Q&A Hero

Q: what is crh? describe its role in initiating labor.

Q: persistent paternal depression is linked to a)aggression in boys. b)colic in infants. c)anorexia in girls. d)childhood autism.

Q: laura is the nanny of jackson, a six-month-old infant, whose single mother is depressed. you can tell laura that a)therapy is unlikely to alleviate parental depression. b)antidepressant medication is unlikely to help jacksons mother. c)jacksons mother will probably need long-term treatment. d)a warm relationship with her can safeguard jacksons development.

Q: which of the following statements is supported by research on new parenthood? a)after the birth of a baby, the gender roles of husband and wife generally become less traditional. b)for most new parents, the arrival of a baby causes significant marital strain. c)sharing caregiving predicts greater parental happiness and sensitivity to the baby. d)new parents in troubled marriages usually show an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby is born.

Q: nearly 39 percent of babies in the united states are born to single mothers, one-third of whom are a)teenagers. b)ethnic minorities. c)low-income caucasians. d)30- to 45-year-olds.

Q: couples can ease the transition to parenthood by a)being more willing to take on traditional gender roles. b)sharing child care right after the baby arrives. c)returning to work shortly after the baby is born. d)imposing their parenting standards on each other.

Q: postpartum depression a)occurs only in first-time mothers. b)fails to subside as a new mother adjusts to hormonal changes in her body. c)affects 15 to 20 percent of women. d)usually subsides after a week or two.

Q: compared to infants of mothers who are not depressed, infants of depressed mothers a)have patterned sleepwake cycles. b)are less attentive to their surroundings. c)have depleted cortisol levels. d)cry less often.

Q: the neonatal behavioral assessment scale (nbas) a)evaluates reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to stimuli. b)is specially designed for use with newborns at risk for developmental problems. c)evaluates appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration. d)evaluates vision, touch sensitivity, hearing, and odor sensitivity.

Q: in some hospitals, health professionals use the nbas to a)offer parents an early intelligence test score for their newborn. b)measure the newborns physical condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. c)demonstrate to parents the capacities of their newborn infant. d)teach new mothers how to bond with their babies.

Q: dagwood and marcia postponed parenthood until dagwood was 32 and marcia was 31. they have a happy marriage and both have fulfilling careers. compared to younger parents, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a)dagwood will be less enthusiastic about being a father. b)marcia is less likely to encourage dagwood to share in child care. c)dagwood will be more willing to participate in parenting. d)marcia will be less likely to encourage dagwood to share housework.

Q: at birth, visual structures in a)the eyes are fully formed, but those in the brain are not yet fully formed. b)both the eyes and the brain are fully formed. c)the brain are fully formed, but those in the eyes are not yet fully formed. d)both the eyes and the brain are not yet fully formed.

Q: newborn babies a)see nearby objects most clearly. b)see unclearly across a wide range of distances. c)cannot detect human faces. d)have finely attuned visual acuity.

Q: which of the following statements is true about vision in newborn babies? a)newborns are attracted to muted colors, such as gray, rather than colored stimuli. b)newborns eye movements are slow and inaccurate. c)newborns tend to look at entire shapes rather than a single feature of an object. d)newborns see more clearly at far distances than up close.

Q: ________ is the least developed of the newborn babys senses. a)hearing b)taste c)vision d)touch

Q: which of the following statements is supported by research on newborn odor preferences? a)most newborns cannot distinguish between the smell of their mothers breast and that of an unfamiliar lactating woman. b)bottle-fed newborns orient more to the smell of formula milk than to unfamiliar human milk. c)even without postnatal exposure, the odor of human milk is attractive to newborns. d)only breastfed babies prefer the smell of a lactating mothers breast to formula.

Q: at birth, infants prefer a)pure tones. b)nonspeech sounds. c)simple sounds. d)voices.

Q: research on hearing shows that newborns a)can perceive only those sounds that are found in their own native language. b)prefer pure tones to complex sounds, such as human language. c)can tell the difference between a series of tones arranged in ascending versus descending order. d)cannot distinguish happy-sounding speech from speech with negative emotional qualities.

Q: wanda is concerned that her son, max, will be in pain during his circumcision. you can tell wanda that a)newborn males do not experience much pain during circumcision. b)offering a nipple that delivers a sugar solution reduces discomfort during circumcision. c)local anesthetics cannot be used during newborn circumcisions because they elevate the heart rate. d)local anesthetics can actually cause increased pain during minor procedures like circumcision.

