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Q:
baby bertha accidentally knocks a toy hung on her crib. over the next several days, bertha tries to repeat this effect, gradually forming a hitting scheme. in piagets theory, this is an example of a ________ circular reaction. a)reflexive b)primary c)secondary d)tertiary
Q:
baby sabrina opens her mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. in piagets theory, this is an example of a ________ circular reaction. a)reflexive b)primary c)secondary d)tertiary
Q:
during substage __ of the sensorimotor period, babies repeat chance behaviors largely motivated by basic needs. a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4
Q:
baby faith sucks, grasps, and looks in much the same way, no matter what experiences she encounters. faith is probably in substage ____ of piagets sensorimotor period. a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4
Q:
in piagets theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants a)attempt to form mental symbols of the world. b)try to repeat chance motor activities again and again. c)try to imitate the behaviors of others around them. d)attempt to act out imaginary activities.
Q:
in piagets sequence of sensorimotor development, newborns first develop a)mental representations. b)tertiary circular schemes. c)reflexive schemes. d)primary circular schemes.
Q:
baby franklin practiced his dropping and throwing schemes, and eventually developed an understanding of height. this achievement is an example of a)organization. b)accommodation. c)equilibrium. d)assimilation.
Q:
according to piaget, organization takes place a)apart from direct contact with the environment. b)only during the preoperational stage. c)during substage 3 of piagets sensorimotor period. d)when new schemes are formed.
Q:
piagets ___________ stage is the most complex period of development. a)sensorimotor b)preoperational c)concrete operational d)formal operational
Q:
during periods of rapid cognitive change, a)organization predominates over adaptation. b)accommodation predominates over assimilation. c)assimilation and accommodation are balanced. d)adaptation and organization are balanced.
Q:
when children are not changing much, they a)are in a state of disequilibrium. b)assimilate more than they accommodate. c)experience cognitive discomfort. d)modify their schemes.
Q:
at 6 months, annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way. by 12 months, she tossed objects down the basement stairs, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air. annabelles modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of a)accommodation. b)equilibrium. c)organization. d)assimilation.
Q:
according to piaget, during ________, children create new schemes or adjust old ones. a)assimilation b)disequilibrium c)organization d)accommodation
Q:
in piagets theory, during _________, toddlers use their current schemes to interpret the external world. a)equilibrium b)assimilation c)accommodation d)organization
Q:
in piagets theory, ____________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. a)disequilibrium b)assimilation c)organization d)adaptation
Q:
according to piaget, infants very first schemes are a)disorganized bits of information. b)based on internal representations of experience. c)sensorimotor action patterns. d)deliberate and creative.
Q:
in piagets sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers a)think with their eyes, ears, and hands. b)assimilate more than they accommodate. c)represent their experiences in speech, gesture, and play. d)carry out many activities inside their heads.
Q:
using examples from the text, explain how cultural variations in infant-rearing practices affect motor development.
Q:
describe growth faltering, including factors that contribute to it. what interventions are used to treat this disorder?
Q:
describe some common forms of inadequate nutrition in the united states.
Q:
what is lateralization of the brain, and why does it occur?
Q:
define and compare the cephalocaudal and prosimodistal trends of growth.
Q:
according to the gibsons, perception is guided by the discovery of a)failure. b)success. c)dynamic relationships. d)affordances.
Q:
one way of understanding perceptual development is to think of it as a built-in tendency to seek a)risk. b)novelty. c)order. d)change.
Q:
eleanor and james gibson describe their theory as___________ because over time a baby detects finer and finer invariant features among stimuli. a)differentiation b)discontinuous c)dynamic d)bidirectional
Q:
according to the gibsons differentiation theory, infants actively search for ________ of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world. a)novel features b)detailed associations c)variations in patterns d)invariant features
Q:
between 3 and 4 months, babies can a)discriminate positive from negative emotion in voices. b)match faces with voices on the basis of lipvoice synchrony. c)discriminate positive from negative emotion in faces. d)remember the unique facevoice pairings of unfamiliar adults.
Q:
research reveals that babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting a)amodal sensory properties. b)invariant features of the environment. c)affordances. d)pictorial depth cues.
Q:
baby wanda uses __________ to learn that dropping her heavy plastic dish on the hardwood flood will cause a loud, banging sound. a)depth perception b)intermodal perception c)differentiation theory d)affordances
Q:
________ enhances older infants attention to an objects surface features. a)motion b)perception c)the environment d)experience
Q:
as infants become familiar with many types of objects, they rely more on ________ and less on _________. a)motion; size b)motion; shape c)motion; surface pattern d)object features; motion
Q:
habituation research reveals that size and shape constancy are present as early as a)the first week of life. b)3 months of age. c)6 months of age. d)1 year of age.
