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Sociology
Q:
The role of the shaman is generally associated with which type of the following societies?
a. industrialized
b. seminomadic
c. technological
d. Western
e. Eastern
Q:
Which of the following religious practitioners obtain their powers through special training or experience, passing through a journey or test of spirit such as illness, isolation, physical pain, or an emotional ordeal?
a. rabbis
b. priests
c. medicine men
d. pastors
e. shamans
Q:
Which of the following religious specialists are considered part-time religious practitioners with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings?
a. medicine men
b. rabbis
c. pastors
d. shamans
e. priests
Q:
For ________, the key to the development of Western capitalism were ascetic values of self-denial and self-discipline.
a. Max Weber
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Karl Marx
d. Clifford Geertz
e. E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Q:
According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline that provided the ethic necessary for capitalism to flourish are encapsulated in the ________ ethic.
a. capitalist
b. modern
c. Protestant
d. labor
e. Christian
Q:
Which of the following was a German sociologist, philosopher, and economist who believed that ideas rather than economics can be equally powerful in shaping society?
a. Marvin Harris
b. Max Weber
c. Karl Marx
d. Victor Turner
e. Emile Durkheim
Q:
Which of the following theories contends that religious practices have likely developed in response to very practical problems as people sought to adapt to the natural environment?
a. Marvin Harris
b. Karl Marx
c. Max Weber
d. Emile Durkheim
e. Victor Turner
Q:
Which of the following anthropologists developed the theory of cultural materialism, which argued that material conditions determine patterns of social organization?
a. Marvin Harris
b. Karl Marx
c. Max Weber
d. Emile Durkheim
e. Victor Turner
Q:
Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?
a. communitas
b. rites
c. rituals
d. pilgrimages
e. religion
Q:
German political philosopher Karl Marx called which of the following "the opiate of the masses"?
a. rituals
b. pilgrimage
c. religion
d. rites
e. communitas
Q:
Which of the following is a unique form of religious ritual in which adherents travel to sacred places as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment?
a. sainthood
b. pilgrimage
c. communitas
d. ritual
e. conversion
Q:
Which of the following is defined by Victor Turner as a sense of camaraderie that shares a common vision of what constitutes a good life and a commitment to work toward that aim?
a. paucity
b. liminality
c. hegemony
d. anomie
e. communitas
Q:
Victor Turner's final stage of rites of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community is termed:
a. retrospective.
b. reaction.
c. reincorporation.
d. relegitimization.
e. reentry.
Q:
Which of the following is the first stage of rites of passage that involves the physical, psychological, or symbolic removal from the daily activities of the group, according to Victor Turner?
a. individuation
b. separation
c. alienation
d. anomie
e. liminality
Q:
According to anthropologist Victor Turner, the second state of rites of passage that involves a period of outsiderhood during which the individual is set apart from normal society and exists on the margins of everyday life is termed:
a. liminality.
b. paucity.
c. communitas.
d. anomie.
e. hegemony.
Q:
Which of the following rites enacts a change of status from one life state to another, either for an individual or for a group?
a. rites of entry
b. rites of engagement
c. rites of passion
d. rites of enculturation
e. rites of passage
Q:
Which of the following embody the beliefs, passions, and sense of solidarity of a group of people?
a. saints
b. scriptures
c. roles
d. martyrs
e. rituals
Q:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that which of the following was key to allowing a society to regenerate its sense of social solidarity?
a. ritual
b. sacrifice
c. holiness
d. sainthood
e. worship
Q:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim defined which of the following as an alienation that individuals experience when faced with physical dislocation and the disruption of their social networks and group values?
a. habitus
b. communitas
c. anomie
d. hegemony
e. sacredness
Q:
French sociologist ________ viewed religion as ultimately something practiced with others and thus a social practice rather than a private or individual one.
