Q&A Hero

Q: Government ideological control is demonstrated by the _____ efforts of different government agencies. a. health and safety b. education funding c. social security d. public relations

Q: According to the chapter, one way that government exerts ideological social control is by promoting the idea that _____ is good and _____ is bad.a. family It results in an ideological monopoly, with various news sources offering little variety in perspective.b. market There is a greater emphasis on news, rather than on entertainment.c. government Cost containment takes priority over information gathering.d. school There is a shift in focus from local issues toward the types of issues expected to appeal to the greatest audience nationwide.

Q: According to Harvey Cox, in the United States the _____ is believed to have the same characteristics as God: omnipresent, omniscient, and omnipotent. a. family b. market c. government d. school

Q: According to the chapter, one way that government exerts ideological social control is by promoting the idea that _____ is good and _____ is bad.a. capitalism; socialismb. socialism; capitalismc. communism; democracyd. democracy; republicanism

Q: Attorney and journalist Dave Saldana warned that a. social control of members within the Amish sect is accomplished through informal mechanisms (such as gossip) and more formal techniques when offenses are deemed serious. b. people are taught what is proper, moral, and appropriate, a process that is generally so powerful that individuals conform, not out of fear of punishment, but because they want to. c. until the 1980s, one company could legally own no more than seven AM and seven FM radio stations, but today, Clear Channel Communications owns 1,200 radio stations. d. when one company, motivated solely by profit, can choose what news to cover and how to cover it, you may not be getting the full story.

Q: Because media conglomerates are profit-seeking enterprises, they tend to emphasize a. a liberal agenda in the news. b. infotainment over entertainment. c. entertainment over news. d. national politics over state-wide or local politics.

Q: In 1983 the mainstream media was controlled by 50 companies. Today, how many corporations control 90% of what Americans read, watch, or listen to? a. 6 b. 14 c. 30 d. 60

Q: Movies, television, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet all fall under the umbrella term a. the media. b. cultural biproducts. c. societal motivators. d. infotainment.

Q: _____ is a vehicle by which the values of success in competition, hard work, perseverance, discipline, and order are transmitted, as demonstrated by the existence of Little League and similar programs. a. Children's programming b. Indoctrination programs c. School d. Sport

Q: The idea that professional sports are a way for people from the lowest classes to achieve upward mobility is clearly _____, according to the chapter.a. a social goodb. a vehicle of patriotismc. a mythd. important for keeping kids in school

Q: Regarding sports, the author makes the case that because most American homes have television sets, it is possible for everyone to _____, thus maintaining the status quo. a. participate on sports teams at their own level b. participate vicariously in sports and associated nationalism c. receive the societal message of the importance of physical fitness d. choose to watch or not watch sporting events

Q: According to the chapter, sports fans watching the Olympic Games unite behind their flag and their athletes becausea. the Olympics can be seen as a stylized world war in which nations win or lose.b. the Olympics have replaced war as a place for nations to conquer territory.c. people of all nations enjoy sports at every level.d. sports are the only way to indoctrinate citizens with national pride.

Q: Marx called religion "the opiate of the masses" because a. opium was served during Mass in the Russian Orthodox Church. b. people feel better after attending religious services and, therefore, have the strength to combat injustice. c. he was both highly religious and an opium addict. d. he said it persuades people to accept an unjust system rather than work to change it.

Q: Throughout U.S. history, there has been a strong tendency for _____ to accept existing government policies, whether slavery, war, or the conquest of Native Americans. a. trade unions b. religious groups c. new immigrants d. deviants

Q: According to the chapter, the Amish believe their practice of the Meidung is the best way to get an individual to see the error of his or her ways. This practice is also known asa. confession.b. baptism.c. shunning.d. scolding

Q: According to David Sadler, despite improvement over the last 40 years, bias can still be found in a. sports rules. b. textbooks. c. families. d. history.

Q: According to the chapter, schools indoctinate students in behavioral standards abouta. speech, dress, and demeanor.b. attitudes, values, and behavior.c. punishing obediance and obeying the status quo.d. promoting an us-versus-them attitude.

