Q&A Hero

Q: information-processing researchers often use ______________ to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. a)clinical interviews b)flowcharts c)imprinting d)social mediation

Q: dr. brewer views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. dr. brewers view is consistent with a)information processing. b)ethology. c)behaviorism. d)sociocultural theory.

Q: which of the following is a limitation of piagets theory? a)he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children. b)adolescents generally reach their full intellectual potential in all areas, regardless of education and experience. c)childrens performance on piagetian problems can be improved with training. d)piagets stagewise account overemphasizes social and cultural influences on development.

Q: a classroom environment based on piagets theory of cognitive development would likely emphasize a)joint problem solving with older children or adults. b)reinforcing children with tokens they could exchange for treats. c)formal mathematics and language drills. d)discovery learning and direct contact with the environment.

Q: children can evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances in piagets _______________ stage. a)sensorimotor b)preoperational c)concrete operational d)formal operational

Q: according to piagets theory, in the sensorimotor stage, children a)can think of all possible outcomes in a scientific problem. b)organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. c)think by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. d)can evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances.

Q: development of language and make-believe play take place in piagets ____________ stage. a)sensorimotor b)preoperational c)concrete operational d)formal operational

Q: according to piaget, ________ lead(s) to more advanced ways of thinking. a)childrens observation of adults b)brain growth c)punishment and reinforcement d)childrens efforts to achieve equilibrium

Q: the biological concept of ____________ is central to piagets theory. a)reinforcement b)adaptation c)imitation d)physical growth

Q: according to jean piagets cognitive-developmental theory, a)development must be understood in relation to each childs culture. b)childrens sense of self-efficacy guides their responses in particular situations. c)children actively construct knowledge as they interact with their world. d)childrens learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults.

Q: both behaviorism and social learning theory have been criticized for a)overestimating childrens contributions to their own development. b)presenting ideas that are too vague to test empirically. c)emphasizing nature over nurture. d)underestimating childrens contributions to their own development.

Q: which of the following is an example of behavior modification? a)letting children with acute burn injuries play a virtual reality game while nurses engage in the painful process of changing their bandages b)modeling quiet reading for children to teach them to sit quietly while they read c)talking with children about fears in an attempt to uncover the underlying cause of thumb sucking d)taking away a treasured toy for an increased amount of time each time a child bites his or her nails

Q: the most recent revision of albert banduras theory places such a strong emphasis on how children think about themselves and other people that he calls it a(n) _________________ rather than a(n) ___________________ approach. a)observational learning; social-cognitive b)social-cognitive; social learning c)social learning; cognitive d)social learning; observational learning

Q: at home, pauls parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. at preschool, paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. according to social learning theory, paul is displaying a)classical conditioning. b)operant conditioning. c)behavior modification. d)observational learning.

Q: which of the following is true about social learning theory? a)it emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development. b)it maintains that behaviorism offers little or no effective explanation of the development of childrens social behavior. c)it is criticized because it places little emphasis on how children are influenced by the behavior of their parents and peers. d)it emphasizes classical over operant conditioning and relies heavily on the precise concepts of psychoanalytic theory.

Q: every time 10-month-old rita eats a pea, her father claps and says, good girl! in response to her fathers praise, rita excitedly eats the remaining peas. ritas behavior is an example of a)classical conditioning. b)modeling. c)behavior modification. d)operant conditioning.

Q: according to b. f. skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of a)punishments. b)negative stimuli. c)stimulusresponse associations. d)reinforcers.

Q: on a few occasions, jacks mother gave him candy to keep him quiet when she took him to the doctors office. now every time jack goes to the doctors office, he asks his mother for candy. this is an example of a)classical conditioning. b)operant conditioning. c)observational learning. d)modeling.

Q: consistent with lockes tabula rasa, john watson concluded that ________________ is the supreme force in development. a)nature b)early experience c)environment d)cognition

Q: when john watson taught albert, an 11-month-old infant, to fear a neutral stimulus by presenting it several times with a sharp, loud sound, watson applied ________________ to childrens behavior. a)innate reflexes b)observational learning c)classical conditioning d)operant conditioning

Q: ivan pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by using a)operant conditioning. b)classical conditioning. c)innate reflexes. d)modeling.

Q: according to behaviorism, ________ are the appropriate focus of psychological research. a)stimuli and responses b)unconscious impulses and drives c)adaptive evolutionary behavior patterns d)nonobservable events

Q: which of the following is a reason the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research? a)many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically. b)psychoanalytic theorists accept the clinical method in which age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. c)modern researchers have demonstrated that personality development does not take place in stages. d)psychoanalytic theorists became isolated from the rest of the field because they failed to consider the early parentchild relationship.

Q: erik erikson was one of the first theorists to a)study the naturenurture controversy. b)focus on the impact of early experiences on later behavior. c)recognize the lifespan nature of development. d)view children as passive beings.

Q: freuds theory was the first to stress the influence of ________ on development. a)observational learning b)rewards and punishment c)cultural norms d)the early parentchild relationship

Q: according to freud, the ________ is the conscious, rational part of personality. a)id b)ego c)superego d)superid

Q: sigmund freuds psychosexual theory a)was developed through careful observations of his own children. b)emphasizes that how parents manage their childs fears is crucial for healthy sexual development. c)emphasizes five parts of the personality that become integrated during a sequence of three stages. d)was developed through having emotionally troubled adults talk freely about painful events of their childhoods.

Q: the psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes a)normative information that represents typical development. b)the unique history of each child. c)stimuli and responses. d)modeling or imitation.

Q: alfred binet and theodore simons intelligence test was developed as a way to a)identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes. b)accurately predict school achievement and vocational success. c)document developmental improvements in childrens intellectual functioning. d)measure individual differences in development as a function of race, gender, and birth order.

