Q&A Hero

Q: Bob is on the board of Megagiant Corp. and Karen is on the board of Supersize Inc. Both Bob and Karen serve on the board of Mega-Superbank. This type of interlocking directorate is called a(n) a. direct interlock. b. indirect interlock. c. conflict of interest. d. shared monopoly.

Q: Which of the following is one of the negative consequences of megamergers? a. They increase the centralization of capital, reducing competition and raising prices for consumers. b. They increase the power of unions for the workers who are employed by these companies. c. They eliminate the corporate debt that finances the government and its programs. d. They create overproduction in terms of new plants, products, and jobs.

Q: A shared monopoly occurs when four or fewer firms supply 50% or more of a particular market, performing much as a monopoly or cartel would. Another term for this is a. oligochaete. b. oligoclase. c. oligarchy. d. oligopoly.

Q: Today, 1% of all corporations produce _____ of the private-sector output. a. almost 10% b. nearly 50% c. more than 80% d. 99%

Q: More than 130 years ago, Karl Marx hypothesized that free enterprise would result in some firms becoming bigger and bigger as they eliminate their opposition or absorb smaller competing firms, resulting in the existence of _____ in each of the various sectors of the economy. a. companies b. monopolies c. regulation d. market coverage

Q: The major discrepency between capitalism in its ideal form and capitalism as it is practiced in the United States is a. huge corporations dominate the economy by controlling demand, rather than responding to the demands of the market. b. huge corporations dominate the economy by responding to market demands without government intervention. c. laissez-faire government policies allow huge corporations to fail, putting white-collar employees out of work. d. laissez-faire government policies have been replaced by tight government regulation of business in the wake of the 2008 economic crash.

Q: Which term refers to a belief in equality of opportunity for the self-fulfillment of all, equality rather than hierarchy in decision making, and equality in sharing the benefits of society? a. Laissez-faire b. Socialism c. Totalitarian d. Egalitarianism

Q: Which term refers to a system of government based on controlling the people of a country in a very strict way with complete power that cannot be opposed? a. Totalitarian b. Capitalist c. Democratic d. Socialist

Q: _____ refers to an economic system in which the means of production are owned by the people for their collective benefit. a. Capitalism b. Totalitarianism c. Libertarianism d. Socialism

Q: The late political observer Ivins said: "Capitalism ... is a dandy system for creating wealth, but it doesn"t do squat for _____. No reason to expect it tothat's not its job." a. competition b. private enterprise c. social justice d. personal empowerment

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three principles of capitalism? a. Private ownership b. Equal opportunity c. Personal profit d. Competition

Q: Discuss two different theories that consider how workplace inequality operates. How is women's inequality in the workplace explained by each theory?

Q: How do socially defined gender differences affect women in the realm of education at all levels?

Q: Discuss how language affects the understanding of gender in U.S. society.

Q: Discuss the research done in the 1970s regarding gender roles in children's literature. What were the findings? How do they compare to today?

Q: Discuss the difference between the biological and social bases for gender roles.

Q: Human _____ is the profit-seeking system whereby women and children are moved from one place to another in order to perform sexual work for money, usually by force or coercion. a. commerce b. trafficking c. marketing d. smuggling

Q: Some research finds that _____ is particularly prevalent in male-dominated jobs in which women are new hires, because it is a way for male workers to dominate and control women who should be their equals.a. sexual harassmentb. discriminatory hiring practicesc. ghettoizationd. the glass ceiling

Q: Which term refers to the invisible barriers that limit women's mobility despite their motivation and capacity for positions of power and prestige? a. Gender segregation horizontal b. Occupational distribution intergenerational c. Ghettoization intragenerational d. Glass ceiling None of the above

Q: Reskin and Roos used the term _____ to describe the process by which prestige and pay decline when women move into what were considered male jobs. a. gender segregation b. occupational distribution c. ghettoization d. glass ceiling

Q: _____ theory divides the labor market into two separate segments. The primary segment is characterized by stability, high wages, promotion ladders, opportunities for advancement, good working conditions, and provisions for job security. The secondary segment is characterized by low wages, fewer or no promotion ladders, poor working conditions, and little provision for job security. a. Human capital Many of them live in rural areas that have prospered less than other regions. b. Dual labor market A decline in marriage and a rise in divorce resulted in a substantial increase in single mothers and unattached men. c. Market division Public assistance benefits have steadily declined since 1980. d. Interactional All of the above

Q: _____ theory is based on the idea that the major factor in the different work experiences of men and women is the individual characteristics they bring to their jobs. a. Human capital b. Dual labor market c. Order d. Conflict

Q: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which group is concentrated in the lowest status jobs in the United States? a. White men b. Men of color c. White women d. Women of color

Q: In a 2007 survey, which kind of people were found to be perceived as less competent and recommended for lower starting salaries than others with the same experience and qualifications? a. Men who were fathers b. Men with no children c. Women who were mothers d. Women with no children

Q: Which of the following is NOT identified in the chapter as a reason the earnings gap between men and women continues to persist.a. Women are concentrated in lower-paying occupations.b. Women as a group are less intelligent and capable than men; therefore, they are paid less than men.c. Women tend to take more time off than men due to caregiving obligations.d. Women enter the labor force at different and lower-paying levels than do men.

