Q&A Hero

Q: which mother is a good candidate for a home delivery? a)heather, a healthy 43-year-old who previously had a cesarean delivery b)helena, a first-time mom who wants to deliver her own baby unassisted c)prudence, a 30-year-old second-time mom, assisted by a certified nurse-midwife d)donna, a fifth-time mom whose baby is in a breech position

Q: which of the following statements is true regarding home delivery? a)it is often attended by a certified nurse-midwife. b)it is more popular in the united states than in england and sweden. c)it poses no additional risks to the mother and the baby. d)it is almost always dangerous for mothers and babies.

Q: when mothers are upright during labor, they are a)more likely to have a longer labor. b)likely to need an episiotomy. c)less likely to use pain-relieving medication. d)more likely to deliver a breech baby.

Q: mothers who are supported during labor by a doula a)often do not have access to other forms of support. b)usually give birth at home or at the home of the doula. c)have fewer birth complications than women who do not have supportive companionship. d)give birth lying flat on their backs with their feet in stirrups.

Q: most natural childbirth programs draw on methods developed by grantly dick-read and fernand lamaze, who recognized that a)new labor medications could be used to reduce the pain of childbirth. b)hospital costs could be saved if women used prepared childbirth methods. c)cultural attitudes had taught women to fear the birth experience. d)the mothers home was the safest and least painful place to give birth.

Q: prepared childbirth a)includes routine use of strong pain-relieving drugs. b)does not allow family members and friends to participate in the birth. c)always takes place outside of a hospital setting. d)involves techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention.

Q: in south america, the jarara mother a)leans against the body of the head helper to give birth. b)gives birth in full view of the entire community. c)gives birth in a hammock with a crowd of women close by. d)gives birth in a freestanding birth center.

Q: dorita is given an apgar appearance rating of 1. this means her a)body is pink with blue arms and legs. b)body, arms, and legs are all blue. c)body, arms, and legs are all pink. d)body is blue with pink arms and legs.

Q: devin is given a combined apgar score of 7. the medical professionals should a)immediately provide medical attention because he is in serious danger. b)tell devins parents that he is in good physical condition. c)provide assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs. d)immediately put him on a ventilator and monitor his situation closely.

Q: two apgar ratings are given because a)one is given by the pediatrician, and one is given by the labor and delivery nurse. b)one score is for appearance, pulse, and grimace, and the other score is for activity and respiration. c)some babies have trouble adjusting at first but do quite well after a few minutes. d)one is taken immediately after birth, and the other is taken just before the newborn is released from the hospital.

Q: a combined apgar score of ____ or better indicates that an infant is in good physical condition. a)4 b)5 c)6 d)7

Q: which of the following statements is true about the newborn babys appearance? a)proportionally, if an adult head were as large as that of a newborn infant, it would be the size of an orange. b)their round faces, chubby cheeks, large foreheads, and big eyes make adults feel like picking them up and cuddling them. c)they may not match their parents idealized image because they have a combination of a small head and a long torso. d)their legs are long and bowed, and their heads are small compared to the rest of the body.

Q: which of the following statements is true about the average newborn infant? a)girls are slightly heavier than boys. b)the average newborn is 23 inches long. c)boys are slightly longer than girls. d)the average newborn weighs 6 pounds.

Q: the third stage of labor typically lasts a)5 to 10 minutes. b)15 to 30 minutes. c)45 minutes to one hour. d)one to two hours.

Q: the placenta is delivered during a)the first stage of labor. b)the second stage of labor. c)crowning. d)the third stage of labor.

Q: ________ occurs when the vaginal opening is stretched around the babys entire head. a)lightening b)bloody show c)crowning d)transition

Q: the infant is born during a)the first stage of labor. b)the second stage of labor. c)transition. d)the third stage of labor.

Q: during transition, the a)baby is forced down and out of the birth canal. b)placenta is delivered. c)cervix opens completely. d)cervix begins to dilate and efface.

Q: the first stage of labor a)is the shortest. b)involves delivery of the baby. c)climaxes with a brief phase called transition. d)involves birth of the placenta.

Q: a sure sign that labor is only hours or days away is a)contractions in the upper part of the uterus. b)the bloody show. c)lightening. d)frequent urination.

