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Sociology
Q:
In the conflict model of social class, the component of _____ is included, which order theorists tend to overlook.
a. power
b. occupation
c. income
d. education
Q:
Social scientists Katherine S. Newman and Victor Tan Chen identified a group of Americans who are consistently overlooked by government policies. They call this group the near poor because these families
a. earn a middle-class income but can only afford homes in or adjacent to poor neighborhoods.
b. lost almost all of their inherited wealth during the 2007"2009 recession.
c. earn middle-class incomes but spend more than they make.
d. have earnings that put them above the poverty line but below the middle class.
Q:
Like her mother and grandmother, Carole has worked at a local factory since graduating from high school. Carole most likely belongs to the _____ class.
a. lower-upper
b. lower-middle
c. upper-lower
d. lower-lower
Q:
Franklin is a member of the same exclusive country club to which his father and grandfather belonged. Franklin most likely belongs to the _____ or old money class.
a. upper-upper
b. lower-upper
c. upper-middle
d. lower-middle
Q:
According to order theorists, _____ is central among the fundamental indicators of social class.
a. interaction
b. education
c. income
d. occupation
Q:
When a number of individuals occupy the same relative economic rank in the stratification system, they form a(n)
a. oligarchy.
b. hierarchy.
c. social class.
d. social caste.
Q:
The media frequently portrays _____ as White, male, cultured, and physically attractive.
a. foreign villains
b. professionals and business leaders
c. manual workers
d. the bigoted and ignorant
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors in U.S. society's ready-made, well-understood, relatively uniform ranking system of occupational prestige?
a. How well the job serves the people of the community
b. Dignity of the job
c. Financial rewards of the job
d. Degree of inherent authority and responsibility of the job
Q:
What percentage of students from the lowest income group in the United States enrolls in college?
a. 64%
b. 35%
c. 29%
d. 14%
Q:
An example of inequality in education is the fact that, regardless of the type of school district, children are given standardized tests that have a(n) _____-class bias.
a. upper
b. lower
c. middle
d. employer
Q:
The Giving Pledge is a campaign founded by _____ to encourage billionaires to give back to society through charitable donations.
a. the Koch Brothers
b. Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffet
c. Donald Trump and Oprah Winfrey
d. Sam, Christy, and Alice Walton
Q:
When it comes to wealth, the top 1% of Americans own _____ of the country's net worth.
a. 99%
b. 75%
c. 40%
d. 20%
Q:
The Gini-coefficient (also known as the Gini-index) is a commonly used measure of economic
a. forces.
b. GDP.
c. history.
d. inequality.
Q:
The top 20% of Americans takes in half of all personal income in the United States, while the lowest 20% of the population makes just _____ of all personal income.
a. 49.0%
b. 10.2%
c. 3.4%
d. 1.2%
Q:
_____ is defined as a person's net worth (assets minus liabilities).
a. Income
b. Wealth
c. Earning potential
d. Value
Q:
Jillian earned $10 per hour as gallery assistant. This money represents her
a. income.
b. wealth.
c. earning potential.
d. net worth.
Q:
Discuss the basic tenet of capitalism and how it affects the persistence of poverty.
Q:
Discuss institutional discrimination and ways it traps the poor in a cycle of poverty.
Q:
Discuss the concept of the culture of poverty and critiques of that idea.
Q:
Discuss the caste system in India and compare it to the class system in the United States.
Q:
Discuss the difference between social differentiation and social stratification, including the hierarchies of stratification that determine place for indvidiuals, families, and groups within their society.
Q:
Conflict theory fails to address which important question?
a. Does social stratification result in an unequal distribution of rewards?
b. Does social stratification result in discord and coercion?
c. Is social stratification a source of societal friction?
d. Is social stratification universal and necessary?
Q:
_____ argued that the dominant ideology in any society is always the ideology of the ruling class.
a. Karl Marx the idea that the social system is flawed.
b. Edward Banfield the emphasis on changing the correctional system.
c. Michael Harrington a focus on labeling theory.
d. Judith Chafel social myths about the degree of control we have over our fate.
Q:
The _____ perspective assumes that stratification reflects the distribution of power in society and is therefore a major source of discord and coercion.
a. economic criticizing the penal system.
b. utility identifying limited employment opportunities.
c. conflict condemning the school system in the slums.
d. order pointing out the flaws in the person.