Q: The most common job for women today, as well as 60 years ago, is a. secretary/administrative assistant. b. primary school teacher. c. nurse. d. factory worker.

Q: _____ refers to the pattern whereby women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force. a. Sexual harassment policy b. Title IX c. The glass ceiling d. Occupational sex segregation

Q: Which ethnic group has the highest rate of female participation in the U.S. workplace? a. Hispanic b. White c. African American d. Native American

Q: Which of the following countries has never had a female head of state? a. Liberia b. United States c. Canada d. Pakistan

Q: Despite the fact that Roe v. Wade became the law of the land in 1973, _____ states now have restrictions that make it more difficult for women to obtain abortions and exercise their right to choose. a. 49 b. 36 c. 23 d. 12

Q: _____, many women are making advances within established churches and leaving their mark on the ministerial profession. a. Despite being encouraged to pursue higher-paying positions b. Despite being wives and mothers c. Thanks to the support of organized religion d. Despite the opposition of organized religion

Q: Television commercials have long presented the sexes in _____ ways, showing women doing domestic chores well and men doing them badly. a. accurate b. humorous c. stereotyped d. prestigious

Q: Which of the following was a finding by the Women's Media Center regarding media content produced in late 2013? a. 36.1% of bylines and on-camera appearances are men. b. Women are more likely to cover health and lifestyle news, and less likely to cover crime, justice, and world politics. c. Women are overrepresented among newsroom staff, while men do more field reporting. d. In sports news, editors are 60% female and 90% White.

Q: While Title IX has resulted in more sports opportunities for girls and young women, females who aspire to _____ have fewer opportunities than males. a. coaching b. traditionally female sports like cheerleading c. sports medicine d. play soccer or volleyball

Q: The chapter makes the case that it is difficult to find female _____ because men continue to occupy the more powerful positions.a. driversb. nursesc. teachersd. role models

Q: Despite the fact that many teachers are trying to _____, studies show that they nonetheless continue to do so. a. stop disregarding gender difference among their students b. interact with their students in more gendered ways c. interact with their students in nongendered ways d. overcome communicating with boys and girls in the same way

Q: Which of the following was NOT one of the findings in the 1999 report by the American Association of University Women? a. Schools ignore topics that matter in students' lives. b. Title IX has ensured equal education for boys and girls. c. Gender bias in schools affects female students. d. Gender bias in schools affects male students.

Q: According to a report by the American Association of University Women in 1999, the _____ curriculum refers to matters central to students' lives that are touched on only briefly, if at all, in most schools. a. evaded b. formal c. informal d. hidden

Q: In 1972, Congress passed Title _____ of the Educational Amendments Acts, which outlawed sex discrimination in schools. a. XII b. IX c. IV d. III

Q: Which term is used to mean the beliefs and placements that value men over women and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources? a. Gender roles b. Structured gender c. Male dominance d. Masculanism

Q: The term gendered institutions refers to a. institutions that serve only one gender. b. entire institutions that are patterned by gender. c. traditional gender roles in society. d. institutions that deliberately challenge traditional gender roles.

Q: In the 1970s, Peterson and Enarson said that the _____ perspective placed the blame for gender inequality on women and diverted attention from the need for radical social change. a. socialization b. order c. conflict d. socialist

Q: Research at the University of Buffalo found that women who base their self-worth on _____ tend to share more photos online and maintain larger online social networks. a. their careers b. how many friends they have c. their role as wife and mother d. their appearance

Q: Research has found that in mixed groups, women a. talk more. b. interrupt more. c. display more tentative and polite speech patterns. d. show more visual dominance.

Q: Research shows that there are many _____ for women, but few for men. a. high-paying career opportunities b. derogatory or disrespectful terms c. social roles d. positive social messages

Q: Traditional stereotypes still underlie _____ even though more girls play them now than in the past. a. video games b. sports c. board games d. role-playing games

Q: _____ are more likely to be involved in cross-gender or neutral toy behavior. a. Homosexual children b. Transgender children c. Boys d. Girls

Q: A 1972 study of children's books found that a. most characters were female. b. most characters were animals. c. females were virtually invisible. d. adult women were portrayed by their professions.

Q: In his 1993 study of gender play in multiracial school settings, Barrie Thorne found that a. boys avoided girls' activities and controlled a small space. b. boys controlled more space, more often violated girls' activities, and treated girls as contaminating. c. girls controlled more space, more often violated boys' activities, and treated boys as contaminating. d. boys and girls were equally likely to violate each other's activities, take active toys away from others, and control small spaces.

Q: The fun and games of everyday schoolchildren are _____, a complex social process involving both gender separation and togetherness. a. power play b. creative c. individual d. cooperative

Q: Which term refers to the integration of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics in the same individual? a. Homosexual b. Transgender c. Transexual d. Androgyny

Q: The Morgans send out birth announcements for their new baby, Robin. Friends and relatives who think the baby is a girl send cards with hearts and flowers; those who think the baby is a boy send cards with cars and soccer balls. This demonstrates that in our culture a. girls are more valued and welcomed as babies. b. boys are more valued and welcomed as babies. c. girls and boys are perceived and treated differently from the moment of birth. d. Robin used to be a boy's name but now is exclusively a girl's name.