Q: newborns relax their facial muscles in response to a ______ taste. a)salty b)sour c)bitter d)sweet

Q: which of the following statements is true regarding taste in newborns? a)newborns can readily learn to like a taste that first evoked either a neutral or a negative response. b)newborns do not exhibit taste preferences until a few weeks after birth. c)not until 6 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water. d)newborns respond to sour tastes by showing a distinct archlike mouth opening.

Q: maddy is babysitting an infant for the first time. what can you tell her is the most effective way to soothe the baby if she cries? a)sing to her softly. b)lift her to the shoulder and rock or walk with her. c)swaddle her. d)take her for a ride in her stroller.

Q: when parents hold their babies extensively, the amount of crying in the early months is reduced by about a)one-fourth. b)one-third. c)one-half. d)two-thirds.

Q: the cause of colic is a)central nervous system damage. b)unknown. c)unpleasant stimuli. d)gas.

Q: newborn babies a)are not particularly sensitive to touch. b)are not particularly sensitive to pain. c)can distinguish the shapes and textures of small objects. d)are especially sensitive to touch around the torso.

Q: ___________ doubles the risk of sids. a)placing a sleeping baby on her back b)prenatal abuse of drugs c)placing a sleeping infant on his side d)maternal cigarette smoking

Q: arthur wakes frequently to check to see if his sleeping infant, sam, is breathing. arthur can reduce the risk of sids by a)wrapping sam in very warm clothing and blankets. b)placing sam to sleep on his stomach. c)placing sam to sleep on his back. d)providing sam with soft bedding and taking away his pacifier.

Q: young infants most often cry because they are a)cold. b)scared. c)in pain. d)hungry.

Q: crying usually peaks at about a)6 weeks. b)12 weeks. c)6 months. d)18 months.

Q: sids victims usually a)have normal sleepwake patterns. b)have normal apgar scores. c)show physical problems from the beginning. d)were full-term, normal-weight newborns.

Q: which of the following individuals is the most likely to spend the greatest amount of time in rem sleep? a)trevor, a preterm baby b)alice, a five-year-old c)henry, a full-term infant d)erica, a 13-year-old

Q: in infants who have experienced serious birth trauma, a)sleep behavior is organized and patterned. b)disturbed remnrem sleep cycles are often present. c)nrem sleep occurs, but rem sleep does not. d)sleepwake cycles are affected more by darknesslight than by fullnesshunger.

Q: the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 week and 12 months in industrialized nations is a)birth trauma. b)congenital defects. c)child abuse. d)sudden infant death syndrome.

Q: although baby irinas eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can been seen beneath them. her breathing is irregular. she stirs occasionally and grimaces while she sleeps. irina is most likely in which of the following states of arousal? a)regular sleep b)drowsiness c)quiet alertness d)rem sleep

Q: rem sleep accounts for ____ percent of a newborn babys sleep time. a)20 b)30 c)50 d)70

Q: researchers believe that the stimulation of rem sleep is a)necessary to refine fine muscle development of the eye. b)more important in adolescence than in infancy. c)more important for adults than for babies. d)vital for growth of the central nervous system.

Q: the function of the babinski reflex is a)unknown. b)to prepare the infant for voluntary walking. c)to prepare the infant for voluntary reaching. d)to help the infant cling to its mother.

Q: which of the following statements is true about reflexes and the development of motor skills? a)the stepping reflex appears only when the newborns body is in upright position. b)certain reflexes drop out early, but the motor functions involved are renewed later. c)parents should deliberately exercise newborn stepping reflexes to encourage early walking. d)the tonic neck reflex may prepare the baby for voluntary walking.

Q: pediatricians usually test newborn reflexes carefully because reflexes can reveal a)ineffective parenting. b)the babys temperament. c)a compromised circulatory system. d)the health of the babys nervous system.

Q: the most fleeting state of arousal is a)nrem sleep. b)rem sleep. c)drowsiness. d)quiet alertness.

Q: a baby will display the moro reflex when his caregiver a)shines a bright light at his eyes. b)produces a sudden loud sound against the surface supporting him. c)places him face down in a pool of water. d)strokes his cheek near the corner of his mouth.

Q: the stepping reflex a)is permanent. b)appears at around 3 months. c)reveals the health of the leg muscles. d)disappears at around 2 months.

Q: contact with the baby after birth a)guarantees immediate emotional closeness between the new mother and the newborn. b)is vital for fathers so they can bond with the baby. c)may be one of several factors that help build a good parentinfant relationship. d)is essential for maternal bonding because birth-related hormones facilitate responsiveness to the infant.