Q:
Adherents of the _____ model of society believe that inequality is unavoidable and therefore must serve a useful function in society.
a. economic
b. utility
c. conflict
d. order
Q:
Which movement used the slogan "We are the 99 percent"?
a. Civil Rights Movement
b. Labor Movement
c. Occupy Wall Street
d. Suffragist Movement
Q:
The chapter asserts that the primacy of profits in capitalism means that employers make investment decisions without regard for their employees. Which of the following does NOT represent that situation?a. Employers purchase machines to replace workers on an assembly line.b. Employers require workers to participate in on-the-job training.c. Owners close a factory in the United States and move their operations overseas to a low-wage country.d. Employers eliminate traditional pension plans in favor of employee-funded 401K retirement plans.
Q:
Why is it advantageous to employers to have a large number of marginal people (uneducated and/or undocumented) in the work force?
a. Because desperate people will work for very low wages, thus depressing wages for all workers
b. To have someone to blame for industrial accidents
c. To have someone to blame for unionization efforts, thus depressing interest in unions among more educated workers
d. Because employers want the opportunity to improve society by raising people out of poverty
Q:
Because capitalism stresses the primacy of maximizing profits, it is in the interest of employers to
a. provide high-quality health care benefits.
b. provide stock options for employees.
c. hire the most qualified workers.
d. keep wages low.
Q:
In 2012 _____ people worked full-time in the United States but remained under the poverty level.
a. at least 5.2 million
b. up to1.6 million
c. more than 2.8 million
d. almost half a million
Q:
The basic tenet of _____ is that who gets what is determined by private profit rather than by collective need.
a. socialism
b. capitalism
c. collectivism
d. sociology
Q:
One consequence of the traditional organization of schools and jobs in the United States is that _____ are deprived of equal opportunities for education, jobs, and income.
a. racial minorities
b. white men who were formerly privileged
c. white men, despite their privilege,
d. scholarship students
Q:
Women typically receive lower pay and fewer opportunities for advancement when working in the same kind of jobs as men. Another economic problem for women in the workplace is that they are likely to
a. have less education than men in comparable jobs.
b. have no way to defend themselves against sexual harassment.
c. work at less prestigious jobs than do men.
d. be accused of sexual harassment.
Q:
Martin has a minimum-wage job with no health benefits. He does not make enough money to pay for preventive medical care or a healthy diet. When he misses work due to illness, his boss fires him. This is an example of
a. the culture of poverty.
b. a vicious cycle of poverty.
c. corporate crime.
d. what is wrong with Obamacare.
Q:
Most good jobs require _____, which can be difficult for the poor to obtain.
a. a college degree
b. a culture of poverty
c. a high level of intelligence
d. industriousness and hard work
Q:
_____ is when the customary ways of doing things, prevailing attitudes and expectations, and accepted structural arrangements work to the disadvantage of the poor.
a. Systemic bias
b. Culture of poverty
c. Compassion gap
d. Institutional discrimination
Q:
Whose book The Other America: Poverty in the United States was instrumental in sparking the federal government's war on poverty?
a. Herbert Spencer treating
b. Edward Banfield punishing
c. Michael Harrington segregating
d. Judith Chafel labeling
Q:
Americans tend to blame poverty on the poor themselves, yet also think the
a. government spends too much on the poor.
b. government spends too little on the poor.
c. poor work too many jobs.
d. poor have no control over their situation.
Q:
Lieutenant Governor Andre Bauer, who was running for governor of South Carolina in 2010, compared government assistance to feeding stray animals, saying "They will reproduce." This is an example of the _____ gap.
a. compassion
b. logic
c. intervention
d. ethnic
Q:
The chapter suggests that the 2007"2009 recession may have what effect on people's attitudes toward poverty?a. As more and more people find themselves vulnerable in a struggling economy, individuals may be less likely to blame the poor.b. As more and more people find themselves vulnerable in a struggling economy, individuals may turn to culture of poverty theories to explain their own situations.c. Culture of poverty theories will be seen to be accurate despite previous opposition from sociologists and anthropologists.d. Culture of poverty theories will be the only possible basis for an economic recovery.
Q:
Critics of the culture of poverty hypothesis argue that the poor
a. retain the dominant values of society and that is why they can climb out of poverty.
b. do not retain the dominant values of society, instead they hold an alternative set of values.
c. do not retain the dominant values of society, instead they have a better set of values.
d. retain the dominant values of society while simultaneously holding an alternative set of values.
Q:
Judith Chafel reviewed studies about the beliefs of Americans regarding poverty and discovered that most Americans believe that poverty is
a. inevitable, unnecessary, and unjust.
b. a result of societal bias and lack of opportunities.
c. inevitable, necessary, and just.
d. avoidable through social change.