Q: along with benjamin spocks baby and child care, _____________s books became a central part of a rapidly expanding popular literature for parents. a)g. stanley hall b)alfred binet c)theodore simon d)arnold gesell

Q: inspired by charles darwins work, g. stanley hall and his student, arnold gesell, a)were the first theorists to focus on the role of nurture in human development. b)collected detailed normative information on childrens behavior and characteristics. c)developed the concept of a sensitive period in human development. d)constructed the first intelligence test.

Q: ______________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement. a)john locke b)jean-jacques rousseau c)charles darwin d)g. stanley hall

Q: which of the following is true about charles darwins contribution to developmental theories? a)he proved that the development of the human child followed the same general plan as the evolution of the human species. b)scientific child study was born out of his first attempts to document an idea about development. c)he launched the normative approach, in which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. d)he proved that human development is a genetically determined process that unfolds automatically, much like a flower.

Q: dr. thigpen views development as a discontinuous, stagewise process that follows a single, unified course mapped out by nature. dr. thigpens views are most aligned with which perspective? a)jean-jacques rousseaus view of the child as a noble savage b)john lockes view of the child as a tabula rasa c)the puritans view of the child as evil and stubborn d)charles darwins view of survival of the fittest

Q: according to jean-jacques rousseau, children are a)born evil and stubborn and have to be civilized. b)born as blank slates to be filled by adult instruction. c)naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong. d)passive and do little to influence their own destinies.

Q: all contemporary child development theories view children as a)naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong. b)passive and emotionally fragile. c)adults in training. d)active, purposeful beings.

Q: john locke regarded development as a)continuous. b)mostly influenced by nature. c)discontinuous. d)highly stable.

Q: john locke opposed the use of a)praise as a reward. b)negative reinforcement. c)physical punishment. d)any form of discipline.

Q: according to john lockes view, children begin a)with a soul tainted by original sin. b)as nothing at all. c)as noble savages. d)as evil and stubborn.

Q: as the puritans emigrated from england to america, they brought the belief that a)children were born innocent and self-reliant. b)child rearing was one of adults most important obligations. c)children were naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong. d)childrens characters were shaped entirely by experience.

Q: during the reformation, the puritans a)characterized children as innocent and close to angels. b)regarded children as fully mature by the time they were 7 or 8 years old. c)recommended permissive child-rearing practices. d)believed that children were born evil and had to be civilized.

Q: during medieval times, a)children dressed and acted like adults. b)childhood was regarded as a separate period of life. c)a child was viewed as a tabula rasa. d)childhood was not regarded as a distinct developmental period.

Q: the most consistent asset of resilient children is a)high self-esteem. b)access to high-quality child care. c)a strong bond to a competent, caring adult. d)being identified as gifted.

Q: according to research on resilience, which of the following children has an increased chance of offsetting the impact of a stressful home life? a)john, who is a talented musician b)mary, who is an only child c)luke, who is shy d)jane, who comes from a blended family

Q: dr. kudrow views development as open to change in response to influential experiences. dr. kudrow probably emphasizes a)stability. b)heredity. c)stages. d)plasticity.

Q: theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of a)heredity. b)stages. c)nurture. d)plasticity.

Q: charlene believes that her daughters ability to think in complex ways is largely the result of an inborn timetable of growth. charlenes view emphasizes a)nurture. b)nature. c)plasticity. d)early experiences.

Q: in her research, dr. rosenblum explores why shy children develop differently from their outgoing agemates. dr. rosenblum most likely emphasizes ________ in her research. a)the role of distinct contexts b)the naturenurture controversy c)the concept of stage d)continuous development

Q: the stage concept assumes that change is a)gradual. b)ongoing. c)fairly sudden. d)unique for each child.

Q: the stage concept assumes that a)development is a smooth, continuous process. b)change is fairly sudden rather than gradual and ongoing. c)infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. d)development is a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with.

Q: jessica believes that development takes place in stages where children change rapidly as they step up to a new level and then change very little for a while. jessica views development as a)discontinuous. b)determined by nature. c)continuous. d)determined by nurture.

Q: reid believes that the difference between the immature and the mature being is simply one of amount or complexity. reid views development as a)discontinuous. b)determined by nature. c)continuous. d)determined by nurture.

Q: in what important way do theories differ from mere opinion or belief? a)they are influenced by cultural values. b)they depend on scientific verification. c)singular theories can explain all aspects of development. d)they cannot be tested using a fair set of research procedures.

Q: theories are vital tools because they a)provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. b)provide the ultimate truth about child development. c)do not require scientific verification. d)are resistant to the influence of cultural values and belief systems.

Q: which of the following is true about emerging adulthood? a)it is a period of development that spans ages 16 to 22 years. b)it is a period of development unique to underdeveloped nations. c)although emerging adults have moved beyond adolescence, they have not yet fully assumed adult roles. d)it is mostly limited to young people in developing nations.

Q: during which period of development does a sense of morality become evident? a)infancy and toddlerhood b)early childhood c)middle childhood d)adolescence

Q: which of the following is true regarding the major domains of development? a)the domains of development are separate and distinct. b)each period of development is made up of a new set of domains. c)the physical domain has little influence on the other domains. d)development is divided into three broad domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional and social.

Q: our large storehouse of information about child development a)is scientifically important, but has only limited practical value. b)has grown solely through the contributions of child development investigators. c)has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields. d)is relevant and practical, but has limited scientific value.

Q: the central questions addressed by the field of child development a)are primarily of scientific interest. b)have applied, or practical, importance. c)are based exclusively on research conducted by psychologists. d)involve all changes a person experiences throughout the lifespan.