Q: research shows that mothers learn to discriminate their newborn baby from other infants on the basis of touch, smell, and sight after as little as __________ of contact. a)15 minutes b)30 minutes c)one hour d)two hours

Q: unlike her two sisters, when teresa gives birth, she does not choose rooming in. teresa should know that a)her ability to bond with the baby will be compromised as a result of this decision. b)her baby will suffer emotionally as a result of this decision. c)her competence as a caregiver will be compromised as a result of this decision. d)there is no evidence that her parenting ability or her babys emotional well-being will be affected.

Q: baby sunni quickly closes her eyelids when her father claps his hands near her head. the function of this reflex is to a)stimulate the eye muscle. b)protect the infant from a blow to the head. c)protect the infant from strong stimulation. d)communicate irritation toward a caregiver.

Q: the kauai study tells us that a)even children who experience mild birth trauma and grow up in stable families do not do as well on measures of intelligence as children with no birth problems. b)as long as birth injuries are not overwhelming, a supportive home can restore childrens growth. c)a supportive home environment does little to alleviate the effects of birth trauma, as brain injuries are often permanent. d)children who experience moderate birth trauma and are exposed to poverty will have serious learning difficulties even if they are otherwise resilient.

Q: in several studies, fathers showed slight increases in ________ and ________ when holding their newborn babies that were comparable with those of mothers. a)oxytocin; prolactin b)prolactin; estrogens c)androgens; oxytocin d)estrogens; androgens

Q: current evidence on bonding shows that a)the human motherinfant relationship depends largely on what happens during a sensitive period immediately after birth. b)the human parentinfant relationship does not depend on a precise, early period of togetherness. c)skin-to-skin contact between parent and baby is vital for the parent to feel affection and concern for the infant. d)adoptive parents have difficulty developing warm, affective relationships when the infant enters the family months after birth.

Q: the two factors that are largely responsible for neonatal mortality are a)birth defects and sudden infant death syndrome. b)child abuse and sudden infant death syndrome. c)serious physical defects and low birth weight. d)unintentional injuries and low birth weight.

Q: each country that outranks the united states in infant survival provides its citizens with a)government-sponsored health-care benefits. b)stronger crime prevention and family planning programs. c)more up-to-date health-care technology. d)higher numbers of well-trained medical professionals.

Q: carol lives in wyoming and works for a small company with 12 employees. carol hopes to take 12 weeks of maternity leave. what advice can you give carol? a)the united states mandates 12 weeks of paid maternity leave for all new mothers. b)federal law mandating unpaid maternity leave does not apply to her employer. c)the united states mandates six weeks of paid maternity leave for all new mothers. d)the united states mandates 12 weeks of unpaid maternity leave for all new mothers.

Q: african-american and native-american babies are more than ____ as likely as white infants to be born early and underweight and are _____ as likely as white infants to die in the first year. a)twice; half b)twice; twice c)three times; twice d)three times; half

Q: in international rankings, the infant death rate in the united states has slipped from seventh in the 1950s to ____ in 2009. a)tenth b)fourteenth c)twentieth d)twenty-eighth

Q: _________ has the most up-to-date health-care technology in the world. a)the united states b)china c)sweden d)canada

Q: dawn and richard have the economic and personal resources to care for amelia, their preterm infant. research shows that a)interventions are not usually needed for economically advantaged parents like dawn and richard to promote healthy development. b)dawn and richard will need extensive coaching in recognizing and responding to amelias needs. c)just a few sessions of coaching in recognizing and responding to amelias needs could reduce amelias crying and improve her sleep. d)dawn and richard will need comprehensive long-term, intensive intervention to meet amelias needs.

Q: kangaroo skin-to-skin contact a)is not commonly used in developing nations where hospitalization is not always possible. b)fosters improved oxygenation of the babys body, temperature regulation, and infant survival. c)is rarely used in western nations where preterm infants are placed in hospital intensive care units. d)provides babies with touch stimulation but neglects the other sensory modalities.

Q: which of the following statements is true about interventions for preterm infants? a)air is filtered before it enters an isolette, but temperature cannot be controlled. b)simulating preterm infants is harmful because the tiny babies are fragile. c)touch is the least important form of infant stimulation. d)when preterm infants are gently massaged several times each day, they gain weight faster.

Q: compared to full-term infants, preterm babies are a)at a greater risk for child abuse. b)more often held close. c)talked to more gently. d)more often touched.

Q: which of the following statements is true about preterm infants? a)they are born below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy. b)they usually have more serious problems than small-for-date infants. c)although they are small, their weight may still be appropriate, based on time spent in the uterus. d)they are more likely than small-for-date infants to show evidence of brain damage.

