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Sociology
Q:
which of the following statements reflects a widely held opinion in the united states? a)the government should help poor parents raise their children. b)most people are content with others intruding into family life as long as help is needed. c)if you decide to have a baby, you should be ready to care for it. d)people should try to define themselves as part of a group.
Q:
parentteacher contact is more frequent in a)small towns. b)large cities. c)low-ses schools. d)small schools.
Q:
nate, whose parents are involved in his school activities, probably a)resents his parents involvement in his education. b)shows better academic achievement than his agemates whose parents are uninvolved. c)lives in a low-ses household with many siblings. d)attends a private school in a large city.
Q:
which of the following children is least likely to participate in an available neighborhood organization? a)meagan, who lives in a lower-middle class area b)francois, who lives in a low-income area c)chantel, who lives in an upper-middle class area d)lucius, who lives in an affluent area
Q:
neighborhood resources a)have a greater impact on economically disadvantaged than on well-to-do young people. b)contribute to favorable development in preschoolers, but not in adolescents. c)are rarely needed in middle-income areas. d)have a greater impact on affluent than on low-ses young people.
Q:
in the united states, poverty rates a)have declined in recent years. b)are lower among children than any other age group. c)are lower for african americans than for caucasian americans. d)have risen in recent years.
Q:
the largest barrier to the education of girls worldwide is/are a)cultural beliefs about gender roles. b)a reluctance to give up a daughters work at home. c)that many schools charge parents a fee for each child enrolled. d)a limited number of schools in developing areas.
Q:
____________ strongly predicts womens preventive health behavior. a)age b)marital status c)iq d)years of schooling
Q:
affluent parents a)too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development. b)are less likely than low-ses parents to have children who use alcohol and drugs. c)are less likely than low-ses parents to have children who report high levels of depression. d)are more likely than low-ses parents to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development.
Q:
in diverse cultures around the world, ____________ in particular fosters patterns of thinking and behaving that greatly improve quality of life, for both parents and children. a)education of women b)collectivism c)living near extended family d)having one stay-at-home parent
Q:
people who work in skilled and semiskilled manual occupations tend to _____________ than people in professional and technical occupations. a)marry later b)have more children c)have fewer children d)have children later
Q:
jonelle can promote her grandchildrens development indirectly by a)responding warmly to the children. b)gently reprimanding the children when they misbehave. c)providing financial assistance to their parents. d)implementing a reward system for the childrens good behavior.
Q:
contemporary researchers view the family as a)a network of interdependent relationships. b)primarily influenced by third parties. c)a macrosystem. d)a chronosystem.
Q:
in power and breadth of influence, no other microsystem context equals the a)school. b)church. c)family. d)peer group.
Q:
which of the following is true about surrogate motherhood? a)most surrogates have no children of their own. b)surrogates cannot be paid for their childbearing services. c)it usually involves the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates. d)it usually involves younger couples as contractors and older women as surrogates.
Q:
children conceived through assisted reproductive techniques a)may receive caregiving that is somewhat warmer than children who are conceived naturally. b)are at greater risk for genetic disorders than their naturally conceived counterparts. c)tend to experience severe adjustment problems throughout childhood, including insecure attachment to caregivers. d)are usually well-adjusted until adolescence when they experience a significant rise in psychological problems.
Q:
________ of all couples who try to conceive discover that they are infertile. a)one-third b)one-fourth c)one-sixth d)one-eighth
Q:
most adopted children a)fare well and make rapid progress. b)have persistent cognitive delays. c)suffer from severe emotional problems. d)have persistent social problems.
Q:
which of the following is true about adoption? a)in north america, more unwed mothers give up their babies than in the past. b)children adopted after infancy fare as well or better than those adopted as infants. c)in north america, the availability of healthy babies has declined. d)fewer adoptive parents are accepting children who have known developmental problems.
Q:
in proteomics, a)researchers map the sequence of all human dna base pairs. b)scientists modify gene-specified proteins involved in disease. c)doctors correct genetic abnormalities by delivering dna carrying a functional gene to the cells. d)the fetus is inspected for defects of the limbs and face using a small tube with a light source.
Q:
which of the following is a risk associated with frequent ultrasound use? a)premature labor b)miscarriage c)low birth weight d)limb deformities
Q:
except for ____________, prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely, since other methods have some chance of injuring the developing organism. a)maternal blood analysis b)amniocentesis c)chorionic villus sampling d)ultrasound
Q:
angela and tonys first child died in infancy. they badly want to have another child, but are worried about angelas family history of genetic disorders. they want to find out if angela is a carrier. angela and tony are candidates for a)in vitro fertilization. b)genetic counseling. c)donor insemination. d)amniocentesis.