Q: Billy's parents are traditional and strict, while Tyler's parents are quite permissive. Which parents will be more successful in transmitting societal expectations of behavior? a. Billy's parents b. Tyler's parents c. Neither. Moderate parents would be most successful. d. All parents transmit societal expectations of behavior.

Q: According to the chapter, what makes ideological social control more effective than more overt measures?a. Effective rules and laws ensure the individual's desire to conform.b. Individuals are pursuaded through logic and reason that their society's way is the only way.c. Individuals are not forced to conform; they want to conform.d. Individuals are forced to conform; they do not want to conform.

Q: Which of the following is the correct definition of ideological social control? a. The attempt to manipulate the consciousness of citizens so that they accept the ruling ideology and refuse to be moved by competing ideologies b. The attempt to punish or neutralize (render powerless) organizations or individuals who deviate from society's norms c. The attempt to punish or neutralize (render powerless) organizations or individuals who conform to society's norms d. The attempt to manipulate the consciousness of citizens so that they refuse to be moved by the ruling ideology or competing ideologies

Q: To influence members of a society that deviate from its norms, social groups exert two types of social control called a. ideological and philosophical. b. ideological and direct. c. direct intervention and direct control. d. direct and philosophical.

Q: In the Dani tribe of New Guinea, newly married couplesa. live apart until they both reach puberty.b. are expected to have sexual intercourse prior to the wedding ceremony to ensure conception.c. delay conceiving a child for the first five years of marriage.d. delay sexual intercourse for the first two years of marriage.

Q: Discuss research experiments on how group membership affects an individual's perceptions.

Q: Discuss primary and secondary groups. What distinguishes each type of group and what role does each group play in socialization?

Q: Discuss the four major agents of socialization.

Q: Discuss George Mead's concept of the stages children pass through to learn about society and society's expectations.

Q: Discuss how being raised in extreme isolation affects the socialization of children commonly thought of as "feral."

Q: Which type of theorist believes that the socialization process has the negative effect of leading people to accept the ways of their society uncritically, even though they may be unjust? a. Primary group theorists b. Secondary group theorists c. Order theorists d. Conflict theorists

Q: Membership in a group can alter members' behavior, even those that _____, such as eating and sleeping.a. are matters of opinionb. are biologically determinedc. involve basic human drivesd. involve the approval of the secondary group

Q: Which of the following is NOT an example given in the chapter demonstrating that membership in a group can have negative effects on health and safety? a. Beggar children in India who are intentionally deformed to increase their earning potential b. Children in the United States who are required to have immunizations in order to attend public school c. Children of a religious sect in Colorado who are not given medical treatment d. Appalachian religious groups who routinely handle poisonous snakes

Q: The chapter includes information about children in India from the lowest caste being deformed by their relatives to ensure their success as beggars. This story illustrates the fact that a. membership in a group can affect health and life. b. beggars are the lowest caste in India for good reason. c. membership in a low-status group is less hazardous than membership in a high-status group. d. the caste system in India is the same as social classes in the United States.

Q: Who studied the effects of groupthink on a cult who believed a great flood would wash away the West Coast in 1956? a. Solomon Asch unfair competition b. Albert Bandura a caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) philosophy c. Muzafer Sherif cultural paradox d. Leon Festinger the ecology crises

Q: Who conducted a series of experiments on conformity through the use of the autokinetic effect? a. Solomon Asch b. Albert Bandura c. Muzafer Sherif d. Leon Festinger

Q: Which term refers to a psychological phenomenon in which people will set aside their own personal beliefs and adopt the opinion of the rest of the group? a. Socialization b. Groupthink c. Internalization d. Generalized other

Q: What was the difference between the participants in the Asch line-size experiment and the Sherif light-movement experiment? a. In the Sherif experiment, all participants were nave subjects. b. In the Asch experiment, all participants were nave subjects. c. In the Sherif experiment, some participants were actually accomplices. d. In the Asch experiment, none of the participants were actually accomplices.