Q: travis is born three days after his due date and weighs five pounds. travis is a(n) ________ infant. a)preterm b)small-for-date c)average-weight d)anoxic

Q: birth weight is the best available predictor of a)childhood obesity. b)adolescent anorexia. c)myopia. d)infant survival.

Q: abbie was born seven weeks premature. her tiny lungs were so poorly developed that the air sacs collapse. a mechanical respirator is being used to keep abbie breathing. abbie suffers from a)cerebral palsy. b)toxemia. c)hyaline membrane disease. d)acidosis.

Q: which of the following statements is true about anoxia? a)after initial brain injury from anoxia, another phase of cell death can occur several weeks later. b)whole-body cooling involves immersing a newborn with an initial brain injury in freezing water from the neck down. c)the effects of mild or even moderate anoxia rarely persist beyond infancy. d)healthy newborns can survive periods of little or no oxygen longer than adults can.

Q: ___________ results when the blastocyst implants so low in the uterus that the placenta covers the cervical opening. a)toxemia b)placenta previa c)placenta abruptio d)toxoplasmosis

Q: ___________ during pregnancy is associated with premature separation of the placenta. a)tobacco and cocaine use b)exposure to pcbs c)high maternal stress d)hiv infection

Q: cerebral palsy a)affects one out of every 300 american children. b)can range from very mild tremors to mental retardation. c)is especially common in water births. d)is caused by either placenta abruptio or placenta previa.

Q: tonya is pregnant for a second time. she hopes to have a vaginal delivery, although her first delivery was cesarean. you should advise tonya that a)she will be required to have a second cesarean delivery. b)a natural labor after a cesarean is associated with slightly increased rates of maternal death. c)a natural labor after a cesarean is just as safe as a repeated cesarean delivery. d)a natural labor after a cesarean is associated with slightly increased rates of rupture of the uterus.

Q: which of the following statements is true about the breech position? a)cesarean delivery is never justified when the baby is in the breech position. b)the breech position decreases the chance of oxygen deprivation. c)certain breech babies fare just as well with vaginal delivery as with a cesarean. d)babies in the breech position are turned facing toward the mothers back rather than facing outward.

Q: the rate of cesarean delivery is a)substantially higher in induced than spontaneous labors. b)lower today than it was forty years ago. c)currently about 10 percent in the united states. d)lower in the united states than in other industrialized countries.

Q: in induced labors, a)contractions are shorter and more widely spaced apart than in spontaneous labors. b)the rate of cesarean delivery is less than in spontaneous labors. c)the mother is given a synthetic hormone that simulates contractions. d)the chances of an instrument delivery are less than in spontaneous labors.

Q: induced labors are justified when a)continuing the pregnancy threatens the well-being of the mother or baby. b)the baby has not arrived by its due date. c)the doctor determines that it is a convenient time to deliver the baby. d)the mother and father want the baby to arrive on a particular date.

Q: about ___ percent of american labors are induced. a)8 b)14 c)22 d)28

Q: vacuum extractors a)are not as safe as forceps. b)are more likely than forceps to tear the mothers tissues. c)have been used since the sixteenth century to speed up delivery. d)can cause bleeding beneath the babys skin and on the outside of the skull.

Q: ___________ is appropriate if the mothers pushing during the second stage of labor does not move the baby through the birth canal in a reasonable period of time. a)instrument delivery b)epidural analgesia c)use of an anesthetic d)induced labor

Q: henrietta is concerned about using epidural analgesia during labor. you can tell her that newborns exposed to epidural analgesia tend to a)have trouble falling asleep. b)be hyperactive and animated. c)have lower apgar scores. d)suck more aggressively when feeding.

Q: epidural analgesia a)numbs the entire lower half of the body. b)limits pain reduction to the pelvic region. c)strengthens uterine contractions. d)reduces the chances of cesarean delivery.

Q: the most common approach to controlling pain during labor is a)epidural analgesia. b)pitocin. c)a spinal block. d)meditation.

Q: fetal monitoring is linked to a(n) a)reduction in the rates of infant brain damage. b)reduction in the rates of infant death. c)reduction in the use of instrumental deliveries. d)increase in the number of cesarean deliveries.

Q: continuous fetal monitoring a)measures the babys blood oxygen levels during labor. b)is required in most u.s. hospitals and used in over 80 percent of u.s. births. c)is linked to a decreased rate of cesarean deliveries. d)reduces the rate of infant brain damage and death in all pregnancies.