Q:
as early as 3 months, infants prefer and more easily discriminate among a)male adults than boys. b)female faces than male faces. c)members of other races than members of their own race. d)unfamiliar faces than familiar faces.
Q:
which picture is newborn rori most likely to prefer? a)a facelike drawing with the features arranged naturally b)a facelike drawing with the features arranged upside down c)a facelike drawing with the features arranged sideways d)a complex drawing of a face
Q:
at 2 to 3 months of age, infants a)can detect objects represented by incomplete drawings. b)perceive subjective boundaries that really are not present. c)prefer the walking-human display. d)explore the internal features of a pattern.
Q:
seven-month-old tyrese was born with a severe visual impairment. research suggests that a)tyrese will use sound to establish a shared focus of attention with his caregivers. b)once language emerges, tyrese is likely to make impressive developmental rebounds. c)tyrese will be as effective at communicating with caregivers as sighted infants. d)until his vision is restored, tyrese will not benefit from stimulating, responsive interaction.
Q:
infants with severe visual impairments are not motivated to move independently until a)reaching on sound is achieved. b)their parents push them to do so. c)they have received extensive mobility training. d)they receive vision correction through eyeglasses or surgery.
Q:
compared to older babies, very young babies prefer to look at large, bold checkerboards over checkerboards with many small squares. this is because very young infants a)are overstimulated by more complex checkerboard patterns. b)prefer the pattern with the least contrast. c)are more sensitive to the greater contrast in complex patterns. d)cannot resolve the small features in more complex patterns.
Q:
baby alfredo looks more intensely at a checkerboard with large black and white squares rather than one with smaller gray and white squares. alfredo is demonstrating a)contrast sensitivity. b)sensitivity to pictorial depth cues. c)proprioception. d)sensitivity to the visual cliff.
Q:
research indicates that ________ probably strengthens certain neural connections, especially those involved in vision and ________. a)crawling; pattern perception b)sitting; understanding of space c)sitting; pattern perception d)crawling; understanding of space
Q:
which of the following infants is most likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff? a)abbie, who has 3 days of crawling experience b)bart, who has 4 weeks of crawling experience c)crystal, who has 2 months of crawling experience d)din, who has 4 months of crawling experience
Q:
________ arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field. a)pictorial depth cues b)dimensions c)binocular depth cues d)receding lines
Q:
______ is/are the first depth cues to which infants are sensitive. a)motion b)binocular depth cues c)pictorial depth cues d)spatial relationships
Q:
researchers using gibson and walks visual cliff found that a)depth perception first appears after babies begin to walk. b)most babies avoided the deep side of the cliff. c)most babies avoided the shallow side of the cliff. d)depth perception first appears after babies begin to crawl.
Q:
studies of perception demonstrate that a)western adults, but not infants, can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations of non-western music. b)western children retain the ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms throughout childhood. c)western babies lose their ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms by 12 months of age. d)several weeks of daily opportunities to listen to non-western music restores western adults sensitivity to music rhythms.
Q:
in a study of face perception, by 9 months, infants a)could discriminate the individual faces of both humans and monkeys. b)no longer showed a novelty preference when viewing monkey pairs. c)showed a novelty preference only when viewing monkey pairs. d)could not yet discriminate the individual faces of humans or monkeys.
Q:
color vision is adultlike by a)birth. b)1 month. c)2 months. d)4 months.
Q:
for exploring the environment, humans depend on _______ more than any other sense. a)vision b)touch c)hearing d)instinct
Q:
which of the following statements is true about how infants perceive the structure of speech? a)rules that infants extract from the speech stream do not generalize to nonspeech sounds. b)parents must directly teach word-order rules for infants to understand the basic grammar of their language. c)infants locate words by discriminating syllables that often occur together from syllables that seldom occur together. d)infants do not become sensitive to the speech structure of individual words until after their first birthday.
Q:
research indicates that around 7 to 9 months, infants a)detect when words are deliberately mispronounced. b)begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike structures. c)become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language. d)detect words that start with weak syllables.
Q:
between 6 and 8 months, babies a)become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in foreign languages. b)start to screen out sounds not used in their own language. c)do not yet recognize familiar words in spoken passages. d)prefer listening to a foreign language than their own language.
Q:
children whose parents postpone intensive toilet training until the beginning or middle of the third year are generally trained a)within 2 to 3 weeks. b)within 4 months. c)within 6 months. d)by age 4.
Q:
research suggests that the best time to begin toilet training is when infants a)can walk without assistance. b)are around 18 months of age. c)are around 27 months of age. d)have turned 3 years old.
Q:
in cultures where mothers carry their infants on their hips or in slings for most of the day, a)infants are delayed in reaching and grasping. b)manual skills develop later than in western infants. c)infants are advanced in reaching and grasping. d)the overstimulation causes babies to cry a great deal.