Q: In Solomon Asch's experiment involving the identification of the longest lines on cards, what percentage of subjects gave in to group pressure to give the wrong answer? a. 13% b. 28% c. 53% d. 74%

Q: In which type of group is the individual member relatively unimportant? a. Family group b. Primary group c. Secondary group d. Group of close friends

Q: Compared to primary groups, secondary groups are a. smaller and more personal. b. larger and more impersonal. c. more informal and long-lasting. d. more influential in terms of socialization.

Q: Which of the following would be an example of a primary group? a. Nuclear family b. Scout troop c. Large university class d. Group of commuters on the highway

Q: Which of the following is characteristic of primary groups? a. They are large and impersonal. b. They are formally organized. c. They are task-oriented. d. They are informal and long-lasting.

Q: In 2011 the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry predicted that which one of the following would be a negative effect of media exposure on children and teenagers? a. They may learn to reject violence as a way to solve problems. b. They may become increasingly passive and pacifist in response to watching violent television. c. They may become immune or numb to the horror of violence. d. They may fail to identify with victims or victimizers.

Q: In their 1998"2002 analysis of television content, the Parents Television Council noted that television violence increased by what percentage during in the 9:00 p.m. programming hour? a. 15.6% b. 90.2% c. 134.4% d. 243.5%

Q: According to Dubow et al., "what children observe through _____ window on the world alters their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors." a. the mass media's b. their family's c. the school's d. their peers'

Q: Research has shown that children who veer away from the culturally prescribed expectations of gender roles find that their peers act as a. buffers between those children and their families. b. a source of encouragement to explore concepts of gender. c. resources to demonstrate the right way for each gender to behave. d. "gender police" to reel them back in.

Q: While the family may be the most important agent of socialization, a child's _____ become increasingly important as a transmitter of social norms and values. a. own opinions b. religious ideas c. peers d. extracurricular activities

Q: When Douglas started first grade, he did not like school as much as preschool because he was expected to do the same thing at the same time as the other children. But soon, he was raising his hand and waiting for his turn to talk, just like everyone else. This is because school is a place where students learn to function in the larger society by learning a. individuality is only for very young children and that maturity equals conformity. b. the formal prescriptions of society and that to get along one must go along. c. good people are always cooperative and do as they are told. d. failing to comply with school rules will result in a note in their permanent records that will follow them for the rest of their lives.

Q: Whereas the formal curriculum in schools teaches subjects such as math and English, the _____ teaches students the society's expectations regarding behavior. a. hidden curriculum b. Core Curriculum c. faculty d. coaching staff

Q: In contrast to families, schools tend to provide a more _____ indoctrination of youth in culturally prescribed ways. a. ethnocentric b. diverse c. humanitarian d. uniform

Q: Sherry Turkle is a critic of helicopter parenting, particularly the use of _____ that help parents track their child's location. a. computer chip implants b. neighborhood watch networks c. cell phones and GPS devices d. seat belts and bike helmets

Q: An overprotective parent who hovers over his or her child at every stage of development is often called a(n) _____ parent. a. active b. helicopter c. trainwreck d. super

Q: Why is internalization an important step in the maturation process? a. Because children will then act according to parental expectations, even when no one is watching. b. Because children will know how to act when their parents are nearby c. Because children will be free to make their own decisions d. Because internalization must precede socialization

Q: Which of the following is the primary agent of socialization for an individual? a. Media b. Peers c. School d. Family

Q: _____ is the term for the way in which society's expectations and rules become part of an individual's personality. a. Individuation b. Normalization c. Internalization d. Socialization

Q: a. Family b. Religion c. School d. Peers

Q: Which term did Freud use to describe the primitive biological force that is expressed in a child's earliest years, with all energies directed toward pleasure? a. Infantalism b. Superego c. Ego d. Id

Q: Freud's term for the rational part of the personality that controls basic urges and finds realistic ways of satisfying biological cravings is a. id. b. ego. c. superego. d. morals.

Q: Which of the following represents the psychoanalytic view of socialization? a. Sigmund Freud Folkways b. Charles H. Cooley Values c. Albert Bandura Mores d. George Herbert Mead Taboos

Q: Which statement most accurately sums up Cooley's idea of the looking-glass self? a. I am what I think I am. b. I am what you think I am. c. I am what I am. d. I am what I think you think I am.