Q:
Which of the following was the advisor to Republican presidents who argued that poor people are focused on the present and do not think about the future?
a. Herbert Spencer conflict perspective
b. Edward Banfield order perspective
c. Richard Herrnstein labeling perspective
d. Charles Murray differential perspective
Q:
The _____ hypothesis maintains that the poor remain poor because of their values.
a. culture of poverty
b. value of poverty
c. poverty of values
d. poverty and culture
Q:
Where was the study held in which high-risk African American children were divided into two groups, with one group receiving a high-quality active learning program and the other receiving no preschool education?
a. Tuskegee, Alabama
b. University of North Carolina
c. Abecedarian, New Mexico
d. Ypsilanti, Michigan
Q:
The Abecedarian Project conducted at the University of North Carolina demonstrated that high-risk children at a high-quality preschool
a. had raised scores on intelligence tests but that gain faded out by sixth grade.
b. had slightly fewer arrests and higher incidents of home ownership than the controls.
c. earned significantly higher scores on intellectual and academic measures as young adults.
d. showed no difference in short- or long-term achievement than students in a control group.
Q:
Social Darwinist theories like those of Jensen, Herrnstein, and Murray seem to provide a scientific justification for racist beliefs by
a. attempting to invalidate the IQ test because it obviously discriminates against the poor.
b. validating the IQ test as a legitimate measure of intelligence.
c. giving credence or prominance to scientific inquiry.
d. rendering the cognitive elite useless and doomed to failure.
Q:
_____ status refers to the status of an individual that is assigned without reference to abilities or efforts but rather on the basis of age, sex, race, ethnicity, and family background.
a. Ascribed
b. Justified
c. Assumed
d. Earned
Q:
Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein published The Bell Curve in 1994, which received a lot of attention for its contention that economic and social hierarchies reflect a single dimension, that of
a. physical fitness, as measured by the President's Fitness Test.
b. income and social status, as measured informally by such factors as country club membership.
c. intellectual ability, as measured by number of academic degrees.
d. cognitive ability as meansured by IQ tests.
Q:
Which theorist posited the formation of hereditary castes based on intelligence?
a. Herbert Spencer Conflict theory
b. Arthur Jensen Labeling theory
c. Richard Herrnstein Order theory
d. Charles Murray Social Darwinism
Q:
Which of the following was the University of California educational psychologist who claimed in 1969 that differences in IQ scores between Blacks and Whites are most likely genetic?
a. Herbert Spencer
b. Arthur Jensen
c. Richard Herrnstein
d. Charles Murray
Q:
The term meritocracy means those who_____ rise to the top of society.
a. receive the most votes in a democratic election
b. have the most ability, talent, and effort
c. have been able to acquire the greatest wealth
d. make the best moral and ethical decisions
Q:
Social Darwinism continues to surface under different names, but the basic point of these theories is the same, that
a. the poor are poor because they are genetically inferior.
b. the poor are poor because they are culturally inferior.
c. when poor people rise from poverty, their genes improve to the same degree.
d. when middle-class or wealthy people lose their wealth, it is because they are genetically inferior.
Q:
Which of the following was the 19th century British philosopher and sociologist who came to the United States to promote the concept of social Darwinism?
a. Arthur Jensen
b. Charles Darwin
c. John Locke
d. Herbert Spencer
Q:
Patricia Hill Collins called the intersection of the heirarchical systems of inequality the
a. heirarchy of subordination.
b. hierarchical matrix.
c. matrix of domination.
d. matrix of subjegation.
Q:
When Max tells his friends that only straight people are normal and all other orientations are deviants, his opinion is based on the concept of
a. repressed homosexuality.
b. heteronormativity.
c. sex-gender systemization.
d. homosapiens.
Q:
Many feminists believe the United States is a(n) _____, meaning the nation is socially organized in a way that means men are dominant over women.
a. patriarchy
b. matriarchy
c. oligarchy
d. meritocracy
Q:
What is the difference between sex roles and gender roles?
a. Gender roles apply to women and sex roles apply to men.
b. Gender roles and sex roles are different terms for the same general concept.
c. Gender roles are biologically determined and sex roles are socially determined.
d. Sex roles are biologically determined and gender roles are socially determined.