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Max Weber
c. Karl Marx
d. Clifford Geertz
e. E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Q:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion?
a. holy and sinful
b. sacred and holy
c. uncleansed and profane
d. clean and dirty
e. sacred and profane
Q:
Which of the following is among the nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophers who deeply influenced anthropological theories of religion?
a. Ruth Benedict
b. Alfred Kroeber
c. Margaret Mead
d. Franz Boas
e. Max Weber
Q:
World religions are often quite flexible and innovative at the ________level.
a. local
b. national
c. global
d. individual
e. institutional
Q:
Which of the following is an individual considered exceptionally close to God, who is then exalted after death?
a. priest
b. nun
c. saint
d. martyr
e. pastor
Q:
Which of the following is a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion?
a. saint
b. martyr
c. priest
d. nun
e. pastor
Q:
Anthropological research illustrates that people make a religious tradition come alive in their own context through local expressions and which of the following?
a. creative adaptations
b. strict adherence to scripture
c. universal beliefs
d. standardized rituals
e. traditional customs
Q:
Attention to local religious expressions complicates anthropologists' efforts to create a universal definition of which of the following?
a. spirituality
b. ideology
c. practice
d. scripture
e. religion
Q:
Which of the following is a central task of anthropologists when studying religion among groups of people?
a. to substantiate truths of the religion
b. to prove falsity of the religion
c. to rank order world religions
d. to understand the sense of moral order in religion
e. to push for a single religious order in the world
Q:
Anthropologists are primarily interested in:
a. analyzing religion's ultimate truth or falsity.
b. capturing religious expression and making it come alive for others.
c. validating their own religious beliefs.
d. spreading atheism.
e. creating a record of exotic, shamanic traditions.
Q:
Which of the following is defined as a set of beliefs based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often revealed through insights into a supernatural power, and lived out in a community?
a. ideology
b. economy
c. religion
d. politics
e. communitas
Q:
Which of the following statements is true?
a. People make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives on the basis of their religious beliefs.
b. In a globalized world, religion has very little to do with humans lives.
c. Anthropology's primary interest in religion is to discover its truth or falsity.
d. Religion is not lived out in a community, but rather in isolation.
e. Religious expression in a culture is universal, without local variations.
Q:
Anthropologists typically examine which of the following in order to understand religion's meaning and significance in the life of a community of people?
a. theology
b. language origins
c. political practices
d. economic systems
e. eating habits
Q:
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Religion has been a central interest of anthropologists only recently in the history of the discipline.
b. Religion has been a central interest of anthropologists since the beginning of the history of the discipline.
c. Anthropologists reject the ideas of other disciplines regarding religion.
d. Religion is interesting to anthropologists because it is so rare in human culture.
e. Anthropologists are not interested in religion at all.
Q:
Discuss the framing process and how it works. Provide an example to support your explanation.
Q:
Civil society organizations have become important actors on the world stage. Discuss what they are, where they came from, how they work, and provide examples to illustrate your points.
Q:
Describe the concept of agency and how it works, and give an example from the class.
Q:
In a brief essay, describe three elements of a social movement. Provide examples to illustrate your description.
Q:
In a brief essay, describe three ways power is wielded outside the control of the state.
Q:
Describe what it means to say that the state, soldiers, and warfare are all constructed.
Q:
Describe militarization and its effects on a society. How does it relate to the construction of war and soldiers?
Q:
Describe the concept of hegemony, what does it does, and how it works. Provide an example.
Q:
In a brief essay, compare and contrast the concept of power, in general, with state power, and give an example of each.
Q:
Modern states play a central role in shaping what happens in every part of the world today. Discuss the aspects of the state that make it the dominant form of political organization in the world today.
Q:
Compare and contrast the concepts of the band, the tribe, and the chiefdom. What are the advantages of each?
Q:
The debate continues over whether human beings are naturally peaceful or violent. Discuss the possible foundations of human violence and the evidence presented, and evaluate the author's conclusion.
Q:
Foraging bands and egalitarianism has been the standard of social interaction for most of human history; however, many societies are highly hierarchical today. Discuss the role egalitarianism has played in human life and, quite possibly, human evolution.
Q:
In Egypt, people view the decisions of the official Egyptian Personal Status courts with great suspicion, and they often turn to the traditional Al Azhar Fatwa Council for guidance on important matters of daily life, even though their decisions are not legally binding. The Fatwa Council is an example of a(n):
a. religious institution.
b. independent court.
c. customary law structure.
d. common law organization.
e. alternative legal structure.