Q:
mr. and mrs. sedgwicks child was diagnosed with turner syndrome. their child has a(n) _________ chromosome. a)extra x b)missing x c)missing y d)extra y
Q:
most children with sex chromosome disorders a)suffer from mental retardation. b)have verbal difficulties. c)have trouble with spatial relations. d)have very specific intellectual problems.
Q:
which of the following individuals has the highest probability of having a child with down syndrome? a)isabella, who is 15 years old b)bonny, who is 24 years old c)raelyn, who is 33 years old d)katrina, who is 42 years old
Q:
the most frequently occurring form of down syndrome results from a)an extra broken piece of a twenty-first chromosome attaching to another chromosome. b)an error during the early stages of mitosis. c)a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis. d)the inheritance of an extra x chromosome.
Q:
mr. and mrs. white are told that their son has the most common chromosomal disorder. the whites son has _________ syndrome. a)klinefelter b)down c)triple x d)turner
Q:
most chromosomal defects result from a)mistakes during meiosis. b)germline mutations. c)mistakes during mitosis. d)somatic mutations.
Q:
personality variations among siblings is due to a)germline mutation. b)dominantrecessive inheritance. c)polygenic inheritance. d)homozygotic inheritance.
Q:
in somatic mutations, a)the defective dna is passed on to the next generation. b)cells that give rise to gametes mutate. c)the event giving rise to the mutation occurs at conception. d)the dna defect appears in every cell derived from the affected body cell.
Q:
mutations a)rarely occur spontaneously. b)can be caused by hazardous environmental agents. c)affect only one gene. d)cannot occur after birth.
Q:
fragile x syndrome a)is an example of polygenic inheritance. b)occurs when there is a sudden but permanent change in a segment of dna. c)is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation. d)occurs more often in females than males because the disorder is x-linked.
Q:
genomic imprinting a)can be triggered by smoking or exposure to environmental pollutants, such as mercury or lead. b)occurs when alleles are chemically marked in such a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup. c)is more likely to affect males because their sex chromosomes do not match. d)is always permanent, cannot be erased in the next generation, and occurs in all offspring if it occurs in one.
Q:
which of the following statements is true about sex differences? a)rates of miscarriage are higher for girls, while rates of birth defects are higher for boys. b)rates of miscarriage, mental retardation, and birth defects are all higher for girls. c)worldwide, about 106 girls are born for every 100 boys. d)rates of miscarriage, mental retardation, and birth defects are all higher for boys.
Q:
when a harmful allele is carried on the x chromosome, a)females are more likely to be affected. b)males are more likely to be affected. c)50 percent of the female children are likely to have the disorder. d)50 percent of the male children are likely to be carriers of the disorder.
Q:
the average life expectancy of a north american with sickle cell anemia is a)18. b)35. c)55. d)62.
Q:
sickle cell anemia a)is common among jews of european descent. b)is common in children whose parents are of mediterranean descent. c)occurs in full form when a child inherits two recessive alleles. d)is a homogeneous condition.
Q:
in incomplete dominance, a)both alleles are expressed in the phenotype. b)children have a 25 percent chance of being carriers. c)children have a 50 percent chance of inheriting the disorder. d)one allele is expressed in the phenotype.
Q:
which of the following serious diseases is due to dominant alleles? a)cooleys anemia b)sickle cell anemia c)huntington disease d)hemophilia
Q:
___________ enhance or dilute the effects of other genes. a)alleles b)trait genes c)sickle cells d)modifier genes
Q:
all u.s. states require that each newborn be given a blood test for a)cystic fibrosis. b)pku. c)sickle cell anemia. d)tay-sachs disease.
Q:
one of the most frequently occurring recessive disorders is a)phenylketonuria. b)huntington disease. c)marfan syndrome. d)down syndrome.
Q:
which of the following is a recessive trait? a)curly hair b)facial dimples c)double-jointedness d)red hair
Q:
heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele a)cannot pass that trait to their children. b)may be carriers of the trait. c)will pass the dominant trait to their children. d)will pass the recessive trait to their children.
Q:
if the alleles from both parents are alike, the child is a)homozygous. b)female. c)heterozygous. d)a monozygotic twin.