Q:
one-year-old manny pulls up an individual blade of grass. he is probably using a)the pincer grasp. b)prereaching. c)gross-motor skills. d)the ulnar grasp.
Q:
five-month-old raelle can be expected to ______________ when an object is moved beyond her reach. a)extend one arm rather than both b)reduce her efforts c)revert to prereaching d)increase her efforts
Q:
reaching is largely controlled by a)hand-eye coordination. b)gross-motor development. c)proprioception. d)vision.
Q:
at about ____ to ____ months, reaching appears as purposeful, forward arm movements and gradually improves in accuracy. a)1; 2 b)2; 3 c)3; 4 d)4; 6
Q:
in a dimly lit room, baby ursula actively works to bring her hands into her field of vision. she makes poorly coordinated swipes toward objects in front of her. ursula is demonstrating a)the ulnar grasp. b)voluntary reaching. c)the pincer grasp. d)prereaching.
Q:
which of the following motor skills is believed to play the greatest role in infant cognitive development? a)crawling b)reaching c)rolling from back to side d)walking
Q:
which of the following motor skills do infants usually skip in the kenyan and jamaican cultures as compared to western nations? a)crawling b)rolling from side to back c)sitting alone d)pulling to a stand
Q:
in wayne denniss study of infants in iranian orphanages, only 15 percent of the orphans were walking alone by 3 to 4 years of age because a)they spent the first year of their lives being carried by caregivers. b)they were malnourished and unable to acquire the strength to walk. c)they spent their days lying on their backs in cribs. d)rapid motor progress was actively discouraged by caregivers.
Q:
in james galloway and esther thelens microgenetic study following babies from their first attempts until skill mastery, the infants a)scooted before crawling. b)first explored the toys with their feet. c)violated the proximodistal trend. d)required adult instruction to acquire motor skills.
Q:
dynamic systems theory provides convincing evidence that motor development a)is generally slower in females than males. b)is hardwired into the nervous system. c)always follows the cephalocaudal trend. d)cannot be genetically determined.
Q:
baby issac learned to combine control of his head and upper chest into sitting with support. this is an example of a)coordinated trends. b)fine-motor coordination. c)gross-motor coordination. d)dynamic systems of action.
Q:
which of the following motor skills typically develops the latest? a)building a tower of two cubes b)scribbling vigorously c)walking on tiptoe d)jumping in place
Q:
which of the following motor skills typically develops first? a)rolling from back to side b)building a tower of two cubes c)grasping a cube d)playing pat-a-cake
Q:
which of the following is an example of a fine-motor skill? a)standing b)throwing c)sitting up d)grasping
Q:
which of the following is an example of a gross-motor skill? a)climbing b)pointing c)reaching d)scribbling
Q:
scientists believe that ________ are the biological basis of imitation. a)mirror neurons b)motor neurons c)pruned synapses d)neurotransmitters
Q:
according to andrew meltzoff, newborns imitate a)more at 2 to 3 months old than just after birth. b)more often for their mothers than for their fathers. c)random movements and facial expressions. d)much as older children and adults do.
Q:
the newborns capacity to imitate a)has primarily been observed in western cultures. b)disappears by two weeks of age. c)has been demonstrated in many ethnic groups and cultures. d)is limited to tongue protrusions.
Q:
_________ preference assesses infants _______. a)familiarity; recent memory b)novelty; remote memory c)novelty; recent memory d)familiarity; reflexes
Q:
once habituation occurs, ________ causes responsiveness to return to a high level. a)imitation b)recovery c)extinction d)punishment
Q:
at first, baby marcia wakes up from her nap when she hears the noise of the dishwasher. after several weeks, marcia sleeps through the noise of the dishwasher. this is an example of a)imitation. b)recovery. c)reinforcement. d)habituation.
Q:
at birth, the human brain is set up to be a)attracted to novelty. b)wary of change. c)attracted to familiarity. d)bored by repetition.
Q:
when baby rico whimpers and whines, his mother responds by ignoring him and refusing to pick him up. this decreases ricos whining. the mothers behavior is an example of a)habituation. b)a reinforcer. c)recovery. d)punishment.
Q:
as baby harriet smiles and laughs, her mother responds by smiling, laughing, and talking gently to her. this makes harriet smile and laugh more often. the mothers behavior is an example of a)habituation. b)a reinforcer. c)recovery. d)extinction.
Q:
baby calinda sucks on a bottle. the taste of the sweet liquid increases calindas sucking. this is an example of a)operant conditioning. b)habituation. c)classical conditioning. d)extinction.
Q:
in operant conditioning, a(n) ___________ increases the occurrence of a response. a)neutral stimulus b)conditioned stimulus c)reinforcer d)unconditioned stimulus