Q: Which term is the one sociologists use to describe how we learn about gender? a. Gender identity b. Gender socialization c. Gender roles d. Gender structure

Q: In the Jones household, John goes out of the home every day and is the primary breadwinner, while Mary stays home and takes care of their young children. This division of labor represents a. traditional gender roles in U.S. society. b. the conflict model of gender roles. c. second-wave feminism. d. a balance of economic and other forms of power.

Q: The hierarchical placement of the sexes that gives women unequal opportunities, resources, and power is known as gender a. identity. 21 b. roles. 42 c. structure. 67 d. stratification. 92

Q: The gender _____ approach emphasizes factors that are external to individuals, such as the social structures and social interactions that reward women and men differently. a. identity merit scholarships b. roles need-based grants c. structure loans d. stratification work-study

Q: The gender _____ approach emphasizes traits that individuals acquire during the course of socialization, such as independent or dependent behaviors and ways of relating. a. identity b. roles c. structure d. stratification

Q: Conflict theorists point out the traditional divide of gender roles means that women a. have limited control over highly valued resources. b. have the closest association with highly valued resources. c. provide a stablizing force in society. d. providing the role of nuturers and caretakers is more important than ever.

Q: Although modern technology has freed women from the need to stay at home and has allowed them to work at jobs formerly requiring great strength, _____ believe that distinct and separate roles are good for society. a. biologists b. feminists c. conflict theorists d. order theorists

Q: Every known society makes _____ a major category for organizing social life. a. sex b. size c. gender d. personality

Q: Biological differences between men and women can be misleading because there is considerable _____ in the distribution of traits possessed by women and men. a. research b. overlap c. hormonal influence d. dissimilarity

Q: Research shows that there is little hormonal difference between girls and boys prior to puberty. Research also shows that boys and girls are equally likely to use social aggression, and a. boys are more likely to use physical aggression. b. girls are more likely to use physical aggression. c. boys and girls are also equally likely to use physical aggression. d. boys and girls do not use physical aggression prior to puberty.

Q: Individuals who are _____ are born with external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, and/or endocrine systems that do not fit the typical biological definitions of female or male. a. heterogendered b. transexual c. transgender d. intersex

Q: Caitlyn was born with a male body but identifies as female. She has started taking steps to live as a woman instead of a man. The term that describes her situation is a. gender confusion. b. homosexual. c. transgender. d. intersex.

Q: The term gender refers to the _____ differences between men and women. a. physical b. social and cultural c. economic d. biological

Q: The term _____ refers to the biological differences between females and males determined by chromosomes, hormones, and external and internal anatomy. a. sex b. gender c. gender role d. sex role

Q: Discuss the relationship between racial conflict and economic conditions.

Q: Identify the deficiency theories and discuss how they explain the systematic disadvantaging of certain sectors of the population. Add the sociological criticisms of these theories.

Q: Discuss how health disparities are affected by social conditions such as race.

Q: Discuss the concept of racial"ethnic groups. What are four groups in the United States that have been constructed as both racially and culturally distinct?

Q: Discuss the changing social definitions of race.

Q: Which term refers to the belief that race no longer matters in people's experiences? a. Color-blind racism b. Institutional racism c. Affirmative action d. Social utility

Q: Although there is no research evidence for White _____, a powerful conservative movement is producing new debates about the fairness of racial policies, such as affirmative action. a. acquiescence b. objection c. advantage d. disadvantage

Q: In large cities across the nation, African Americans are _____ Whites to live in communities that are geographically and economically isolated from the economic opportunities, services, and institutions that people need to succeed. a. much less likely than b. about as likely as c. much more likely than d. less inclined than

Q: Every day at least one _____ occurs on a college campus, and every minute a college student somewhere sees or hears racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise biased words or images. a. arrest b. hate crime c. protest d. petition

Q: Racial profiling on the nation's highways has become so prevalent that a term has emerged to explain it. That term is a. driving while Black. b. preventive policing. c. pullover policing. d. racist road rage.

Q: Using race and ethnicity as clues to criminality and potential terrorism is called a. cultural inferiority. b. biological determinism. c. differential association. d. racial profiling.

Q: Which groups are disproportionately targeted by police officers, as has been seen on video more and more in recent years? a. Asians and Latinos b. Arab Americans c. Blacks and dark-skinned Latinos d. Blacks and Whites

Q: The Southern Poverty Law Center documented _____ hate groups in 48 states and the District of Columbia in 2010, a number that has swelled by 66% since 2000. a. 100 b. 1,000 c. 5,000 d. 10,000

Q: Democrats such as former President Carter have publicly speculated that _____ is behind some of the partisan attacks against President Obama at venues ranging from town hall meetings to the floor of Congress as well as the birther movement's rumors about the president's birthplace. a. racism b. anti-immigrant prejudice c. affirmative action d. a Republican conspiracy