Q: lightening occurs when the a)amniotic sac is ruptured. b)mucus plug is released from the cervix. c)fetuss head drops low into the uterus. d)first uterine contractions take place.

Q: as pregnancy advances, the placenta releases increasing amounts of a)crh. b)cortisol. c)insulin. d)thyroxine.

Q: cynthia and todd are having marital difficulties. cynthia decides to have a baby, hoping parenthood will improve their relationship. what advice can you offer them?

Q: cite reasons that some women do not seek prenatal care.

Q: describe the effects of exercise during pregnancy.

Q: what is accutane? how does it affect a developing organism?

Q: what are teratogens? what factors determine their impact?

Q: describe the period of the zygote, including the major developments that occur during this period.

Q: the average number of children per north american has decreased since 1960 from 3.1 to 1.8. what are some reasons for this decline?

Q: when americans are asked about their desire to have children, what are the most frequent advantages and disadvantages they list?

Q: the most important preparation for parenthood a)takes place in the context of the parents relationship. b)is having a positive relationship with ones own parents. c)involves attending prenatal classes. d)is having support from extended family.

Q: which of the following statements about models of effective parenthood is true? a)overall, men are more likely than women to come to terms with negative experiences in their own childhoods and build helathier and happier relationships with their children. b)in most cases, people who have negative experiences in their own childhoods have conflicted relationships with their children. c)many people come to terms with negative experiences in their own childhoods and build healthier and happier relationships with their children. d)most people are unable to come to terms with negative experiences in their own childhoods and have conflicted relationships with their own children.

Q: the more a pregnant woman seeks information by reading or accessing websites, the a) more confident she tends to feel about parenting. b) less anxious she tends to feel about parenting. c) less likely she will ask questions to medical professionals. d) more likely she will be dissatisfied with her parenting experience.

Q: in group prenatal care, a)expectant mothers are grouped by age, and each group is seen by an assigned health-care provider. b)trained leaders provide minority expectant mothers with a group discussion session after each medical checkup. c)expectant mothers and fathers take turns facilitating group discussions. d)whole families are included in prenatal visits, including mothers, fathers, and siblings.

Q: which of the following statements is true about research on memory impairments in infants of diabetic mothers? a)prenatal iron depletion interferes with the cerebral cortex, causing long-term learning and academic problems in children of diabetic mothers. b)damage to the hippocampus is not linked to long-term learning and academic problems in children of diabetic mothers. c)diabetes-linked prenatal brain damage is linked to short-term memory impairments that can often be reversed with medication. d)as a result of iron depletion in critical brain areas, a diabetic pregnancy places the fetus at risk for lasting memory deficits.

Q: in the early weeks of pregnancy, a diabetic mothers out-of-control blood glucose _________ the risk of _________. a)increases; birth defects b)decreases; birth defects c)increases; low birth weight d)increases; chromosomal abnormalities

Q: nearly 30 percent of adolescent mothers a)receive inadequate prenatal care. b)give birth at home. c)give up their babies for adoption. d)develop preclampsia in the third trimester.

Q: kalis face, hands, and feet began to swell in the second half of her pregnancy. kalis doctor began to monitor her blood pressure. the doctor was probably concerned about a)toxoplasmosis. b)maternal diabetes. c)rh incompatibility. d)preeclampsia.

Q: infants born to teenagers have a higher rate of problems because a)teenagers reproductive organs are not yet mature enough to support a pregnancy. b)teenagers are not yet physically ready to give birth. c)many pregnant teenagers do not receive adequate prenatal care. d)teenagers are exposed to more teratogens than other pregnant mothers.

Q: which of the following statements is true about the effectiveness of the nursefamily partnership? a)the benefits of the intervention were greater for children from high-ses families than for children from low-ses families. b)trained paraprofessionals were more effective than professional nurses in preventing delayed mental development. c)as kindergartners, children in the program scored higher in language, but lower in intelligence than comparison children. d)at both ages 6 and 9, children of home-visited mothers in the poorest mental health during pregnancy exceeded comparison children in academic achievement.

Q: the nursefamily partnership is a a)health-care program currently implemented in developing countries. b)voluntary home visiting program for first-time, low-income expectant mothers. c)mandatory home visiting program for new mothers with special needs infants. d)community service program available for pregnant teens in urban areas.