Q:
When Gina wears high heels and puts on make up, she is exhibiting behavior associated with her _____, meaning socially constructed behavior.
a. sex role
b. gender role
c. sex-gender system
d. biological imperative
Q:
The _____ system combines biologically based sex roles with socially created gender roles.
a. sex roles placement
b. gender identity
c. gender placement
d. sex-gender
Q:
Which of the following are the largest racial minority groups in the United States?
a. African Americans, Native Americans, and Latinos
b. Asian Americans, Middle Eastern Americans, Native Americans
c. African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans
d. Latinos, Chinese Americans, White Russians
Q:
The term _____ refers to the condition of being culturally rather than physically distinctive.
a. race Labeling
b. ethnicity Conflict
c. caste Cultural transmission
d. class Cultural deprivation
Q:
_____ is socially defined on the basis of a presumed common genetic heritage resulting in distinguishing physical characteristics.
a. Race
b. Ethnicity
c. Caste
d. Class
Q:
Racial and ethnic _____ is a term that refers to systems of inequality in which some fixed group membership, such as race, religion, or national origin, is a major criterion for ranking social positions and their differential rewards.
a. prejudice
b. socialization
c. determinism
d. stratification
Q:
In American society, people are socially located in a class position on the basis of
a. the family into which they are born.
b. grades in high school and college.
c. income, occupation, and education.
d. innate physical superiority.
Q:
Which term refers to people who occupy the same relative economic rank in a society's stratification system?
a. Social caste
b. Social class
c. Hierarchy
d. Life chance
Q:
The caste system refers to the system in India
a. that determines a person's social position for life based on their birth into a particular family.
b. by which people are approved for medical care for broken bones.
c. for choosing people to appear in Bollywood movies.
d. that promotes upward social mobility through education and hard work.
Q:
Which of the following is a cause of poverty at the nation level?
a. The poorest nations tend to be found in warm climates, where people move more slowly and are less able to accomplish things that lead to wealth.
b. People in poorer nations are more concerned with spirituality than with material goods.
c. The poorest nations were once colonies of the richer nations, and this legacy of exploitation has left them behind in terms of leadership and economy.
d. People in richer nations are more deserving because they work both harder and smarter.
Q:
Which term refers to the different opportunities someone has throughout life to experience the things that make life enjoyable?
a. Hierarchy
b. Class system
c. Social stratification
d. Life chances
Q:
What is the difference between social stratification and social differentiation?
a. Social differentiation involves grouping people by hierarchical rank.
b. Social stratification involves grouping people by hierarchical rank.
c. Social stratification involves categorizing people by attributes such as age or what they do for a living.
d. Social differentiation involves categorizing people as superior or inferior.
Q:
All known societies have some system of _____, dividing groups according to rank, caste, or class.
a. social stratification
b. segregation
c. social organization
d. stratified organization
Q:
One psychological theory is that deviants tend to be _____, who are asocial, aggressive, and impulsive.
a. depressives
b. chromosomally abnormal
c. psychopaths
d. traumatized
Q:
_____ theories consider the source of deviance to be conditions of the individual's mind or personality.
a. Sociological
b. Psychological
c. Biological
d. Physiological
Q:
Caesare Lombroso's biological theory that criminals _____ has been substantially discredited.
a. can be identified by distinctive bumps on their skulls
b. represent a throwback to an earlier stage of human development
c. have larger brains and therefore larger skills
d. are generally males with XYY syndrome
Q:
One classical biological explanation of deviance called _____ focused on the determination of character by facial features.
a. physiognomy
b. phrenology
c. somatolog
d. sociology
Q:
According to a 2010 taxpayer attitude survey, _____ of people believe that it is acceptable to cheat on income taxes.
a. 72%
b. 37%
c. 12%
d. 1%
Q:
According to Durkheim, the true function of punishment is to
a. prevent future crimes.
b. reassert the importance of the rule being violated.
c. satisfy the need for revenge.
d. make an example of the criminal.
Q:
The chapter notes that "Web sites are increasingly naming names, or at least posting descriptions, pictures, and license plate numbers, of people supposedly caught in the act of violating social norms." These types of Web sites are also known asa. shame sites.b. Internet norms.c. deviance sites.d. the public temper.
Q:
Which of the following scenarios from the chapter illustrates the point that violators of important social norms are often stigmatized?a. The major religious bodies in the United States have taken a strong position against homosexuality and their opposition has influenced the laws and community norms.b. If most people believe that Iraqis are the enemy, then bombing their villages is appropriate and refusing to do so is deviant.c. Murder is a deviant act, but the killing of an enemy during wartime is rewarded with praise and medals.d. Because states make sex offender registries public, anyone can look online and find names, addresses, and pictures of the sex offenders in his or her state or neighborhood.
Q:
Crime, according to Durkheim's point of view, is a _____ function for society, because it serves to reaffirm the legitimacy of the society and creates the boundaries for what is acceptable behavior.
a. destabilizing
b. positive
c. validating
d. detrimental