Q:
which of the following environmental influences contributes to monozygotic twinning? a)early fertilization of the ovum b)poor maternal nutrition c)temperature change d)high-fructose diet
Q:
which of the following individuals is most likely to have fraternal twins? a)marlie, a 25-year-old caucasian american b)janie, a 30-year-old caucasian american c)jessi, a 30-year-old asian american d)rhoda, a 30-year-old african american
Q:
which of the following is a major cause of the dramatic rise in fraternal twinning in industrialized nations? a)temperature changes b)older maternal age c)late fertilization of the ovum d)variation in oxygen levels
Q:
the release and fertilization of two ova results in a)identical twins. b)fraternal twins. c)pku. d)miscarriage.
Q:
dizygotic twins a)have the same genetic makeup. b)result from a zygote that separates into two clusters. c)are the most common type of multiple birth. d)are more alike than ordinary siblings.
Q:
which of the following is true about sex chromosomes? a)the y chromosome is large and long, and the x chromosome carries most of the genetic material. b)both boys and girls are born with several pairs of x and y chromosomes. c)when gametes form in females, the x and y chromosomes separate into different cells. d)the sex of a baby is determined by whether an x-bearing or a y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.
Q:
taylors twenty-third pair of chromosome is xy. taylor a)has pku. b)has down syndrome. c)is male. d)is female.
Q:
twenty-two matching pairs of chromosomes are a)sex chromosomes. b)xx. c)autosomes. d)xy.
Q:
meiosis results in __________ in the male and _______________ in the female. a)four sperm; one ovum b)one sperm; four ova c)millions of sperm; about 40,000 ova d)four sperm; millions of ova
Q:
which of the following is true about crossing over? a)it results in a new cell called a zygote. b)it creates new hereditary combinations. c)it increases the probability that nontwin siblings will be genetically identical. d)it decreases the chances that some members of a species will survive ever-changing environments.
Q:
__________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. a)mitosis b)osmosis c)meiosis d)autosome formation
Q:
gametes a)are formed during mitosis. b)contain only 23 chromosomes. c)contain 46 chromosomes. d)determine directly observable characteristics, like eye color.
Q:
research demonstrates that a)it takes a change in several base pairs to influence human traits. b)approximately 75 percent of chimpanzee and human dna is identical. c)even at the microscopic level, biological events are the result of both genetic and nongenetic forces. d)simpler species have far more proteins than humans or primates.
Q:
dna duplicates itself during a)mitosis. b)osmosis. c)meiosis. d)gamete formation.
Q:
on the dna ladder, adenine always appears a)alone. b)with thymine. c)with cytosine. d)with guanine.
Q:
individuals around the world are about ________ percent genetically identical. a)39.1 b)59.1 c)79.1 d)99.1
Q:
each rung of the dna ladder a)is made up of thousands of chromosomes. b)contains 20,000 genes. c)consists of a pair of chemical substances called bases. d)contains 23 matching pairs.
Q:
chromosomes a)store and transmit genetic information. b)come in 46 matching pairs. c)are inherited from the mother only. d)are inherited from the father only.
Q:
the nucleus of a cell contains a)karotypes. b)chromosomes. c)genotypes. d)phenotypes.
Q:
directly observable characteristics are affected by an individuals lifelong history of experiences and also by the individuals a)karotype. b)phenotype. c)gamete. d)genotype.
Q:
hair color is an example of a a)karotype. b)phenotype. c)gamete. d)genotype.
Q:
why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? how is informed consent used with children?
Q:
describe some problems investigators face in conducting longitudinal research.
Q:
explain why inferences about cause and effect can be made in experiments but not in correlational studies.
Q:
summarize research on the academic achievement and adjustment of immigrant youths in the united states.
Q:
two types of systematic observation used in child development research are naturalistic and structured observation. explain the benefits and limitations of each.
Q:
discuss ecological systems theory, and describe each level of the environment.
Q:
describe the similarities and differences between jean piagets cognitive-developmental theory and lev vygotskys sociocultural theory.
Q:
compare and contrast the terms critical period and sensitive period, and discuss how observations of imprinting led to the development of these concepts.
Q:
what is resilience? what are the four broad factors that seem to offer protection from the damaging effects of stressful life events? what is the most consistent asset of resilient children?
Q:
describe the five periods of development, and identify the new capacities and social expectations that serve as important transitions during each period.
Q:
after dr. busch completes his research interviews, he provides each participant with a full account and justification of the activities. dr. busch is engaging in a)debriefing. b)informed consent. c)presenting research results. d)unethical research methods.
Q:
the ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research with children lies with the a)investigator. b)institutional review board. c)child. d)childs parents.
Q:
a researcher studying the effects of a certain pain reliever on children with chronic pain gave one group of children the pain medication and gave a placebo (or sugar pill) to another group of children. this violates which of the following childrens research rights? a)privacy b)beneficial treatments c)informed consent d)knowledge of results