Q: At approximately what age do children enter the "play stage," according to Mead, in which they pretend to be people in different roles, such as mothers, teachers, doctors, or police officers? a. Ages 1"4 b. Ages 4"7 c. Ages 7"10 d. Ages 10"12

Q: When advertisers emphasize the positive outcomes of using particular products, their methods are in line with which theorist's ideas? a. Mead b. Bandura c. Freud d. Cooley

Q: Kylie is a three-year-old girl. When she tries to play with a truck, her mother takes it away and hands her a doll. According to social theorist Albert Bandura, which scenario is most likely to result? a. Kylie will grow up to be transgendered. b. Kylie will adopt the belief that dolls are for girls and trucks are for boys. c. Kylie will enter the play stage, meaning she will play with whatever she wants. d. Kylie will become depressed and stop playing, resulting in brain atrophy.

Q: Which social theorist noted that children will adopt behaviors that result in outcomes they value? a. Sigmund Freud Material technology b. Charles H. Cooley Shared knowledge c. Albert Bandura Social technology d. George Herbert Mead Material progress

Q: Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to mean the pressures and expectations of parents, friends, and society? a. Generalized other b. Internalization c. Socialization d. Secondary group

Q: Which theorist noted that during the imitation stage, infants learn to distinguish between themselves and others from the actions of their parents? a. Sigmund Freud cultural diffusion. b. Charles H. Cooley liberation. c. Albert Bandura ethnocentrism. d. George Herbert Mead benevolence.

Q: The theory that a child's conception of herself is defined at least in part through the way in which other people react to her is known as the a. reflective self concept. b. superego. c. looking-glass self. d. self-perception reversal.

Q: Which theorist advanced the theory of the "looking glass self"? a. Sigmund Freud b. Charles H. Cooley c. Albert Bandura d. George Herbert Mead

Q: According to Nilsen, the military found it necessary to _____ in order to preserve new recruits' sense of masculinity. a. change the names of jobs considered to be "women's work" b. assign "men's work" only to male recruits and "women's work" to female recruits c. increase practice with automatic weapons d. exempt men from serving in the same branches of the military as women

Q: _____ has profound effects on how a society's members perceive the world and discover the meaning of symbols not only for words but also for objects such as the the flag and traffic lights. a. Socialization b. Symbol-making c. Symbology d. Language

Q: Modern science has determined that children raised in extreme neglect have significant deficits in ordinary human behavior as well as brains that are a. normal but incapable of catching up to their age peers. b. normal and capable of catching up to their age peers. c. smaller than normal with signs of atrophy. d. larger than normal with additional development in the instinctive centers.

Q: Stories abound of children who were raised by animals, but these accounts should be a. understood in the context of history. b. treated with skepticism. c. considered isolated incidents with no bearing on socialization. d. a touchstone in the study of socialization and humanity.

Q: Which term is used to describe children who have allegedly been raised by animals or in severe isolation? a. Feral b. Natural c. Uncivilized d. Undocumented

Q: While children are born with human genes, they require _____ to become fully human. a. innate traits b. evolution c. self-awareness d. social contact

Q: Over time, infants develop a sense of _____ and learn to distinguish between "I" and "you." a. proportion b. mastery c. self-awareness d. smell

Q: Sociologists note that individuals develop a sense of _____ (i.e., personality) through interaction with other people. a. character b. self c. disposition d. nature

Q: According to zoologist and science writer Matt Ridley, which of the following represents the relationship of nature to nurture? a. Genes switch on and off in response to the environment. b. Genes are primarily responsible for human behavior. c. Environment is solely responsible for human behavior. d. Environmental influences must adapt around genetic heritage.

Q: _____ is the process of learning cultural values, norms, and expectations. a. Belief systems b. Culturization c. Aculturalization d. Socialization

Q: Discuss the concept of subculture. What is a subculture and how does it differ from a counterculture?Give examples.

Q: Discuss ways that sociologists can determine the values of a society.

Q: Discuss the idea of societal norms. Is there a difference between one kind of norm and another? Is breaching one kind of norm more serious than breaching another?

Q: Discuss whether culture encourages or discourages acceptance of others. Give examples of ethnocentrism.