Q:
Some societies use religious or other traditional institutions, such as the Fatwa council in Egypt, to deal with internal problems and avoid the interference and control of the state legal system. These are referred to as:
a. alternative legal structures.
b. common law structures.
c. customary laws.
d. independent courts systems.
e. religious institutions.
Q:
To resist the power of state institutions, some societies make use of different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. These are known as:
a. alternative legal structures.
b. religious institutions.
c. customary laws.
d. independent courts systems.
e. common law structures.
Q:
The Maasai people created their own nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in an effort to represent them at negotiations and assert their political rights to resources and recognition with the Tanzanian government, which had largely ignored them. These are examples of a(n):
a. local service agency.
b. international aid society.
c. indigenous charity.
d. civil society organization.
e. advocating agency.
Q:
An organization that advocates for members of local communities and against uneven development and fights unfair state policies is referred to as a(n):
a. advocating agency.
b. civil society organization.
c. international aid society.
d. local support agency.
e. nonaligned charity.
Q:
A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities, is known as a(n):
a. civil society organization.
b. international aid society.
c. international corporation.
d. local support agency.
e. nonaligned charity.
Q:
The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent," and combining physical and virtual elements of their protest. This is an example of:
a. cause clbre.
b. reasoning.
c. social rationale.
d. justification.
e. the framing process.
Q:
Social movements build support and justify collective action through the creation of common understandings of their cause, and this is called the:
a. vindication.
b. social rationale.
c. reasoning.
d. framing process.
e. cause clbre.
Q:
The creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements is called its:
a. cause clbre.
b. framing process.
c. rationalization.
d. social rationale.
e. vindication.
Q:
In the 1950s, Jim Crow laws in many parts of the United States created a caste system of legal inequality. White Americans and black Americans had to live by different and inherently unfair rules and members of the civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, and marches to oppose this legal inequality that eventually resulted in the Civil Rights Act, which eliminated much of the legal inequality in the country. This is an example of a:
a. cause clbre.
b. public enterprise.
c. social movement.
d. rights initiative.
e. crusade.
Q:
When people engage in contentious politics outside the mainstream political process to address specific social issues such as inequality or injustice in an effort to transform cultural patterns or government policies, this is known as a:
a. social movement.
b. public initiative.
c. cultural enterprise.
d. cause clbre.
e. crusade.
Q:
Collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies are referred to as a(n):
a. crusade.
b. cultural enterprise.
c. initiative.
d. public cause.
e. social movement.
Q:
Modernization of agricultural production in Malaysia led to increasing inequality between the rich and the poor, but the poor laborers were able to find ways to resist the domination of the wealthy without risking confrontation through foot-dragging, slowdowns, false compliance with regulations, theft, sabotage, trickery, and arson. These are all examples of:
a. action.
b. agency.
c. clout.
d. drive.
e. initiative.
Q:
State domination is never complete, and people still contest established power relationships and structures through political, economic, and military means. They can and do change cultural norms, values, symbols, and institutions, and the ability to contest these is known as:
a. leverage.
b. influence.
c. clout.
d. authority.
e. agency.
Q:
The potential power of the individual to challenge structures of power is referred to as:
a. agency.
b. authority.
c. clout.
d. influence.
e. leverage.
Q:
Adolf Hitler was able to create a powerful unified state in Germany by blaming minorities such as Jews and Gypsies for the countries problems and promoting the idea of German people as "bermench" or superior people, who were better than others. This made the idea of persecuting minorities seem natural and expanding German dominance over Europe like a reasonable course of action. This feeling of belonging and superiority is known as:
a. social cohesion.
b. patriotism.
c. nationalism.
d. fervor.
e. angst.
Q:
The dominant group in a state reinforces its ability to create consent and agreement about what is normal and appropriate through the promotion of intense feelings of:
a. social anxiety.
b. religious fervor.
c. patriotism.
d. nationalism.
e. animosity.