Q: danica is a healthy 35-year-old woman who is pregnant with her first child. danica is a)more likely than a younger woman to have a low birth-weight baby. b)likely to have a longer and more difficult labor than a younger woman. c)more likely to have prenatal complications than a woman in her twenties. d)as likely as a younger women to have no prenatal or birth complications.

Q: rh factor incompatibility a)affects rh positive mothers. b)can result in infant death. c)cannot be prevented in most cases. d)usually affects firstborn children.

Q: which of the following statements is true about rh factor incompatibility? a)the damage caused by rh incompatibility can be avoided if the mother receives a blood transfusion during delivery. b)rh-positive blood is dominant and rh-negative blood is recessive, so the chances are good that a baby will be rh-positive. c)rh-positive babies are routinely given a vaccine at birth to prevent the buildup of harmful rh antibodies. d)the harmful effects of rh incompatibility can be prevented if the newborn is immediately placed on a diet low in phenylalanine.

Q: the relationship between social support, positive pregnancy outcomes, and subsequent child development is a)strongest for affluent women. b)moderate for minority women. c)particularly strong for low-income women. d)strongest for middle-income women.

Q: prenatal maternal stress is a)especially damaging during the first trimester. b)related to pyloric stenosis. c)associated with emotional, but not physical, difficulties. d)related to neural tube defects.

Q: enriching womens diets with calcium a)can cause miscarriages in the zygotic period. b)helps prevent neural tube defects. c)eliminates the risk of osteoporosis in offspring. d)helps prevent maternal high blood pressure.

Q: taking a folic acid supplement around the time of conception reduces the risk of a)miscarriage. b)spina bifida. c)down syndrome. d)cytomegalovirus.

Q: a severe famine in the netherlands during world war ii revealed that a)the sensitive-period concept operates with nutrition. b)malnutrition during the first trimester is not associated with miscarriage. c)malnutrition in the second trimester is associated with large head size. d)malnutrition during the third trimester is associated with physical defects.

Q: marzanne is pregnant and wonders how much weight she should gain. her doctor will probably recommend that she gain _______ to _______ pounds. a)10; 15 b)20; 25 c)25; 30 d)30; 35

Q: in healthy, physically fit women, ___________ exercise is related to _________. a)aerobic; low birth weight b)vigorous; a reduction in the risk of high blood pressure c)moderate; a reduction in the risk of maternal diabetes d)frequent; high birth weight

Q: expectant mothers can prevent toxoplasmosis by a)making sure the vegetables they eat are clean. b)avoiding exposure to x-rays. c)avoiding eating swordfish. d)making sure that the meat they eat is well-cooked.

Q: kelly, a pregnant 30-year-old, has contracted the most common parasitic infection. kelly has a)rubella. b)toxoplasmosis. c)cytomegalovirus. d)herpes simplex 2.

Q: which of the following statements is true about hiv and aids? a)hiv-positive pregnant women pass the virus to their fetus 20 to 30 percent of the time. b)about 25 to 35 percent of prenatal aids babies die by 1 year of age. c)there are no antiviral drugs that reduce prenatal aids transmission without harmful consequences. d)most infant hiv cases are curable if caught and treated early.

Q: the greatest damage from rubella occurs when it strikes pregnant mothers during the a)zygotic period. b)embryonic period. c)second trimester. d)third trimester.

Q: dioxin seems to impair the fertility of __________ prior to conception. a)x-bearing ova b)y-bearing sperm c)x-bearing sperm d)y-bearing ova

Q: joslyn, a school custodian, is pregnant and works in an old school building where multiple layers of paint are flaking off the walls. to be safe, joslyn should have the paint tested for a)polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). b)mercury. c)dioxins. d)lead.

Q: in taiwan, prenatal exposure to very high levels of ______ in rice oil resulted in low birth weight, discolored skin, and delayed cognitive development. a)dioxins b)mercury c)pcbs d)lead

Q: pregnant women are wise to avoid __________ to reduce the likelihood of mercury exposure. a)getting x-rays b)changing cat litter boxes c)painting d)eating long-lived predatory fish

Q: which of the following statements is true about radiation exposure during pregnancy? a)low-level radiation from medical x-rays is safe. b)when mothers are exposed to radiation during pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage increases. c)the effects of radiation exposure are immediate and apparent. d)radiation exposure affects physical development, but not cognitive or emotional development.

