties to their caregivers that they can use as a secure base in the caregivers absence. d)develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles.

Q: separation protest declines during which of bowlbys phases? a)preattachment b)attachment in the making c)clear-cut attachment d)formation of a reciprocal relationship

Q: in which of bowlbys phases do children use requests and persuasion to alter their caregivers goals? a)formation of a reciprocal relationship b)clear-cut attachment c)attachment in the making d)preattachment

Q: jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave jazmin with a babysitter. jazmin is displaying a)an internal working model. b)interactional synchrony. c)social referencing. d)separation anxiety.

Q: baby matthew recognizes his own mothers smell, voice, and face. but matthew does not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. in which of bowlbys phases does matthew best fit? a)preattachment b)attachment in the making c)clear-cut attachment d)formation of a reciprocal relationship

Q: baby jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. she expects that her mother will respond when signaled. but jane does not protest when separated from her mother. in which of bowlbys phases does jane best fit? a)preattachment b)attachment in the making c)clear-cut attachment d)formation of a reciprocal relationship

Q: babies in john bowlbys _______ phase display separation anxiety. a)preattachment b)attachment in the making c)clear-cut attachment d)formation of a reciprocal relationship

Q: the ethological theory of attachment a)suggests that the infants emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships. b)recognizes the infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival. c)emphasizes the importance of feeding as the central context in which caregivers and babies build close emotional bonds. d)suggests that infants learn to prefer their mother because she functions as both a primary caregiver and a social partner.

Q: in the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh surrogate mothers provided evidence that a)the development of emotional ties between infant and mother does not depend on hunger satisfaction. b)the infants characteristics play a larger role in the relationship than the caregivers contributions. c)continuous, sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern. d)attachment security in infancy is highly dependent on hunger satisfaction.

Q: an important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it a)underemphasizes the importance of the motherinfant bond. b)overemphasizes the role of the quality of the parentchild relationship. c)ignores the internal representation of the attachment figure. d)overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment.

Q: goodness of fit is a)only effective with sociable, securely attached children. b)rarely successful with difficult children. c)only effective with infants and toddlers. d) at the heart of infantcaregiver attachment.