Q:
States reinforce hegemony by promoting intense feelings of:
a. animosity.
b. nationalism.
c. patriotism.
d. religious fervor.
e. society.
Q:
East German soldiers and border guards had been ready and willing to shoot and kill members of the U.S. military who they saw as enemies who would just as gladly kill them, yet after they had been demobilized by the reunited Germany, they were able to sit down with former enemies and eat, talk, and laugh. This demonstrates that states go about what process?
a. building force.
b. constructing soldiers.
c. fomenting warfare.
d. inciting danger.
e. militarizing life.
Q:
States create the image of soldiers as model citizens and symbols of courage, honor, strength, and duty, while demonizing other people as enemies. Andrew Bickford notes that this is part of the state process of:
a. militarizing life.
b. inciting danger.
c. fomenting warfare.
d. deploying force.
e. constructing soldiers.
Q:
The author points out that people do not come prepackaged to fight, kill, and die. They must be enculturated to fear, hate, and kill in a process that defines particular people as the enemy and a dangerous mortal threat. He refers to this as:
a. construction of soldiers.
b. fomenting warfare.
c. inclination to danger.
d. life of dangerous things.
e. militarization of life.
Q:
As Adolf Hitler began to prepare Germany for the domination of Europe and World War II, he began building a huge military and promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. At the same time, he worked to glorify Germany's history and military past, demonize minorities and enemies, and promote ideas of his "Third Reich," or empire. This is an example of:
a. rearming.
b. mobilization.
c. militarization.
d. imperialism.
e. fortification.
Q:
When a civil society prepares for war, it includes production of weapons and the glorification of war, and though it is often contested, this process is called:
a. arming.
b. fortification.
c. imperialism.
d. militarization.
e. mobilization.
Q:
The contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence is known as:
a. arming.
b. biliousness.
c. fomenting.
d. imperialism.
e. militarization.
Q:
In the United States, most Americans believe that jobs and status in society should be based on ability and achievement. It is considered inappropriate to gain high government office for being someone's wife, brother, or cousin. Hiring family members who may not be qualified for a position is known as nepotism and considered a serious abuse of power. This belief, which prevents Americans from favoring family members over other people who are more qualified, is an example of what concept?
a. agency
b. dogma
c. framing
d. hegemony
e. mind-set
Q:
When the dominant group in a country develops a way of seeing the world by creating a set of beliefs about what is normal and appropriate that often subconsciously limits their life choices and chances but maintains the status quo in the society, this is known as:
a. mind-set.
b. hegemony.
c. framing.
d. coercion.
e. agency.
Q:
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is referred to as:
a. agency.
b. coercion.
c. domination.
d. framing.
e. hegemony.
Q:
The tens of thousands of young people across the Arab world who came out to oppose and change the governments of Egypt and Tunisia demonstrated what aspect of their movement?
a. agency
b. authority
c. politics
d. power
e. process
Q:
The ability of a person, group, or institution to use action or influence to affect change is known as:
a. agency.
b. authority.
c. framing.
d. politics.
e. power.
Q:
The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is referred to as:
a. agency.
b. framing.
c. politics.
d. power.
e. process.
Q:
The development and organization of states such as Iraq through the colonial policies of Britain and France rather than the "will of the people" that live in those states create many conflicts today. This makes these states the focus of:
a. state department officials.
b. social historians.
c. political scientists.
d. political anthropologists.
e. government officials.
Q:
Early states played an important role in the development of most areas of the world, so their origin, construction, and organization are the focus of modern:
a. social historians.
b. political scientists.
c. political anthropologists.
d. government officials.
e. archaeologists.
Q:
The question of how the state came into being, how it is established as an ultimate authority, and how each state is uniquely constructed and organized by people is the focus of:
a. government officials.
b. political anthropologists.
c. political scientists.
d. political sociologists.
e. social historians.
Q:
The modern state of Germany has existed in many forms from its inception. The hundreds of German principalities were formerly united in 1871 into Germany until 1918. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the cold war, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. This demonstrates how the state of Germany has often been:
a. aligned.
b. constructed.
c. rebuilt.
d. maligned.
e. reimagined.