Q: it is safe to drink _________ during pregnancy. a)no amount of alcohol b)one alcoholic beverage per day c)3 to 5 alcoholic beverages per week d)a few alcoholic beverages per month

Q: matthew was prenatally exposed to alcohol. his physical growth is typical and he has no facial abnormalities. however, he has impaired motor coordination, attention span, and memory. matthew was probably born with a)fetal alcohol syndrome. b)alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. c)partial fetal alcohol syndrome. d)a genetic disorder.

Q: jennas physical growth is slow. she has short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a flattened philtrum, and brain injury. jennas mother probably _______ during pregnancy. a)drank heavily b)smoked cigarettes c)used cocaine d)used methadone

Q: from one-third to one-half of nonsmoking pregnant women a)use alcohol regularly. b)smoked prior to finding out they were pregnant. c)take antidepressants. d)are passive smokers.

Q: beatrice has smoked throughout her pregnancy. now in her seventh month, beatrice is considering quitting. you can tell her that a)the damage was already done during the zygotic period. b)if she quits now, she reduces the likelihood that her baby will be born underweight. c)the damage was already done during the embryonic period. d)quitting now will not reduce the likelihood that her baby will have colic.

Q: today, an estimated ______ percent of u.s. women smoke during pregnancies. a)4 b)10 c)14 d)20

Q: which of the following statements is true about illegal drug use during pregnancy? a)motor development is rapid in children who are prenatally exposed to illegal drugs. b)children who are prenatally exposed to illegal drugs can have long-term difficulties. c)the difficulties of prenatally exposed children disappear once the drugs are out of their systems. d)the effects of illegal drugs on the developing organism are consistent.

Q: caffeine use during pregnancy a)can result in low birth weight. b)is only safe during the first trimester. c)can result in gross fetal abnormalities. d)is linked to respiratory distress in childbirth.

Q: although it has been linked to low birth weight, infant death, and lower intelligence test scores in early childhood, __________ is/are one of the most common over-the-counter medications taken by pregnant women. a)cough syrup b)antacids c)aspirin d)antihistamines

Q: the most widely used potent teratogen is prescribed a)as a sedative. b)to treat severe acne. c)to prevent miscarriages. d)to treat depression.

Q: daughters of mothers who took diethylstilbestrol to prevent miscarriages a)were born with gross deformities of the arms and legs. b)showed unusually high rates of vaginal cancer. c)had abnormally high-pitched and shrill cries. d)often developed diabetes in adulthood.

Q: children exposed to thalidomide were often born a)with noncancerous tumors. b)six to eight weeks premature. c)with gross deformities of the arms and legs. d)with severe cognitive delays.

Q: sophie weighed 8.9 pounds when she was born. research shows that she is at an increased risk of ________ in adulthood. a)breast cancer b)lung cancer c)heart disease d)stroke

Q: ________ is associated with ________ in adulthood. a)low birth weight; breast cancer b)high birth weight; diabetes c)high birth weight; alzheimers disease d)low birth weight; cardiovascular disease

Q: jesse weighed 3.3 pounds when he was born. research shows that he is at an increased risk of __________ in adulthood. a)prostate cancer b)diabetes c)lymphatic cancer d)alzheimers disease

Q: the effects of teratogens a)may not show up for decades. b)rarely go beyond physical damage. c)are always immediate. d)are always obvious.

Q: during the fetal period, a)teratogens rarely have any impact. b)teratogens are most likely to cause serious defects. c)the ears can be strongly affected by teratogens. d)teratogenic damage usually causes miscarriage.

Q: the _________ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur. a)period of the zygote b)period of the embryo c)second trimester d)third trimester

Q: the _____ have a long period of sensitivity to teratogens. a)hands and feet b)palate and mouth c)arms and legs d)brain and eyes

Q: the harm done by teratogens a)is simple and straightforward. b)always creates a monstrosity or malformation. c)depends on dose, heredity, age, and other negative influences. d)can rarely be prevented.